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__. . , Jul~ ,0, 19:57.

llemorand.ua ror the PNI14ent.

HavinS worked. for years for a re<luat1on and. 11m1tat1on

1n ar=amonte, 1t aay •••• l.noonalat.ent r or me t,;o advocate

a tAaporary 1ncrt~aae 1n expendlt.urtla on naval armu.tenta.

Nevert.heleea , I am convinced that tor the aakl or peace

and ultimate diearmamont , we ehould begin the ocnatruction

or two or three &d41t1onal b&ttleah1pa 1n replacement of

exlotlng obaoleto •~•• · Onl7 twelve or our rttteen battle­

ahtpe are now ln ooca1aa1on and aeveral othera wlll be

obsole t e before ot ho re aro aolllpleted. to r eplace them.

It Japan ware oonvtneo<l that we are detol'llllned. to bulld

whatever elze navy 1a neceaaary t.o &a1nta1n our relative

poalt.1on, and thue prevent her from se~ttng an undue advan­

taae, ba r att1tu<1e wlth regard to a naval agroement. ought

to beoo~e more roaeonable.

Now that we hlvt adopted the tlxtoen 1nch gun tor the

two battleehlpa under ocnatruc~lon, Japan le acre apt to

conatruo thla aa a tbroat and t o build ao:e new type of

ahlp to ooun t erao t th1o , partloularly 1f ohe reela that we

are going to atop now wlth theee two battleahlpa . rr. how­

ever , 1CU ehould now aak ror a euftlclent approprlat.lon to

beg1n the conetruotlon ot two or three :ore e1xt een lncb

gun battleahlpo- (I real1~• that t here lll&y now be d1ft1-

oult1oe and objeot1ono t o tbla) - Ja pan 1o ~oro apt t o be

convlnood. of tho tut1llty or e t&rt1ng a naval race threuah

the building or to=e n•• type. Aloe , atarttna three ad.d.l-

tlon&l bat tleoh1pa would have a more benef 1olol effect on

Japan ln the S1no-Japaneaa controversy now than anyt hing

alee we oculd. ea.y or do, &nd. lt would cake hor more favorable

/ - 2 -

later on to any proposal for ~he neutral1za~1on of the

ialande of the P&Oifio ,

Furthermore , aa a matter or gener al pol icy ,

I ~hlnk it importan t , ainoe ~he British and ourselves have

agreed on t he principle or parity, tor our navy not to be

too inferior to t hat of the Britlah. It would avoid poa ­

albl e oompl1cat1ons l ater and would certainly put ue 1n

a better poeltlon to presa for a reduction and 11m1tat1on

ot armamen t s , it and when tho time comes when it la poe ­

alble to do tbls .

I do not hold to the theory that the best way to

preservo p ace l B t o pr epar e for war, but I am convinced

that the b1sgor our navy le the more influence wo could

bring to bear tor disarmament. And the more the m111-

tar 1st1c power s are convinced that the United Stat es a s

11rell a.e Gr eat Br itain, lo allV'& to the dangers which they

are creating in the worl d , and that they are not going to

be able to s ot a head 1n t heir ar~amenta race , the sooner

will i t be poaa1bl o to br ing them to their aanaea and

stop tbe eu1o1dal increase in a~enta .

So far as we a re conc erned, the bu1ld1ns or ~hree

more battleshlpo to replace obsole t e ones n1ll . l _n tho

long run be an economy and it w1ll r opr eoent an increase

in the et!ioienoy of the Navy but not 1n i ta size .

F inally , i f starting three additional battleships now

does not have a benef1clal erreet , whi ch I believe lt

will have , then lt 1& all th.e a~ore important ao a matter

of def ence that we have this addit ional protection.

I'EIIRU MY

robrutrY 11. Mr . Ohuberleln announced to the Ho,.. ot Coaaono that the governaent would oeek leg1olotlve power to roloo oepltol for dofonco oxpondlture up to o au• not exceeding -400 ,000,000, opree4 over o period not exceeding 5 r••~•·

robruerl 1?. The Govern .. nt loouod 1 White Peper on the neceeelt7 t or defence expenditure. fbi peper oteted that the dofonco p.rogr.., would re11a1n flex ible, omd would be oubJeot to ouch .. d1flcotlon 11 clrcu•otoncoo •lght deaand. If condlt1ono ohould peralt, the program would be curtailed or lto oxeoutlon would be oproed over a longer perlo4 . It eYenta , wh1eh could not be roreaeen, ahoul 4 ahow that oaendaent woe called tor, either In t he maxl.um e.aunt or In lbe period or roero epeelfled 1n tho oropooed reoolu­tlon, the neoeoeary meeeureo would be oubaltted to Porlla­•ent. The N••r would be brought up to the otrength neceo­ltr7 to lnoure that It would he ln • poolt1on to perter• Ito runctlono. The dota! le were given w!th regard to

(.A.....il•ftl ceo I tel oblpo, o , alror&ft carriere. There will oloo be heavy expenditure In aodorntllng ox lotlng •••oolo end there would be an lnoreooo In the otrength or tho ...... 1 or the Javy. l'lth .-.g&Td to the Arar. the •a1n oxpendlturo wol>ld be In the oatogorr or ooulp-.. nt . It waa 1aportant thot equlp .. nt and orgonl&atlon obould be brought up to tho hlghoot otond&Td In oll ro­opocto, Including • ooaplotlon ot tho prooeoo ot •echonl­aotlon. The Royal Air roreo wotald bo H&aurobl7 ln.­oroooed, both u regordo equl-nt and poroonnel. A4ocuo•

prooerotlono

{

preparation• would &leo be aado to build up what boo ooae to be known &I a •war pOtent i al' . Induotrleo will have

to be protected agalnot alr attack and there would have

to be an acou ... l aUon or ouonual reeorno. 'l'bere would,

tn a4dlt1on, baYe to be an oqulpplng ln urban oontoro wlth a vlow to protootlng olvlllano fro• alr attsck. 'l'he total coot would be •1,500,000,000 ln 5 roare. In oonoluolon,

the White Paper otated that, 1 doopl7 &e t hor d eplore tho

nooe111t7 f or th l o v11t expenditure on armeaent1 &n4 other 4etene1•e .. aeuree, R11 l aJeetJ'• Government are oo nvlneed

that lt auet be under taken. It heo boon forced upen thea, partlr bJ tho c1rcumotanoo1 of tho tlae, and oartl7 bJ t ho long lntor-.a l during whloh oo~aratlvolr ••all domondo

haYo been aado upon the national f lnancoe for the pur­

poeee ot the defence t oroee . •

r ebruerr 17. Ill'. Challberlaln, ao Chancellor of the

Exohecuer , introduced the bill tor tho flrot lnot allaent of defence expendlturee. He lald that tho action wae

•unprecedented ln tho unprocodontod condltlono ot tho

ttao. • He wont on, ' lt clrouaot&noeo 1hould change and

allow ua t o e lo• down or reduce our progr .. , all the

better; we ohall be thankful enough to do lt, On the

o the r hand, al condltlonl have changed to our dloadvantago olnco we flrot conto..,latod thlo prOCTu tbe7 •ar chango

agdn, and n •ar be that in tho end we oball t lnd that

oYon • 1,500,000,000 boo not ropro1onted tho tota l uount that thlo country hao been eoapellod t o opond ln thlo re­

opoot . • • 'l'hore are sraYI quootlono. 'l'hor concern the

o&tetr of tho country. I t • • ••• to ao that tho OoYorn-

aent

-3-

aont which bearo tho rooponolbilit7 t or that oatet7,

whioh hao acceoo to all kinde or int oraation rele• ant

to the eoneideratlon or tllio queetion--the Go.ornaent

alone can anawer thoee queat1ona, and the GoYernaent

a l one auot in tbe long run be reeponeible f or the reeulte

wbiob auot follow upon the anewer they glye our pro-

gr .. lo not directed agalnet aD7 particular power or group

Of powere, but lt lO the dUt7 of the GoYernaent tO put be­

fore the Bouoe a progr .. which the7 eonolder neceaoar7 tor

our eatet7 and the fulfill aent or our obllgationo thlo

11 a aea_eure tor a preeerYetion ot peace . . . to l eave

thle country with a l l itt wealth, all ito terrltor7, and

all lte trade eonneet1one, inherited or acqulred, unarmed

and helpl eeo in race or a world which ie araed rroa top to

toe, woul d be to provide a atonding temptation to a poeolble KL

aggrouor whioh aigbt ooae dar prove to be 1nY]41ble.

Ever7bod7 kno• o that the Bri tioh Eapire etande tor peeoe and

that it never wlll uee ito roreeo for aggreeeiYo purpoeee.

On the oontrar7, it • 111 exert all ite influence to pro­

oer Ye peace not onl7 for 1teelf but for others ao well. We

know tro• our own experlenee th&t our influence waxea and

wane• in proportion to our otrength. fhe etrength that we

are now rapldl7 gaining froa dar to d07 and troll week t o

week io in itoelf a oteadlng factor in inter national att alro, ('

and probabl7 the greateet bulwark for peace that exieto 1n

tho world todar. Bolding theee Yiewe , conY1nced •• we are

that th lo great progrd lo ueentlal for our own eatet7 and

1 the aajor factor ln the eatet7 or other nationo, it would

be iapoooibl e t or uo to ehrlnk fro• aeeting it. Ho one

I can eee thll growing aoouaulatlon or burdeno without a

reel1ng

reeling or dlecuet an4 eh&ae that o1•111&atlon 11 tr71n£ to break ltl own back lnetead or trr tnc to eettlo lta

dittorencee by giYO and take, and turning Ito ener11 to the puraulte wbloh •lght brlnS proaperlt7 and oontent .. nt to all. ror t he tlM balDS at le11t • • can do nothlns but eet our toeth and so forward with •eaoureo Whloh •• cannot a.ttor4 to 111 lllde. Peace, pol1t1oal appuaement , dlaer..-ent, are not attainable br aft1 ona power alone but • bonner and whoreYer • • can tlnd tboae Who ehore our •le••, we eball rejoice In their oo•peny to oeek to find 8 .are fruitful end aaner and • worthier oolutlon.

'fbere had been crttlol•• that the Go•ern.ent bed

not explained how their def~nce prosre• wee rel ated to the ir toretsn pollc7, that It appeared to conte~late

that tho f orolgn pol1CJ Wll Of I 11~11 cberaoter, that tbe7 bad to tete an ene-r, A , and oonelder bow they could deteot b1m with perbape 8 and C, wltb who• tble country

msht be In al liance. It would 1Ddeod be co~arathelJ e117 to draw up a prosr .. on thoee l1nu and ohow bow lt wee r1lated to the problea the Go•ernaent had to eol••·

But thl7 had not to etna l e out a elngle power •• an ene-r, nor w1re the7 In alllanol wi th aft1 po .. re on who• the7 •ISht rel7. fht7 had to conelder the whole eerlee or

hJpothltleal ... rceno lee In which tbe7 •llht be oppoeed to thl l or to that power or to • sroup or powere. fheJ ba4 tO draW Up I dlfiDCI prosr .. to thl boat of thllr

ability to enable tbe• to •at• the oountr7 ae eate •• pOIIIble agalnet aD1 one or tbooe hypothetical ... rsenolllo

P'ebruarr 18.

)I

- 5-

regruerz 18. Sir ! homaa lnakip , apoaking in the Rouse

ot Ooaaono, oald:

'It wa1 quite 1mpoea1ble to arr1Ye at eome aathe•atioa~ figure or oe~talnty and • .,, 'that ia Juot enough to carr7 uo i.nto eatety 'and we wlll aok tor no 110ro.' •.• !he fact that we haYe pooled our detenee1 doea not d1•1nleh-- 1t 1nor•••••--our ~ooponoibiltty and our rioko--the reoponoibil1t7 or thio nation to itoell and to ito preot i ge in Europe • • • • We will not neglect that which will be neceaem whether we hove collective eecurlty or not • • • The taok of tho Government 11 of making G~eat Britain eate and or making it competent to diecharge the dut i eo or collective oecu~lty, if that daT eve~ oODBI. •

P~i .. linioto~ Bal dwin, opoaklng tho oame day eaid:

"!he Government dooi~e t o put thoaael veo in a pooltion to deter aggreeoion . . . They would rather aooure their own oatety and thot or the !aplre, no~ plaT the~ part in oecurlng peace ln the world, un­leoo the7 brought their torcee up to tho noceoa~ atandard. That, and that alone, wae what th lo expendi ture wae ro~ .. . One of the moot cogent roaeone or unreet ln Europe ln the laat t wo or three yearo W&l due to the •ant or equilibrium between the obllgatlono and 11ab111tieo or Great Brltaln and the aaterl~ otrength or Great Britain. Our l lab111-t1eo and obllgatlono have been 10 much greater than our 11ater1al otrength that we have found lt much aore dlf tloult to do what we would think we ohould want to in a heavil1 armed worl d lf we had o t~onger ~&menta . . . What people eYerywhere wanted to get b,r collective aecurity wao that the forcoa or order were otronger than the forces of dloorder . If a war broke out in Europe, it would not be localized. I t would run through Europe , be the aoat terrible thing they could conceive , and if the forcee were fairl1 nen there 11ight be a ropetl tlon of 1914, • 1 th worae horrors •.. Under eolleot1 Ye teeurtt7, a•­ou•ing that othero who were acting wlth ue case in, the brunt or certain tlghting would &lware be on Great Britain--the brunt or Maval flghtlng tor one thing , and the brunt or the tiret attack rroa the alr. !he tlM tor the oae~1tice 11 now. I bellno that peace can be preoervod, and I believe that what we are dolng w1ll have that effect. It io a oao~ltloe--but it 11 a oao~it lee worth making.

rebruary 25.

February 25, llr , Cha=berlaln epoke ln tne Hou10

ot Co=mone ae rollowo: He tnougnt no mignt once again

expreee hie abnorrenee ot All rearmament by nation•

wno a1gnt be more suitably e~loye4 In pureulng tno

arta o r peace , and by eo 4olng avo14 tne noavy taxation

an4 deprivat ion or co•rort end naceeeltlee, Tney coul4

4o tnle l t tney coul4 once again 41acuoo togetner tnolr

elel•• and grlovaneoe like eenelble oen, Re wae not

altcgetner •ltnaut ttope tnat aucn 41oeusstone mlgnt

come about , but tne taek or exploration would not , no

reoognlted, be done ln any enort time. In tne meant1me

tboy could not otay tnotr nanda until tney were aatlo­

f1o4 tnat tney ned put tnla ooun;ry l.n a oate poeltlon

&n4 In a poelt lon faltntully t o carry out ito interna­

tional obligations ,

K!rcb 2, foreign K!ni tter Eden, addre11ing tho Houae o r Coaconat epoke &I tollowa:

'The point wlUcb I wUbed to lllal<e no t bat almoet thro~gbo~t the world o~ rearma­ment ha a boon wel comed. The reaton 11 11mple. It 11 becau~e there it no'bod:r abroad who doee

, not roali&e that tblt countr:r 1o not going to 1ngqo in a war contrar:r t o o~ o.., under­taking• under t he Covenant, ...••• I conclude b;r toying thAt we mutt all regret tho n1cettity tor t bie arm1 prograa, ~t 1t 11 our conviction, and I belieYe ln tht1r hoarta the conviction ot nearl:r e•er:r £eaber or the Hcute, that with Europe and the world at the:r are toda:r tor th1t countr:r to ha•a greater powe r w11i a i d tho torcet of peace - on t h1a oond1t1on , tha t we never torget that th1e rearmaaent it a moane to an end and not an end in 1 t~elt , That being qr1ad, I t ubmlt that there will be trolh opport unltiet t o reach qreoment on limi tation ~ndor our program &nd I qree that t heao opport~nit1oa must not be m1e1ed, It 11 even poooible that by th1e ro~to, wh1oh none ot ut wi1h to take, we t holl reach tho goal wb1ch wo all doolro to attain, and thla at loatt I cla1a, that Hll UaJeot;r ' t Government in tho pollo:r wblch they are now pursuing ln tho1r statement or thei r cooo1tmonte an~ in their rearmament, are aak1ng tho boat contribu­tion ln their power to the proterve t 1on or world peace. •

ll&rch 3 . Lord Halifax tpoke l n thO House ot Lorde

•• tollowa: The reara..,ent progr...,. wat calcUlated to make war far leu 11kel;r. At tho preeent etqo or ln-ternational edJuatment he d1d not belt eve the at 8 temen t wae capable o r chal l enge that the atrcnger Great Br1ta1n

••• tho leaa 11kellhood there waa ot war. He deplored

the waite ot money on arma • &n~ agreed that rearument 1n 1taelt wu no t olut1on, I t wae onl:r the Mana to tn

end, but It !'light be tho onl:r ""'an' t o an end, That wao not a eel tiah or agtrettlvo end, but to •••~• t or Groat 8r1ta1n due weight 1n E~opean counc1lt, He did

not

I

-2-

not bello•o tMt All7 l07al •uber of tho Leque of

Nation• anrohoro in Europe • oul4 ~iaegroe With that

8aeoe ament or tho oituetion today ,

March 3. Furthermore , tho Navy ootiaatoo were

ieluo4 by tho Govern.ent, aaountins to 105,000,000

poW>C11 in the t1rot year,

llaroh i. 'lho Arrq uti•tu were illuo4, pount­

iRI to an 1ncreaoe or approx1matol7 39,000,000 poun4e

over tho total or 1935.

Maroh 18 . Sir 8Puel Hoare, apeak ins on the

naval oat1eatoo in tho Houeo or Co-=ona, oa14:

What tho Oovern .. nt were tr7ing to do wae to bring

tho Fleet up-to-date an4 to Date 1t ottlcient tor

l ta taak, He wao atatins a aolf· o•ldent taot wnoo

no oai4 that it Great Britain woe to have an efficient

fleet it auet be ett1c1ent ror i te dut ies in both

homiepb.oree.

Ho wae aoklng tbo Houeo to approve tho oatlmatoe

ao nOCOIIarJ for the iaploDOnting Of Oroat 8r1ta1n 1 1

collooti•o obl1gat1ono, an4 tor tbo 4oronoe or ita

eboroe and tho 4etenao or ! spiro torritor7, He 4i4

not believe that tbo aauoh noe4e4 proclamation waa

going to etart a race in nan.l ar•DOnta . He etlll

bopod 1t would be pouibl• to 111ploDOnt the qreuonta

.-.aohad in London laet 71ar, Ho dl4 not wioh to be

either optialatic or peeaialatio, but be would aay

that 1t would be a greet cal .. it7 to tho world 1!

tboeo agreomonta wore not iaplo .. ntod b7 the groat

naval powore an4 1! thoro waa w1tnoaao4 onoo again

a oompot1t1on between new trpo1 an4 now alzoa.

Mer U. Pr1""' IUnhtor Baldw1n apolr.o at tho opan111i

ot the Imperial Contoronco, aa rollowo: Groat Brltaln

had ohouldarod the hoavr burden or the rearmament

program tor the aocurltT ot tne Empire and eo thot

lt atgbt be equipped to tUltlll 1ta reopona1b111t1oo

1n guardlnc tbe aecurltr ot the Emp1re overaea and ••

a loral aember or tho League or Natlona,

M&z 14. Mr, Ormobz-Oore apoke at tho Cenotaph

aa tollowa: In t1mo ot dangor oven the utmost courage

and entbualaoa cannot mate up tor lack ot tralnlng,

knowledce , and aany gallant l1Yeo aer be traglcal lT

oacr1t1oed tor little purpooe, We threaten none, but

• •••• 1n a wloe proparednoll the beat guarantee o r

peace and ot tba un41eturbed onJ0110nt ot our l1bort1oe

and ot thl trulte ot peace, In t hlo aorely troubled

world , lt tho laplro 11 to plaT lte part 1n ma1nta1n1ng

not onlr 1ta own borltago but tho peace c! nat1ona, ••

.,,t be prepared, be united, and be otrong.

JW!! 1. IHr John 8l80n, t ptaltlllg or tho new tax

pl~, exeueed the greeter expenditure on the ground that

'the eountf'J had t o taoe ~ tnoroa .. not •reJ.r thU rear

but tn greater •eaeure tor the reaalnlng reaf'e or the

detenee prograa whtoh "' ha•e ~nouneed and entered upon,

and Whleh hae, I Olala, tho OYe .... hel81ng oupport or the

countrJ. Thle roar the oxpondlture or our derenoe pr ograa

lo leeo than one-rlrth or tho total or ~1 ,500,000,000 whtoh

le eonte-olated.'

June 1&. tn tho ouaaorr or ooneluelone publlehed at

the eloee or the taperlal Conrorenee lt • ao eatd wtth re-

gard to rear11pent:

' The aeabero or the Conterenee noted Wl tb deep concern that olnoo the oeaolon or 1930 in ternational tene lon h&d lnoreaoed ln a aaf'kod degree, and that there had been a l arge and rapld lnoreaee tn tho araamento or all the prtnolpal powora. Thor were t-orooeed br the world-wide erteot or theoe lnoreued araaaento on the lnternottonal oltuatlon and on the ttnanolal and econoalc poettton or the natton1 co~ eerned, and whtle thetr reepect1Ye oarlt ... nte had &lreadr rocognt&od the necaoattr for taking aeaeureo to put their deronceo ln order, thor thought lt or the htgheot laportanoe that nagotlatlono tor tho llalta tlon or ara ... ntt obould be reopened whone•er there waa a re .. onable pro.pect ot auceeea . The7 reeognt•ed wlth resret that, notwlthotandlng the .. aeure or oucceeo tn the ltattotlon ot araaaonte attained b7 the oountrleo concerned 1n the London Treat7 for the Llaltetlon of NaYal Arwamente of llareh 25 , 1938, and ln the Anglo-G<trean Agreeaent ot June 18, 1935, lnternatlonal conditione were not at the aoaent ra•oreblt to further orogreee tn tho direction or cUearaaaent . • • Tho Oonterence took note or tho .. ,,urea reoontJ.r adopted b7 the •art­ouo countriee repreeented et the Conference, often a t a hoa•r ooet, an4 reoornt&ed that the tncreaeod progrsae or ar ... onto wore no aoro than eutflolont tor the dotonce or their torrttortee and trade and the rultillaent or euch obligattono ao each atght han aeeuaed. Tho Oonteronce heard • 1th eatteractlon of tho Y&r101ll 1t1p1 Wh\Ch had been taltOD tO bulld up tho ...-nte or tho I!T-1 tleb Coaaon.,.aUh or ltattono. •

June 2t

)' June 29. Prlae Mln1o t er Cha•berl a1n, 1n an art1el e

ln t he July laouo or Ro .. ~ Empire, aald:

' 87 1to program for t he reeetabllehaent or our defence t oroea , now well under •aJ. the nattonal go• ern.ent hae slven a new eenee of aecurltJ an4 hope to the peace-loving n3tlona. I n thle connection, I would recall the o1gn1f1eant ooaaent aado bJ 1 repro­tentative or one or the aaall er powera on learning or our detara1nat1on to rebuild our derenoee. 'That oo~~ee ae a rel1et,' he ea1d, 1 beoauee •• lmow that lngland 11 one or the pollee powera or tho world. '

• ... I t 11 s eouroe ot deep aatlat aot l on to tho government that the Imper1&1 Conference juot ooneludod wao able to reg1oter ouoh oo•plete agree­aent upon theee vital • attera.•

Ju1l 8. Prlae ~lnlotor Oh .. berlaln, ln an addreeo et Albert Rall, oald:

'There wae no ouoplolon at •nr tt .. ln their mlnd.e (ot the Delegatee to the Iaper1al Con.rerenoe) that .. bed al\7 other object ln our progr .. or re­ar•uent than the aolntenance o! peace. And, indeed, tbe7 reoognl&ed that In the dally growing otrengtb or Gre•t Brl tatn leld the ooun4 .. t and ourut guarantee that peace would be preoerved •.• I have never heo1t.ted to exprooa a:t own grte! end dlttroeo ot the are neoeee1t7 whloh boo forced uo to o~end upon eraaaento """"7 wblch I would oo aucb rather oee devoted to obJeoto which are calculated to ra1oe the level or buaan happlneoo. But ooaett .. o, 70u know, the longest • 11 round 11 the ehorteet W&7 homo, and I ~aelr am convinced that the reeatabl1thMent or our otrength In arae, like that or that other great peaoa-lov1ng nation aero01 the Atlantic, will In tt.. convince the world o! the wledoa or eottllng Ito d1tt1cult1eo b7 oeacerul d1eouoo1on 1notood or b7 t he arb1tr ... nt or force.•