joining technology of researchcentre, oxford brookes university

2
Feature Projects Bolting patterns and uniform bolt loading on a pipe flange and engine block. Frictional variation in a fastener. Elastic interaction measurement and prediction in a bolted/flange /gasket system with any number of fasteners. Gasket compressive stress measurements. Gasket damage due to external joint loading. Experimental measurement of gasket leakage in a bolted flange system, Measurement of external bending moment effects on gasket leakage. Measurements of strain and displacement in a pressure vessel bolted flange. Sponsors and affiliations Pressure Vessel Research Council, Bolting Technology Council, BP America, and numerous gasket companies. Contact: George Bibel, Ph.D., P.E. (Director), Fluid Sealing Technology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of N. Dakota, PO Box 8359, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA. Tel: +1 701 777 4918; Fax: +1 701 777 4838. E-mail: [email protected]. nodak.edu WWW: www.und.nodak. edu/dept/sem Georgia Institute of Technology, Tribology & Rheology Laboratory Background in seals research The earliest work on seals was in 1976, on labyrinth seals for large gas turbines, for General Electric Co. seal work accelerated in 1985 when Itzhak Green joined the group, and again in 1987 when Richard Salant joined. Test facilities Test rig for dynamic behaviour of non contacting mechanical seals. Test rig for contacting mechanical seal dynamics & separation conditions. Test rig for viscous pump/non-contacting zero leakage seal. Testing for electronically controlled mechanical seal. Several profilometers and rheometers. Special analysis methods Codes for analysis & design of gas & liquid mechanical seals. Finite element analyses to generate influence coefficients for mechanical & thermal deformation of seal components. Finite difference of finite element codes to solve Reynolds EQ. Code to simulate dynamic behaviour of non-contacting mechanical seals with animation. Code for steady state of stability of mechanical seals of flexible shafts. Code for finite element model of O -rings. Codes for analysis of lip seals. Current research projects Mathematical model of mechanical seals. Mathematical model of lip seals. Monitoring of sub or higher harmount oscillations in rotating machine elements. Transient behaviour of rotary lip seals. Detection of mechanical seal failure in turbomachinery. Sponsors and affiliations Allied Signal, Chicago Rawhide, BW/IP International, John Crane, National Science Foundation, Office of Naval Research Contact: Dr Richard Salant & Itzhek Green, Tribology Research Georg Group, Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA. Tel: +1 404 894 3176; Fax: +1 464 894 8336. E-mail: richard. [email protected],edu WWW: http://www, gatech.edu Joining Technology Research Centre, Oxford Brookes University Background in sealant research In 1989 the research centre extended its construction adhesives work into wet-applied sealants. It has run two large research projects, carried out contract testing and published a reference work on resealing of buildings. It is the leading UK university involved in sealant technology. Test facilities 1 tonne & I0 tonne universal testing machines used for mechanical testing of sealed joints. Environmental cabinets, including temp / humidity control, UV exposure and Xenotest. Cyclic movement test apparatus for sealed joints. Polymer analysis equipment (DMTA, FTIR). Microscopy (optical, SEM). Surface analysis facilities (static, dynamic) and video contact angle analysis, for assessment of wettability. Non-contacting laser profilometer for measurement of surface texture. Special analysis methods Software for calculating surface energy and software for generating 3-I5 images of surface roughness Current research projects Sealant performance requirements for high movement joints 1995-97. EPSRC -- funded project + 4 sponsors. Collaborative work with NRC Canada on the effects of movement. Sponsors and affiliations Tatwood Engineering, Bovis Program Management, Adshead Ratcliffe Row, Evode, Fosrox 10 Sealing Technology No. 36

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F e a t u r e

Projects

• Bolting pa t t e rn s and uniform bolt loading on a pipe flange and engine block.

• Frict ional var ia t ion in a fastener. • Elast ic in terac t ion m e a s u r e m e n t

and predict ion in a bo l ted / f lange / g a s k e t sys tem with any n u m b e r of fas teners .

• Gaske t compress ive s t ress measu remen t s .

• Gaske t damage due to external jo in t loading.

• Exper imenta l m e a s u r e m e n t of gasket leakage in a bolted flange system,

• Measuremen t of external bending momen t effects on gasket leakage.

• Measurement s of s t ra in and d i sp lacement in a p re s su re vessel bolted flange.

Sponsors and affiliations

Pressure Vessel Research Council, Bolting Technology Council, BP America, and n u m e r o u s gasket companies .

Contact: George Bibel, Ph.D., P.E. (Director), Fluid Sealing Technology Laboratory, Depar tment of Mechanical Engineering, University of N. Dakota, PO Box 8359, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA. Tel: +1 701 777 4918; Fax: +1 701 777 4838. E-mail: [email protected]. nodak . edu WWW: www.und.nodak. e d u / d e p t / s e m

Georgia Inst i tute of Technology,

Tribology & Rheology Laboratory

Background in seals research

The ear l ies t work on seals was in 1976, on labyr in th seals for large gas turbines , for General Electric Co. seal work accelera ted in 1985 when I tzhak Green jo ined the group, and again in 1987 when Richard Sa lan t joined.

Test facilities

• Test rig for dynamic behaviour of non contact ing mechanica l seals.

• Test rig for contact ing mechanica l seal dynamics & separa t ion conditions.

• Test rig for viscous p u m p / n o n - c o n t a c t i n g zero leakage seal.

• Testing for electronically controlled mechanical seal.

• Several profilometers and rheometers .

Special analysis methods

• Codes for analysis & design of gas & liquid mechanical seals.

• Finite element ana lyses to generate influence coefficients for mechanica l & thermal deformation of seal components .

• Finite difference of finite element codes to solve Reynolds EQ.

• Code to s imula te dynamic behaviour of non-contact ing mechanica l seals with animation.

• Code for s teady s tate of s tabil i ty of mechanica l seals of flexible shafts.

• Code for finite element model of O -rings.

• Codes for analysis of lip seals.

Current research projects

Mathemat ical model of mechanica l seals. Mathemat ical model of lip seals. Monitoring of sub or higher h a r m o u n t oscil lations in rotat ing machine elements. Trans ien t behaviour of ro tary lip seals. Detection of mechanical seal failure in turbomachinery .

Sponsors and affiliations

Allied Signal, Chicago Rawhide, BW/IP Internat ional , J o h n Crane, National Science Foundat ion, Office of Naval Research

Contact: Dr Richard Sa lan t & Itzhek Green, Tribology Research

Georg

Group, Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Inst i tute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0405, USA. Tel: +1 404 894 3176; Fax: +1 464 894 8336. E-mail: r ichard. sa [email protected],edu WWW: h t t p : / /www, ga tech .edu

Joining Technology Research

Centre, Oxford Brookes University

Background in sealant research

In 1989 the research centre extended its cons t ruc t ion adhes ives work into wet-appl ied sea lants . It has run two large re sea rch projects, carr ied out contract test ing and publ i shed a reference work on reseal ing of buildings. It is the leading UK univers i ty involved in sea lan t technology.

Test facilities

• 1 tonne & I0 tonne universal test ing mach ines used for mechanica l test ing of sealed joints .

• Environmenta l cabinets , including temp / humid i ty control, UV exposure and Xenotest .

• Cyclic movement test a p p a r a t u s for sealed joints .

• Polymer analys is equipment (DMTA, FTIR).

• Microscopy (optical, SEM). • Surface analys is facilities (static,

dynamic) and video contac t angle analysis , for a s s e s s m e n t of wettabili ty.

• Non-contact ing laser profi lometer for m e a s u r e m e n t of surface texture.

Special analysis methods

Software for calculat ing surface energy and software for generat ing 3-I5 images of surface roughness

Current research projects

Sealant per formance requi rements for high movement jo in ts 1995-97. EPSRC - - funded project + 4 sponsors . Collaborative work with NRC Canada on the effects of movement.

Sponsors and affiliations

Tatwood Engineering, Bovis Program Management , Adshead Ratcliffe Row, Evode, Fosrox

10 Sealing Technology No. 36

F e a t u r e

OXFORD

BROOI(ES UNIVERSITY

International, Morton International, SIKA

Future plans

Future projects may involve work on seals for water-retaining structures, staining, and test developments.

Contact: Dr Allan R Hutchinson, Joining Technology Research Centre, Oxford Brookes University, Headington, Oxford OX3 O8P, UK. Tel: +44 1865 483504; Fax: +44 1865 484179; E-mail: A.R.Hutchinson@brookes. ac.uk WWW: h t tp : / /cs3 .brookes , ac .uk

Materials Engineer ing Research •

Laboratory

Background in seals research

Since around 1988 MERL has been involved in various consultancies on materials properties for seals, gaskets in service. MERL and BHR Group started a joint industry project "Seal Life Prediction" which ran for 3 phases (7 years) and led to formation of the Seal Life Users Group project. By performing appropriate tests before and after ageing-exposures to hostile fluids (eg permeation, liquid absorption, appropriate mechanical, fatigue and time dependent tests) MERL has specialised in learning more about sealing mechanism and durability aspects.

• 30 litre capacity cell created to 5000 psi / 200°C with ports internal leakage testing of thick section seals in correct housings, for instance. Many other testing formats possible.

• Dynamic test rig facility for 4 inch seal stacks, with differential pressures up to 15 000 psi, and up to 250°C.

• MERL possesses unique high-pressure (15000 psi) gas permeation equipment for elastomers and thermoplastics, the latter being used sometimes for seals, or as back-up rings for elastomer seals.

• Leakage tests for automotive cam/drive shaft seals. Other high pressure leakage tests for oil field applications.

• Seal leakage test for automotive air conditioning fluids.

Special analysis m e t h o d s

fracturing, leading to develop- ment of better resistant materials MERL performs failure analyses of seals from service.

Current projects

Joint industry project - - Seal Life Users Group ( in partnership with BHR Group): the application of methodology established previously to service situations required by participants. Seal material design for a Norwegian Pipeline company plus validation tests. Consul tancy review of materials for seal for a North Sea field. Seal geometry aspects for dynamic sealing, and development of new designs for oilfield applications.

Sponsors and aff i l iat ions

James Walker, Baker Oil Tools, Exxon Production Research & Esso, Shell Research, Enterprise Oil, Brittania, BP Research / Inter- national, British Gas, Conoco, DuPont, Ford Motor Company, Norsk Hydro, Statoil, Saga Petroleum, Texaco (North Sea Oil), Offshore Supplies Office - - Department of Trade and Industry UK, Ministry of Defence - Defence Research Agency UK.

Future plans

Back up for James Walker and Co Ltd in promoting BPSCE seal elastomers. Materials choice for

Test faci l i t ies

Over 30 pressure vessels (cells, autoclaves) for various forms of testing seals or seal materials (up to 250°C) and in aggressive gases and liquids. All can be used for explosive decompression testing if required. Examples...

• Development of materials tests and s tandards for polymer usage as seals, including measure- ments of residual seal force during ageing etc.

• Application of seal-life software for accelerating fluid exposure conditions to simulate long-term oilfield conditions in short times.

• Development and unders tanding of explosive decompression,

client's seals applications plus validation testing. Development of materials to withstand new fluid environments for part icular sealing requirements.

Contact: Dr Robert Campion, Materials Engineering and Research Laboratory Ltd, Tamworth Road, Hertford, Herts SG13 7DG, UK. Tel: +44 1992 500120; Fax: +44 1992 586439.

Sealing Technology No. 36 11