JOINTJOINT

It is the site where It is the site where two or more bones two or more bones come together, come together, where there is where there is movement or notmovement or not..

FIBROUS JOINTSFIBROUS JOINTS

The articulating The articulating surfaces are joined by surfaces are joined by fibrousfibrous tissue tissue..

Very little movement Very little movement is possibleis possible..

E.GE.G: : ((11 ) )Sutures of the vault Sutures of the vault

of the skullof the skull..((22 ) )Inferior tibiofibular Inferior tibiofibular

jointsjoints..

CARTILAGENOUS JOINTSCARTILAGENOUS JOINTS

A. Primary A. Primary CartilagenousCartilagenous

The bones are united The bones are united by a plate of hyaline by a plate of hyaline cartilagecartilage..

E.GE.G: : 11.. Between the Between the

EpiphysisEpiphysis and and DiaphysisDiaphysis of a growing of a growing bonebone..

22.. Between the first rib Between the first rib and the sternumand the sternum . .

CARTILAGENOUS JOINTSCARTILAGENOUS JOINTSB. SecondaryB. Secondary

CartilagenousCartilagenousThe bones are united by a The bones are united by a

plate of fibrocartilageplate of fibrocartilage..Their articulating surfaces Their articulating surfaces

are covered by a thin plate are covered by a thin plate of hyaline cartilageof hyaline cartilage..

E.G :E.G : (1)(1) joints between joints between the vertebral bodiesthe vertebral bodies . .

((22)) Symphysis pubisSymphysis pubis..

SYNOVIAL JOINTSYNOVIAL JOINT

It has a great It has a great degree of freedom degree of freedom of movementof movement..

The articulating The articulating bones are covered bones are covered by hyaline cartilage by hyaline cartilage and separated by a and separated by a joint cavityjoint cavity..

SYNOVIAL JOINTSYNOVIAL JOINT

The cavity is lined by The cavity is lined by synovial synovial membranemembrane..

It is protected on the It is protected on the outside by a tough outside by a tough fibrous capsulefibrous capsule..

The synovial The synovial membrane membrane produces a produces a lubricating fluidlubricating fluid (synovial fluid)(synovial fluid)

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSJOINTS

11 . .PlanePlane:: The articulating The articulating

surfaces are flat surfaces are flat and the bones slide and the bones slide on one anotheron one another . .

E.GE.G: : Sternoclavicular Sternoclavicular

and and Acromioclavicular Acromioclavicular jointsjoints..

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSJOINTS

22 . .HingeHinge: : It is a uni axial joint It is a uni axial joint

(E.G. Elbow, Knee and (E.G. Elbow, Knee and Ankle jointsAnkle joints..

33 . .PivotPivot: : A central bony pivot is A central bony pivot is

surrounded by a bony surrounded by a bony ligamentous ringligamentous ring..

E.G. (Atlanto-axial, E.G. (Atlanto-axial, superior radioulnar )superior radioulnar ) . .

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSJOINTS

44 . .CondyloidCondyloid: : Two convex articular Two convex articular

surfaces articulate with surfaces articulate with two concave. (E.G.) two concave. (E.G.) MetacarpophalangealMetacarpophalangeal (kunckle joints)(kunckle joints)..

55 . .SaddleSaddle: : The articulating surfaces The articulating surfaces

are reciprocally are reciprocally concavoconvex. (E.G.) concavoconvex. (E.G.) CarpometacarpalCarpometacarpal joint joint of the of the thumbthumb..

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSJOINTS

66 . .EllipsoidEllipsoid: : An elliptical convex An elliptical convex

articular surface articular surface fits into an elliptical fits into an elliptical concave oneconcave one..

((E.GE.G ). ).WristWrist joint joint . .

CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL CLASSIFICATION OF SYNOVIAL JOINTSJOINTS

77 . .Ball and SocketBall and SocketA ball –shaped A ball –shaped

head of one bone head of one bone fits into a socket fits into a socket like concavity of like concavity of anotheranother..

E.G. (E.G. (ShoulderShoulder and and HipHip))..

STABILITY OF THE JOINTSSTABILITY OF THE JOINTS11.. The Articular surfacesThe Articular surfaces: :

shape, size and shape, size and arrangement (E.G.) ball and arrangement (E.G.) ball and socket of hip jointsocket of hip joint..

22.. LigamentsLigaments: : A.A. FibrousFibrous : : they prevent they prevent

excessive movement in a excessive movement in a jointjoint..

If the stress is continuous If the stress is continuous for long, they become for long, they become stretchedstretched..

((E.GE.G ). ).ligaments between the ligaments between the bones forming the arches of the bones forming the arches of the

footfoot..

STABILITY OF THE JOINTSSTABILITY OF THE JOINTS

B. ElasticB. Elastic: : The ligaments The ligaments

between ear between ear ossicles have an ossicles have an important role in important role in supporting the joints supporting the joints and return the and return the bones to their bones to their original positionoriginal position..

STABILITY OF THE JOINTSSTABILITY OF THE JOINTS

33 . .Muscle toneMuscle tone: : In most joints it is In most joints it is

the major factor the major factor controlling stabilitycontrolling stability..

((E.GE.G ). ).the muscles the muscles around the shoulder around the shoulder jointjoint..

TERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENT

11 . .FlexionFlexion: : It takes place in the It takes place in the

sagittal planesagittal plane..It is usually an anterior It is usually an anterior

movementmovement..22 . .ExtensionExtension: :

It is straightening of It is straightening of the jointthe joint..

It takes place in a It takes place in a posterior directionposterior direction..

TERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENT

Lateral flexionLateral flexion: : It is movement in It is movement in

the coronal planethe coronal plane..

TERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENT

33 . .AbductionAbduction: : It is movement of a limb It is movement of a limb

away from the midline of the away from the midline of the body in the coronal planebody in the coronal plane..

44 . .AdductionAdduction: : It is movement of a limb It is movement of a limb

toward the body in the toward the body in the coronal planecoronal plane..

55 . .CircumductionCircumduction: : It is the combination of It is the combination of

flexion, extension,abduction flexion, extension,abduction and adductionand adduction..

TERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENT

66 . .Medial rotationMedial rotation: : The anterior surface of The anterior surface of

the part faces mediallythe part faces medially..77 . .Lateral rotationLateral rotation::

The anterior surface of The anterior surface of the part faces laterallythe part faces laterally..

TERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENT

88 . .Pronation of the Pronation of the forearmforearm::

It is medial rotation of It is medial rotation of the forearm so that the the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorlypalm faces posteriorly..

99 . .Supination of the Supination of the forearmforearm::

It is lateral rotation of It is lateral rotation of the forearm so that the the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorlypalm faces anteriorly . .

TERMS OF MOVEMENTTERMS OF MOVEMENT

1010 . .Planter Planter flexionflexion and and DorsiflexionDorsiflexion of of the footthe foot..

1111.. InversionInversion: : The sole faces in a The sole faces in a

medial directionmedial direction..1212.. EversionEversion: :

The sole faces in a The sole faces in a lateral directionlateral direction..