Jefferson and Madison Study Guide

8th Grade

On March 4, 1801, Thomas Jefferson became the first President

inaugurated in Washington, D.C.• Defeated President

John Adams, a Federalist, did not attend the event – he considered Jefferson to be a “radical.”

• In his inaugural address, Jefferson declared, “We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists.”

• He also said, “The will of the majority in all cases is to prevail.”

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Jefferson wanted a smaller, simpler, more democratic government.

• He believed that the type of government that governs the best, governs the least.

• Jefferson stressed an idea known as laissez faire – French for “let alone.”

• He thought government should especially stay out of economic affairs.

• This was a departure from the control issued by Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Treasury.

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John Marshall- Federalist Judge Appointed by Adams as Chief Justice to Supreme Court; in 1803 he decided a case to increase the power of Judicial Branch.

Judicial Review- Supreme Court has power to decide whether congress and laws are unconstitutional. It is implied in the Constitution: Article III and VI which declares that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land---no state or federal law is allowed to violate the Constitution

Marbury v. Madison- Legal case brought to Supreme Court . William Marbury sued Madison (Sec. of State) for not delivering official papers because only Supreme Ct could hear cases against Federal officials. Results: Judiciary Act declared unconstitutional, court rules against Marbury, Judicial Review set up.

The Louisiana Purchase

• Jefferson was interested in acquiring the city of New Orleans, through which farmers in the western United States had to ship their goods.

• In April 1802, Robert Livingston, ambassador to France, was instructed to negotiate the purchase for under $10 million.

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In April 1803, Napoleon announced that he was willing to sell the entire

Louisiana territory.• The French emperor

needed money to fund his war against Great Britain and the rest of Europe.

• The final price was $15 million – or roughly 4¢ per acre.

• The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size of the United States.

• The Senate confirmed the treaty in October 20, 1803 – although every Federalist senator voted against it.

Lewis & Clark Expedition

• From 1804-1806, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led the Corps of Discovery from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean and back.

• Assisted by Native Americans, they studied the land, soil, climate, and wildlife of the land and the language and customs of its inhabitants.

• Jefferson had suggested the expedition before the Louisiana Purchase.

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Sacajawea- Shoshone woman who accompanied Lewis and Clark during winter with the Mandans; worked as a guide and translator

Shoshones- Native American tribe near the Rockies; Nez Perce located near Pacific Northwest

Weehawken, NJ- location of the “Burr and Hamilton Duel”. Hamilton never trusted Burr and accused Burr of treason. In July 1804, the two men challenged one another to a duel. Burr fired and Hamilton was shot: he died from the wound.

Election of 1804• Jefferson won re-

election in a landslide.• He won 162 electoral

votes to 14 for Federalist challenger Charles C. Pinckney.

• The Federalist Party was slowly dying out.

• Vice President Aaron Burr was replaced on the Republican ticket by New York Governor George Clinton.

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In his second term, Jefferson had to deal with the impressment of American sailors

by the British.• The British forcibly

removed sailors and forced them to serve on British ships.

• Rather than go to war, Jefferson urged Congress to pass the Embargo Act.

• The 1807 law forbade Americans from importing or exporting goods.

• The burden the embargo would place on European nations would hopefully change their policies.

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James Madison, Jefferson’s Secretary of State, was elected the

Fourth President in 1808.• Charles C. Pinckney, the Federalist candidate, lost his second consecutive Presidential election.

• George Clinton, Jefferson’s Vice President, held the same office under Madison.

• Madison’s first term was a slow march toward war with Great Britain.

Native American Policy• In 1803, the U.S. purchased 50

million acres along the Mississippi River from the Choctaw Indians for $142,000.

• Jefferson took advantage of their increasing poverty and created treaties with them in return for land.

• Natives east of the Mississippi began rallying behind the Shawnee chief Tecumseh.

• Techumseh believed that an alliance with the British in Canada could halt the movement of Americans into native lands.

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Tecumseh and his brother, The Prophet, rallied the Native Nations against

American settlers.In November 1811, Ohio Governor

William Henry Harrison led 1,000 soldiers against Natives near Tippecanoe Creek. – The battle marked the beginning of a long

war on the American frontier– Frontier fighting convinced Madison it was

time to go to war.– On June 18, 1812, Congress officially

declared war on Great Britain.

• Influenced by War Hawks, young southern/western congressmen, Madison was persuaded to go to war with Britain!

• The most notable of these War Hawks were Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

“Mr. Madison’s War”• Early naval victories assured

Madison’s re-election in November 1812. This began an American tradition of continuous reelections of Presidents during war

• His campaign slogan was “On to Canada.”

• Madison beat Dewitt Clinton, a “Peace Party” candidate (Federalist) by a vote of 128 to 89. His slogan was “Too Much Virginia”

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Invasions of Canada failed• British captured Ft. Detroit and

burned Buffalo• U.S. military turned out to be poorly

led, trained, and equipped• US had only 7 frigates/ Britain had

34 (and 7 ships of the line)• Britain blockaded US ports• October 1813: Tecumseh was killed

in the Battle of the Thames River (Canada)

• General Andrew Jackson won victories against Creek Indians in the South

In addition to Canadian battles, the British turned their attention to the port of Baltimore.• A bombardment by the

British navy could not dislodge the defenses at Fort McHenry.

• Francis Scott Key wrote a poem about the attack that would become “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

• Although the British had captured Washington, D.C., they withdrew and by late 1814, representatives from both sides began peace talks in Belgium.http://www.150.si.edu/images/3batl.jpg

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•On December 24, 1814, the Treaty of Ghent was signed by representatives of both sides.•News did not arrive in the U.S. until February 1815…Two major events took place in the interim•The Hartford Convention – and with it, the Federalist Party – ended quickly.•Delegates from New England met and threatened to leave the union if war continued. News of the Treaty of Ghent arrived, and the Convention (and Federalist Party) ended quickly.

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American diplomat John Quincy Adams said, “Nothing was adjusted,

nothing was settled.”• Two weeks later, the British attacked

New Orleans, unaware of the peace treaty.

• On January 8, 1815- over 8000 British veterans attacked General Andrew Jackson’s 5000 volunteers.

• Jackson’s fortified positions and sharpshooters decimated their attackers!

• They were defeated by General Andrew Jackson, who became a national hero.

• The decisive victory included 2,000 British deaths while only seven Americans were killed.http://www.canadianheritage.org/images/regular/20020.jpg

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