jazan university college of engineering civil engineering...

117
Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014 Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department (APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING) By Team Members: Ali Hussein Ibrahem Qabur Ahmed Mohammed Jbbary Abubakr Yahya Alsaadi Khalid Mulfy AlJhamdi Ali Saeed AlShahrani Ahmed Hassan Sofyani Osama Abubakr ALmutahhar Supervisor (s): Assoc. Prof. Hisham Abou Halima Dr. Modather Ahmed Omer A Senior Project Final Report submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF Science (B.Sc.), In Civil Engineering (Completion Date 5/2014)

Upload: others

Post on 08-Mar-2020

9 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

Jazan University College of Engineering

Civil Engineering Department

(APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING)

By

Team Members:

Ali Hussein Ibrahem Qabur

Ahmed Mohammed Jbbary

Abubakr Yahya Alsaadi

Khalid Mulfy AlJhamdi

Ali Saeed AlShahrani

Ahmed Hassan Sofyani

Osama Abubakr ALmutahhar

Supervisor (s):

Assoc. Prof. Hisham Abou Halima

Dr. Modather Ahmed Omer

A Senior Project Final Report submitted in partial fulfillment

Of the requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF Science (B.Sc.),

In

Civil Engineering

(Completion Date 5/2014)

Page 2: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

جامعة جازان

كلية الهندسة

قسم الهندسة المدنية

(تطبيقـــــــــــــــــات مساحــــــــيـــــة)

:طالب فريق العمل

علً حسٌن ابراهٌم قابور

أحمد محمد جباري

أبوبكر ٌحً الصعدي

خالد ملفً الغامدي

علً سعٌد هوٌج الشهرانً

أحمد حسن سفٌانً

أسامة أبوبكر مطهر

:مشرف المشروع

هشام أبو حلٌمة. د

مدثر أحمد عمر. د

ستقرٌر مشروع التخرج مقدم للحصول على درجة البكالورٌو

الهندسة المدنيةفى

(1435/رجب )تارٌخ التقدم

Page 3: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

College of Engineering

Jazan University

(Applications of Surveying)

APPROVAL RECOMMENDED:

Examination Committee: Dr. Adel Mohammed Fahiem

Dr. Wael Eldosoqi

Dr. Hisham Abou Halima

Dr. Modather Ahmed Omer

PROJECT SUPERVISOR (s)

Assoc. Prof. Hisham Abou Halima

Dr. Modather Ahmed Omer

DATE

(5/2014)

DEPARTMENT HEAD

Dr. Mohammed Mobarki

COURSE INSTRUCTOR

Prof. Ahmad Al Abbasi

APPROVED:

_________________________________________________________

DEAN, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING:

____________________________________

DATE:

Page 4: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

ABSTRACT

(Applications of Surveying)

Graduation project in the first survey submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering. In

University of Jazan.

Our project is Application of Surveying divided into four items which covering the most

application of surveying

Item 1 (Grid Leveling)

Item 2 (Horizontal curve)

Item 3 (Travers)

Item 4 (Comparison between digital & automatic levels)

The main objective of the following items, the development of the ability to work in Survey

multiple different places and to identify the Survey more work, and the use of multiple devices

and Surveying programs and methods for surveying calculations.

I

Page 5: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

Dedication

For our family who have supported us through the progress of this

project graduation.

To supervisors of the project and the Faculty of Engineering in general.

II

Page 6: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere appreciation and gratitude to our project supervisor,

Dr. Hisham Abou Halima and Dr. Modather Ahmed Omer, for his guidance,

assistance, and support over the course of this project. Again, Thank you for everything.

Special thanks to Uncle Yahya Saadi for helping us to provide the land for the project.

III

Page 7: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................................................................... I

DEDICATION ................................................................................................................................................................ II

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................................................................................. III

CHAPTER (I) INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1DEFINITION OF SURVEYING: ................................................................................................................................ 2

1.2 HISTORY OF SURVEYING: ..................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SURVEYING: ............................................................................................................ 3

1.4 TYPES OF SURVEYING:.......................................................................................................................................... 3

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO ITS PURPOSE: ................................................................. 4

1.6 SURFER PROGRAM:................................................................................................................................................ 5

1.6.1 INTODUCTION TO SURFER: ........................................................................................................................... 5

1.6.2 GRIDDING AND CONTOURING: .................................................................................................................... 6

1.6.3 GRID DATA: ..................................................................................................................................................... 7

1.6.4 VOLUMETRIC CALCULATION: ..................................................................................................................... 9

1.7 ELECTRONIC TOTAL STATION: ......................................................................................................................... 11

1.7.1NOMENCLATURE AND FUNCTIONS: ............................................................................................................... 11

1.7.2 DISPLAY:............................................................................................................................................................. 13

1.7.3 MEASUREMENT MEAN: .................................................................................................................................... 14

1.7.4 INSTUMENT UP FOR MEASERMENT: .............................................................................................................. 16

1.7.5 BATTERY POWER REMAINING DISPLAY: ...................................................................................................... 17

1.7.6 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ANGLE TILT CORRECTION: ........................................................................ 18

1.7.7 DISTANCE & COORDINATE MEASURMENT: ................................................................................................. 18

CHAPTER (II) GRID LEVELLING & CONTOURING .......................................................................................... 19

2.1 INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................................................... 20

2.2 GRID LEVELLING:................................................................................................................................................. 20

2.3 VOLUMES FORM SPOT HEIGHT: ........................................................................................................................ 20

2.4 CONTOURING: ....................................................................................................................................................... 21

2.4.1 DEFINATION: ...................................................................................................................................................... 21

2.4.2 CONTOUR MAP .................................................................................................................................................. 21

2.4.3 PURPOSE OF CONTOURING.............................................................................................................................. 21

2.4.5CONTOUR INTERVAL ........................................................................................................................................ 21

2.5 THE USE OF CONTOUR IN PROJECTS: ............................................................................................................... 22

2.6 FIELD WORKS: ...................................................................................................................................................... 23

2.6.1 LOCATION .......................................................................................................................................................... 23

2.6.2 THE USED EQUIPMENTS: .................................................................................................................................. 24

2.6.3 USED PROGRAMSAND SOFTWARES:.............................................................................................................. 25

2.7 STEPS OF FIELD WORK ........................................................................................................................................ 26

2.7.1 TABLE OF LEVILING: ........................................................................................................................................ 27

Page 8: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

2.7.2 MAPS BY SURFER PROGRAM: .......................................................................................................................... 30

2.8 CALCULATE THE VOLUMES:.............................................................................................................................. 33

2.8.1: BORROW-PIT METHOD: ................................................................................................................................... 33

2.8.2 (SURFER) SOFTWARE:....................................................................................................................................... 41

2.8.3 COMPARISION BETWEEN THE RESULT OF CUTTING AND FILLING: ......................................................... 43

2.9 LEVELING THE LAND: ......................................................................................................................................... 44

CHAPTER (III) HORIZANTAL CURVE .................................................................................................................. 46

3.1 INTRODUCTION: ................................................................................................................................................... 47

3.2 TYPES OF CURVES: .............................................................................................................................................. 47

3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING IN CURVES DESIGN: ..................................................................................................... 48

3.4 THE HORIZONTAL CURVE: ................................................................................................................................. 48

3.5 THE SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE: ........................................................................................................................ 49

3.6 FIELD WORK (SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE): ..................................................................................................... 50

3.6.1 LOCATION: ......................................................................................................................................................... 50

3.6.2 THE USED INSTURMENT: ................................................................................................................................. 51

3.6.3 LAY OUT OF THE SIMPLE CURVE: ................................................................................................................... 52

3.6.4 DEFLECTION ANGLES AND CHORDS: ............................................................................................................ 55

3.6.5 RESULT: .............................................................................................................................................................. 56

3.6.6 LEVELING OF CURVE: ....................................................................................................................................... 58

3.6.7 DESIGN COMPUTAION (MANUALLY): ............................................................................................................ 62

3.7 SUPER ELEVATION:.............................................................................................................................................. 63

CHAPTER (IV) TRAVER .......................................................................................................................................... 64

4.1 INTRUDACTION: ................................................................................................................................................... 65

4.2 DEFINITION OF TRAVERES: ................................................................................................................................ 65

4.3 PURPOSE OF A TRAVERSE: ................................................................................................................................. 66

4.4 TYPES OF TRAVERSE: .......................................................................................................................................... 67

4.5 COORDINATES: ..................................................................................................................................................... 68

4.6 BEARING: ............................................................................................................................................................... 68

4.8 EASTING AND NORTHING:.................................................................................................................................. 70

4.9 METHODS OF TRAVERSING:............................................................................................................................... 71

4.10 ERRORS IN TRAVERSING: ................................................................................................................................. 71

4.11 FILED WORK: ....................................................................................................................................................... 72

4.11.1 LOCATION: ....................................................................................................................................................... 72

4.11.2 WORK STEPS: ................................................................................................................................................... 73

4.11.3 BUILDING COORDINATES: ............................................................................................................................. 76

4.11.3 READ THE BUILDING COORDINATES: .......................................................................................................... 77

Page 9: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

4.11.4 MAP DRAWING: ............................................................................................................................................... 86

CHAPTER (V) COMPARISON BETWEEN DIGITAL & AUTOMATIC LEVEL ................................................. 87

5.2 LEVELING INSTRUMENTS: ................................................................................................................................. 88

5.2.1 AUTOMATIC LEVEL: ............................................................................................................................................... 88

5.2.2 DIGITAL LEVEL: ..................................................................................................................................................... 88

5.3 SOURCES OF ERROR: ........................................................................................................................................... 89

5.3.1 INSTURMENTAL ERRORS:................................................................................................................................ 89

5.3.2 OBSRVATIONL ERRORS: .................................................................................................................................. 89

5.3.3 NATURAL ERRORS: ........................................................................................................................................... 91

5.4 ACCURCY IN LEVELLING: .................................................................................................................................. 92

5.5 FIELD WORK:......................................................................................................................................................... 93

5.5.1 LOCATION:............................................................................................................................................................. 93

5.5.2 THE LONG LOOP: ............................................................................................................................................... 94

5.5.3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS: ................................................................................................................................ 95

5.5.3.1 USING (DIGITAL LEVEL): .......................................................................................................................... 95

5.5.3.2 USING (AUTOMATIC LEVEL):................................................................................................................... 96

5.5.4 SKETCH FOR SHORT LOOP: .............................................................................................................................. 97

5.5.4.1 USING (AUTOMATIC LEVEL): ................................................................................................................... 98

5.5.4.2 USING (DIGITAL LEVEL): .......................................................................................................................... 99

5.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES: ......................................................................................................... 100

5.6.1 AUTOMATIC LEVEL: ............................................................................................................................................. 100

5.6.2 DIGITAL LEVEL: ................................................................................................................................................... 101

5.7 CONCLUSION: ..................................................................................................................................................... 102

CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................................................ 103

REFRENCES ............................................................................................................................................................... 104

Page 10: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying Surveying project 2014

Page | 1

CHAPTER (I)

INTRODUCTION

Page 11: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 2

1.1 DEFINITION OF SURVEYING:

Surveying is defined as the determination of the relative spatial location of points on or near The surface

of the earth.It can be defined also, as art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects,

measuring angles between lines and determining the direction of lines for established points by

predetermined angular and linear measurements.

Along with the actual survey measurements are the mathematical calculationof Distances, angles,

directions, locations, elevations, areas, and volumes are thus determined from the data of the survey

measurements.

Finally, survey data is portrayed graphically by the construction of maps, profiles, cross sections, and

Diagrams.

1.2 HISTORY OF SURVEYING:

Surveying is a centuries old concept. Although no historical evidence is present of when and how the

knowledge of survey developed and how it was studied, however, various historical Engineering

marvels force us to believe that the survey techniques are roughly of the times of Ancient Egyptians.

The great pyramid of Khufu at Giza is a living example and it was built in 2700 BC. It is roughly a

square and its geographical alignment proves that a considerable knowledge of survey was applied

without which such marvelous construction would have never been possible.

Other than the pyramids, remains of various other ancient civilizations indicate the presence of

surveying techniques.

Page 12: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 3

1.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF THE SURVEYING:

Land surveying is basically, used for mapping and representation of the surface of the land. The entire

scope of profession is wide; it actually boils down to calculate where the land boundaries are situated,

topography of the land and horizontal position. This is very important in civil engineering projects i.e.

Without this service, we have not a probable design of railroads, skyscrapers, highways, etc. All these

projects and others cannot be established without initial survey studies introduce the first steps of any

engineering scheme.

1.4 TYPES OF SURVEYING:

GEODETIC SURVEYING:

The type of surveying that takes into account the true shape of Theearth. These surveys are of high

precision and extend over large areas.

PLANE SURVEYING:

The type of surveying in which the mean surface of the earth Is considered as a plane, or in which its

spheroidal shape is Neglected, with regard to horizontal distances and directions.

Page 13: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 4

1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING ACCORDING TO ITS PURPOSE:

• Control Survey: Made to establish the horizontal and vertical positions of arbitrary points.

• Boundary Survey: Made to determine the length and direction of land lines and to establish the

position of these lines on the ground.

• Topographic Survey: Made to gather data to produce a topographic map showing the configuration of

the terrain and the location of natural and man-made objects.

• Hydrographic Survey: The survey of bodies of water made for the purpose of navigation, water

supply, or sub-aqueous construction.

• Mining Survey: Made to control, locate and map underground and surface works related to mining

operations.

• Construction Survey: Made to lay out, locate and monitor public and private engineering works.

• Route Survey: Refers to those control, topographic, and construction surveys necessary for the

location and construction of highways, railroads, canals, transmission lines, and pipelines.

• Photogrammetric Survey: Made to utilize the principles of aerial photogrammetry, in which

measurements made on photographs are used to determine the positions of photographed objects.

• Astronomical survey: generally involve imaging or "mapping" of regions of the sky using telescopes.

Page 14: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 5

1.6 SURFER PROGRAM:

1.6.1 INTODUCTION TO SURFER:

What Surfer can do?

Surfer is a software package written for Windows, and XP. Surfer transforms XYZ data to create

contour maps, 3D surface maps, 3D wireframe maps, shaded relief maps, rainbow color "image" maps,

post maps, classed post maps, vector maps, and base maps. It can calculate cross sections, areas, and

volumes. See the widow of programs as shown fig (1.1):

Fig (1.1)

Page 15: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 6

1.6.2 GRIDDING AND CONTOURING:

Loading a data file for gridding If you know your data file, then you can go directly to the Grid | Data

menu command, select a grid file and click Open. If you are unsure about the column layout or spatial

distribution of your data file, there are a number of ways to familiarize yourself with the data. You can

use the File Open menu command to open the data file in the Surfer worksheet. Select the data and the

Data Statistics menu command displays the Statistics dialog box. You can select to calculate many

useful statistics, including minimum, maximum, and number of numeric cells. Click OK and the

statistics you selected are shown. It can help you spot anomalous values in a particular column, such as

negative values in a thickness or is opach column. To illustrate the spatial distribution of your data, you

can also make a post map or a classed post map. The classed post map displays the location of your data

points and provides a way to display the location of various ranges of Z values. Data point labels can

also be used if the data set is small. As shown fig (1.2) and fig (1.3), (1.4):

Fig (1.2)

Fig (1.3)

Fig (1.4)

Page 16: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 7

1.6.3 GRID DATA:

Once you go to Grid | Data, select a data file and click Open, the Grid Data dialog box appears. This

dialog box is the control center for gridding. The Data Columns let you specify the columns containing

the X, Y, and Z values. If you are not sure which columns to use, click the View Data button to examine

the data file. The Statistics button can also give you a look at the data, showing the Count (or number of

data points) as well as the minimum, maximum and other statistical information. If these values are not

what you expect, open the data file in a worksheet to verify that Surfer is reading the file properly. As

shown fig (1.5):

Fig (1.5)

Page 17: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 8

The Grid Line Geometry section of the Grid Data dialog box is where you can change parameters

concerning the size of the resulting grid file. Of particular importance is the Spacing in the X and Y

directions. The Spacing is directly linked to the # of Lines (grid lines). The # of Lines is the number of

grid lines. The Spacing is the size for the grid cells (the spacing between the grid lines).The smaller the

spacing, the higher the number of lines. By default, Surfer enters 100 for the number of lines in the

longest direction.

However, these values could be set to a value that better reflects the desired results of the map. If you

wish to honor every data point, the ideal situation is to have a grid line intersection at each point. If this

geometry results in too large a grid file from having too many grid lines, a good compromise is to set the

grid line spacing to the closest data point spacing. This value can be estimated by examining a post or

classed post map, or by using the Map | Digitize menu on the post map to get more exact XY data point

values from which you can calculate the spacing using the formula: In addition, since the grid line

spacing affects the size of the grid cell, the smoothness of a blanking boundary will also be affected. A

large grid cell size will produce a coarse, "stair-step" or serrated boundary. You can reduce the grid cell

size by reducing the Spacing or increasing the # of Lines values. The more grid lines are used to create

the grid, the finer the grid “mesh” will be and the smoother the contour map will be. As shown fig(1.6):

Fig (1.6)

Page 18: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 9

1.6.4 VOLUMETRIC CALCULATION:

VOLUME FROM A GRID:

For these calculations to work properly, the XYZ units must be alike. After choosing the Grid Volume

menu, specify the upper grid file name and click Open. The Grid Volume dialog box will be displayed

(see right). Enter the desired Z value for the lower surface, or click on the Grid File selection, then

Browse to specify a lower grid file name. When you click OK, Surfer generates a report with

information about the grid files, and the volume and area calculations. As shown Fig (1.7) .

Fig (1.7)

The volume is calculated by three different methods including the Cut and Fill calculations. The results

from all three methods are shown to give you an idea of the accuracy of the calculations. The Cut & Fill

Volumes section represent the areas where one surface is above another. The Positive Volume [Cut] is

the volume of the area where the Upper surface (as specified above) is above the Lower surface. The

Negative Volume [Fill] is where the Lower surface is above the Upper surface. The volume for any

blanked regions is not calculated. As shown Fig (1.8) .

Fig (1.8)

Page 19: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 10

The Planar Areas represent the horizontal areas where one surface is above another. Positive Planar

Area [Cut] is the planar area of the locations where the Upper surface is above the Lower surface.

Negative Planar Area [Fill] is the planar area where the Lower surface is above the Upper surface. The

area of any blanked regions is also displayed. The Surface area represents the area of the inclined

surface, and can be thought of as the size of a piece of plastic that would be needed to drape over the

surface. As shown Fig (1.9) .

Fig (1.9)

CALCULATION TOTAL VOLUME:

For the best results, follow these tips:

• Verify the units of X, Y, and Z, and make sure that all units are alike.

• The accuracy of the volume and area calculations is heavily dependent on the size of the grid cell, so

more grid lines or smaller grid cells usually increases the resolution and accuracy.

• Create a contour map or other map of the grids that are used. If the contour map doesn't look right, the

volume calculations probably won't be right.

Page 20: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 11

1.7 ELECTRONIC TOTAL STATION:

1.7.1NOMENCLATURE AND FUNCTIONS:

Nomenclature:

THE GTS-755 AND GPT-7505 ARE ONE-DISPLAY MODELS.

Page 21: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 12

Page 22: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 13

1.7.2 DISPLAY:

Main Menu Contains:

The main menu contains as following items.

SELECT THE MENU BY PRESSING ICONS.

PROGRAM MODE

• Setting a direction angle for back sight orientation

• Remote elevation measurement

• Missing line measurement

• Repetition angle measurement

ADJUSTMENT MODE

This mode is used for checking and adjustment.

• Error of vertical angle 0 datum

• Setting instrument constant value

• Compensation systematic error of Instrument

• Checking the optical axis of EDM

PARAMETERS SETTING MODE

This mode is used for follows

• Setting measurement

• Setting communication

• Value input

• Setting unit

STANDARD MEASUREMENT MODE

This mode is used for follows

• Angle measurement

• Distance measurement

• Coordinate measurement

Page 23: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 14

1.7.3 MEASUREMENT MEAN:

Display Marks:

Page 24: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 15

Display keys :

Shortcut Keys :

Page 25: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 16

1.7.4 INSTUMENT UP FOR MEASERMENT:

Mount the instrument to the tripod. Level and center the instrument precisely to insure the best

performance. Use tripods with a tripod screw of 5/8 in. diameter and 11 threads per inch, such as the

Type E TOPCON wide- frame wooden tripod.

Page 26: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 17

1.7.5 BATTERY POWER REMAINING DISPLAY:

Battery power remaining display indicates the power condition.

Page 27: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 18

1.7.6 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ANGLE TILT CORRECTION:

1.7.7 DISTANCE & COORDINATE MEASURMENT:

Page 28: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 19

CHAPTER (II)

GRID LEVELLING

&

CONTOURING

Page 29: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 20

2.1 INTRODUCTION:

Leveling is in general is the term applied to any processed by which elevations of points or differences

in elevation are determined. It is a vital operation in producing necessary data for mapping, engineering

design, and construction. Leveling results are used to:

(1) Design highways, railroads, canals, sewers, water supply systems, and other facilities having

grade lines that best conform to existing topography.

(2) Lay out construction projects according to planned elevations.

(3) Calculate volumes of earthwork and other materials.

(4) Investigate drainage characteristics of an area.

(5) Develop maps showing general ground configurations.

(6) Study earth subsidence and crustal motion.

2.2 GRID LEVELLING:

Grid leveling is used for site investigation, for drawing contour lines and for the easy calculation of

volumes. The opposite figure shows a typical survey of a site using grid point levels. The area of the site

is divided into a number of squares for example 20 × 20 meters also triangles or rectangles can also be

used. Spot heights are taken at corner points of the grid. The grid levels enable us to calculate the

volume of material above or below a certain reduced level (RL) and to draw contour lines.

2.3 VOLUMES FORM SPOT HEIGHT:

This is a method used to obtain the volume of large deep excavations such as basement, underground

taken and so on where the formation level can be as loping, horizontal or terraced. Squared …

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

Rectangular Base Method

Triangular Base Method

MS - Excel Volume calculation

Page 30: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 21

2.4 CONTOURING:

2.4.1 DEFINATION:

An imaginary line on the ground surface joining the points of equal elevation is known as contour. In

other words, contour is a line in which the ground surface is intersected by a level surface obtained by

joining points of equal elevation. This line on the map represents a contour and is called contour line.

Other definition of contour is a line in which the ground surface is intersected by a level surface

obtained by joining points of equal elevation. This line on the map represents a contour and is called

contour line.

2.4.2 CONTOUR MAP

A map showing contour lines is known as Contour map. A contour map gives an idea of the altitudes of

the surface features as well as their relative positions in plan serves the purpose of both, a plan and a

section. The process of tracing contour lines on the surface of the earth is called Contouring.

2.4.3 PURPOSE OF CONTOURING

Contour survey is carried out at the starting of any engineering project such as a road, a railway, a canal,

a dam, a building etc.

For preparing contour maps in order to select the most economical or suitable site.

To locate the alignment of a canal so that it should follow a ridge line.

To mark the alignment of roads and railways so that the quantity of earthwork both in cutting

and filling should be minimum.

For getting information about the ground whether it is flat, undulating or mountainous.

To find the capacity of a reservoir and volume of earthwork especially in a mountainous region.

To trace out the given grade of a particular route.

To locate the physical features of the ground such as a pond depression, hill, steep or small

slopes.

2.4.5CONTOUR INTERVAL

The constant vertical distance between two consecutive contours is called the contour interval.It

depends on the gradient and topography of the surface.

Page 31: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 22

2.5 THE USE OF CONTOUR IN PROJECTS:

The project aims to describe the topography for a part of land through the contour map by using the

surfer software and the difference when using different contour intervals in the same map in describing

the land topography .Contour map showing the elevations and surface topography of the site by means

of contour lines. The contouring is defined as the process of representation graphically the ground

topography mainly of natural surface when the ground extends in two directions x and y. The contour

interval is the vertical distance between any two following contour lines. There are two methodologies

used to draw contour map, either manually by using the grid or using the software (Surfer) which is used

in this project. In the following there are two contour maps with two different intervals for the same

piece of land and for each one the topography will discuss and the difference between them will present.

There is also a 3D presentation for the contour map. The contour maps show the shapes and locations of

many natural and manmade features like mountains, forests, rivers, roads, bridges and lakes. Contour

maps are used by civil engineers, environmental managers, urban planners, emergency services agencies

and historians. The following picture describes topography of piece of land and the contour map forit.

Also, show how the contour lines represent different elevations.

Page 32: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 23

2.6 FIELD WORKS:

2.6.1 LOCATION

A study area of 120 x 100 square meters is determined to apply the grid leveling and

contouring as in figure (2.1):

Fig (2.1) Location of Study Area

Page 33: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 24

2.6.2 THE USED EQUIPMENTS:

The following instruments are used:

Automatic Level Instrument

Theodolite

Tripod

Staff/Pole

Range Poles

Taping Pins

Measuring Tape

Page 34: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 25

2.6.3 USED PROGRAMSAND SOFTWARES:

1- Auto CAD:

AutoCAD software was used in the sketches of the Earth describes in a simple divide the land

and dropping levels of the points, and determine the directions of the earth.

2- Surfer:

The Surfer software was used in the mapping of the Earth: contour map and three-dimensional

3D maps and calculate the quantities of Cutting and filling.

3- Excel:

Excel program was used to enter data from their land-levels and

calculate quantities cutting and filling.

Page 35: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 26

2.7 STEPS OF FIELD WORK

1 – The land had been identified by right angles by Theodolite were it divided to Grids with the

dimensions of 20 X 20 by measuring tape.

2 - Piece of land was divided only 30 pieces each piece has dimensions of 20 X 20 m in an area of

12,000 square meters. As shown in Fig(2.6) Grid Levelling:

Fig(2.2) Grid Levelling

3-were levels of points are taken as shown in the following figure 2.2 and table 2.6.1:

Page 36: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 27

2.7.1 TABLE OF LEVILING:

Point B.S I.S F.S H.I(m) R.L(m)

B.M 2.24 12.24 10

1 2.025 10.215

2 2.135 10.105

3 1.948 10.292

4 2.235 10.005

5 2.45 9.79

6 2.342 9.898

7 2.285 9.955

8 2.175 10.065

9 2.4 9.84

10 2.37 9.87

11 2.385 9.855

12 2.169 10.071

13 2.005 10.235

14 1.98 10.26

15 2.185 10.055

16 2.45 10

17 2.498 9.742

18 2.42 9.82

19 2.455 9.785

20 2.295 9.945

21 2.25 9.99

22 2.24 7.705

23 2.168 10.072

24 2.31 9.93

25 2.485 9.755

26 2.485 9.755

27 2.5 7.43

28 2.74 9.5

29 3.15 9.09

30 2.85 9.39

31 2.575 9.665

32 2.525 10

33 1.935 8.065

34 2.31 9.93

35 2.3 9.94

36 2.4 9.84

37 1.75 10.49

38 2.61 7.23

39 2.685 9.555

40 2.835 9.405

41 2.98 9.26

42 3.28 8.96

∑ 2.24 97.29 3.28

Page 37: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 28

4- Was signed points to the levels of the Sketch is a division of the land as shown. Figure 2.3:

The lowest level of the site is RL = 8.960 m and the highest is RL = 10.848 m. B.M= 10 m.

Fig (2.3) Reduced level of grid point

Page 38: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 29

4- Coordinates were introduced in the Excel program for inclusion in the program of our Surfer

mapping. shown in Figure 2.4 :

5- The work program maps the Surfer.

Fig (2.4) Excel data

Page 39: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 30

2.7.2 MAPS BY SURFER PROGRAM:

A- CONTUOR MAP:

B- 3D WIREFRAME:

Page 40: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 31

C- WATERSHED:

D- GRID VECTOR:

Page 41: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 32

E- 3D SURFER:

Page 42: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 33

2.8 CALCULATE THE VOLUMES:

Volumes were calculated for the land in two ways:

The first way: Borrow-pit Method.

The second way: surfer Software.

2.8.1: BORROW-PIT METHOD:

Was calculated Volume of cutting and filling way Borrow-pit Method required level of 10.00m and the

center of gravity (CG) = 9.8443 m. As shown in the Figure2.5 was calculated on the level of 10.00

matters it was clarified areas of cut and fill and draw Zero contour. Calculation has been Using Borrow-

pit Method as shown in Figure2.6; it was on Calculation value of the center of gravity (CG) = 9.8443 m.

As shown in Figure2.7:

Fig (2.5)

Page 43: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 34

2.8.1.1 Calculated on the level of 10.00 m:

Fig (2.6)

Page 44: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 35

□1

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.215 + 0.260 + 0.105 + 0.235

= 81.5 𝑚3

□2

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 0.105 + 0.235 + 0.292 + 0.071

= 70.3 𝑚3

∆3= 20 𝑥 0.7

6𝑥 0.292 + 0.005 + 0 = 0.693 𝑚3

∆4= 20 𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.292 + 0.071 + 0 = 24.2 𝑚3

∆5= 6.6 𝑥 19.3

6𝑥 0.071 + 0 + 0 = 4.50733 𝑚3

∆6= 20 𝑥 4.15

6𝑥 0.260 + 0.055 + 0 = 4.3575 𝑚3

∆7= 20 𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.260 + 0 + 0.235 = 33 𝑚3

∆8= 12.5 𝑥 15.85

6𝑥 0.235 + 0 + 0 = 7.76 𝑚3

∆9= 12.5 𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.235 + 0 + 0 = 9.8 𝑚3

∆10 = 20 𝑥 4.3

6𝑥 0.235 + 0.071 + 0 = 4.386 𝑚3

∆11 = 4.3 𝑥 6.6

6𝑥 0.071 + 0 + 0 = 0.33583 𝑚3

∆12 = 0.7 𝑥 0.5

6𝑥 0.005 + 0 + 0 = 0.0002917 𝑚3

∆13 = 2.6 𝑥 5.8

6𝑥 0 + 0 + 0.065 = 0.16337 𝑚3

∆14 = 5.8 𝑥 17.3

6𝑥 0.065 + 0 + 0 = 1.087 𝑚3

∆15 = 10.1 𝑥 11.3

6𝑥 0 + 0 + 0.072 = 1.37 𝑚3

∆16 = 20 𝑥 11.3

6𝑥 0.072 + 0 + 0 = 2.712 𝑚3

Cutting Volume

∆17 = 16.3 𝑥 10.4

6𝑥 0 + 0 + 0.305 = 8.617 𝑚3

∆18 =(16.3 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.305 + 0 + 0 = 8.203 𝑚3

∆19= 10.1 𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.305 + 0.072 + 0 = 12.7 𝑚3

∆20 = 10.1 𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.305 + 0.072 + 0 = 12.7 𝑚3

∆21 = 9.9𝑥 16.27

6𝑥 0 + 0.305 + 0 = 8.19 𝑚3

∆22 = 20 𝑥 10.1

6𝑥 0 + 0 + 0.072 = 2.424 𝑚3

∆23 = 10.4 𝑥 9

6𝑥 0.305 + 0 + 0 = 4.758 𝑚3

∆24 = 16.27 𝑥 9

6𝑥 0.305 + 0 + 0 = 7.44 𝑚3

∆25 =(11 𝑥 17.3)

6𝑥 0 + 0.45 + 0 = 14.27 𝑚3

∆26 =(14.76 𝑥 17.3)

6𝑥 0.45 + 0 + 0 = 19.15 𝑚3

Total Cutting = 341.6243𝒎𝟑

Page 45: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 36

∆17 =(14.2 𝑥 17.3)

6𝑥 0.16 + 0 + 0 = 6.55 𝑚3

∆18 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.16 + 0.055 + 0 = 14.33 𝑚3

∆19=(20 𝑥 2.7)

6𝑥 0.01 + 0.055 + 0 = 0.585 𝑚3

∆20 =(4.15 𝑥 18)

6𝑥 0.5 + 0 + 0 = 6.225 𝑚3

∆21 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.5 + 0.26 + 0 = 50.66 𝑚3

∆22 =(20 𝑥 15.85)

6𝑥 0.21 + 0.26 + 0 = 24.83 𝑚3

□23

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.26 + 0.21 + 0.258 + 0.245

= 97.3 𝑚3

□24

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.258 + 0.245 + 0.18 + 0.245

= 92.8 𝑚3

□25

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.18 + 0.245 + 0.215 + 0.07

= 71 𝑚3

∆26 =(10.10 𝑥 8.7)

6𝑥 0 + 0 + 0.055 = 0.8 𝑚3

∆27 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0 + 0.055 + 0.215 = 18 𝑚3

∆28 =(20 𝑥 9.9)

6𝑥 0 + 0.07 + 0.215 = 9.405 𝑚3

∆29=(20 𝑥 8.7)

6𝑥 0.055 + 0.01 + 0 = 1.885 𝑚3

∆30 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0 + 0 + 0.01 = 0.67 𝑚3

□31

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.5 + 0.91 + 0.26 + 0.61 = 228 𝑚3

□32

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.26 + 0.61 + 0.245 + 0.335

= 145 𝑚3

∆1=(19.3 𝑥 13.4)

6𝑥 0 + 0 + 0.145 = 6.249 𝑚3

∆2=(0.5 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.145 + 0 + 0 = 0.241 𝑚3

∆3=(20 𝑥 19.5)

6𝑥 0 + 0.145 + 0.21 = 1.979 𝑚3

∆4=(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.145 + 0.13 + 0.12 = 32.333 𝑚3

∆5=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.21 + 0.13 + 0.16 + 0.152

= 65.2 𝑚3

∆6=(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.152 + 0.45 + 0.16 = 50.8 𝑚3

∆7=(17.4 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.45 + 0.16 + 0 = 33.38 𝑚3

∆8=(2.6 𝑥 14.2)

6𝑥 0 + 0 + 0.16 = 0.984 𝑚3

∆9=(15.85 𝑥 14.2)

6𝑥 0 + 0.21 + 0 = 4.160 𝑚3

∆10 =(7.5 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0 + 0.12 + 0.258 = 11.7 𝑚3

∆11 =(15.7 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.258 + 0 + 0 = 13.502 𝑚3

∆12 =(6.6 𝑥 15.7)

6𝑥 0.258 + 0 + 0 = 4.455 𝑚3

∆13 =(13.4 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.258 + 0.145 + 0 = 18 𝑚3

∆14 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.258 + 0.145 + 0.18 = 38.86 𝑚3

□15

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.145 + 0.18 + 0.13 + 0.215

= 67 𝑚3

□16

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.13 + 0.125 + 0.16 + 0.055

= 47 𝑚3

Filling Volume

Page 46: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 37

33=

(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.245 + 0.335 + 0.245 + 0.285

= 111 𝑚3

∆34 =(20 𝑥 3.7)

6𝑥 0.07 + 0.245 + 0 = 3.885 𝑚3

∆35 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.285 + 0.245 + 0 = 35.33 𝑚3

∆36 =(9.6 𝑥 16.3)

6𝑥 . 285 + 0 + 0 = 7.4328 𝑚3

□37

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.91 + 1.04 + 0.61 + 0.74 = 330 𝑚3

□38

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.61 + 0.74 + 0. .335 + 0.595

= 228 𝑚3

□39

=(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 0.335 + 0.595 + 0.285 + 0.445

= 166 𝑚3

∆40 =(20 𝑥 9.6)

6𝑥 0.285 + 0.445 + 0 = 23.36 𝑚3

∆41 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.445 + 0.37 + 0 = 54.33 𝑚3

∆42 =(11 𝑥 10.4)

6𝑥 0.37 + 0 + 0 = 7.05 𝑚3

∆43 =(3.7 𝑥 9.9)

6𝑥 0.07 + 0 + 0 = 0.427 𝑚3

∆44 =(11 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.37 + 0.07 + 0 = 16.13 𝑚3

∆45 =(9 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.37 + 0.07 + 0 = 13.2 𝑚3

∆46 =(2.7 𝑥 11)

6𝑥 0.07 + 0 + 0 = 0.346 𝑚3

∆47 =(2.7 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.07 + 0.06 + 0 = 1.17 𝑚3

∆48 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.16 + 0.06 + 0 = 14.6 𝑚3

∆48 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.16 + 0.06 + 0 = 14.6 𝑚3

∆49=(5.24 𝑥 17.3)

6𝑥 0.16 + 0 + 0 = 2.417 𝑚3

∆50 =(3.73 𝑥 9)

6𝑥 0.07 + 0 + 0 = 0.391 𝑚3

∆51 =(3.73 𝑥 9)

6𝑥 0.07 + 0 + 0 = 0.430 𝑚3

∆52 =(9.9 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.07 + 0 + 0 = 2.31 𝑚3

∆53 =(20 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.07 + 0.06 + 0 = 8.66 𝑚3

Total Filling = 2185.803𝒎𝟑

Page 47: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 38

2.7.1.2 Calculation value of the center of gravity (CG) = 9.8443 m:

Fig (2.7)

Page 48: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 39

𝐴=

20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.003 + 3.110 + 1.220 + 1.995

= 1033.08 𝑚3

□𝐵

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 1.995 + 3.220 + 3.145 + 2.100

= 1046.21 𝑚3

□𝐶

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.100 + 3.145 + 3.155 + 2.227

= 1062.98 𝑚3

□𝐷

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.227 + 3.155 + 3.095 + 2.857

= 1133.61 𝑚3

□𝐸

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.085 + 3.095 + 2.995 + 2.645

= 1082.28 𝑚3

□𝐹

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 0.945 + 2.003 + 1.995 + 1.025

= 597.08 𝑚3

□𝐺

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 1.025 + 1.995 + 2.100 + 0.940

= 606.28 𝑚3

□𝐻

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 0.940 + 2.100 + 1.085 + 2.227

= 635.48 𝑚3

□I

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 1.460 + 2.085 + 1.085 + 2.227

= 685.98 𝑚3

□𝐽

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 1.1460 + 2.085 + 2.645 + 0.785

= 697.78 𝑚3

□𝐾

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 0.160 + 0.945 + 0.010 + 1.025

= 214.28𝑚3

∆𝐿1=(6.12 𝑥20)

6𝑥 0.010 + 1.025 = 21.142 𝑚3

∆𝐿2=(13.88 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 1.025 = 47.455 𝑚3

∆𝐿3=(19.5 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.940 + 1.025 = 127.816 𝑚3

Cutting Volume

∆𝑀1=(19.5 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.940 = 61.147 𝑚3

∆𝑀2=(19 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.940 + 1.085 = 128.203 𝑚3

∆𝑁1=(19 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 1.085 = 68.688 𝑚3

∆𝑁2=(18.374 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 1.460 + 1.085 = 155.958 𝑚3

∆𝑂1=(18.374 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 1.460 = 89.463 𝑚3

∆𝑂2=(14.618 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.785 + 1.460 = 109.460 𝑚3

∆𝑃1=(4.508𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.160 = 24.148 𝑚3

∆𝑃2=(20 𝑥 0.273)

6𝑥 0.160 + 0.010 = 0.156 𝑚3

∆𝑄=(0.273 𝑥 6.12)

6𝑥 0.010 = 0.003 𝑚3

Total Cutting=9422.662𝒎𝟑

Page 49: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 40

1=

(20 𝑥 20)

4𝑥 2.629 + 1.739 + 1.609 + 2.584

= 856.22 𝑚3

□2

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.584 + 1.609 + 2.054 + 2.789

= 903.72 𝑚3

□3

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.789 + 2.054 + 2.104 + 3.344

= 1029.22𝑚3

□4

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 3.344 + 2.104 + 2.454 + 3.754

= 1165.72 𝑚3

□5

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 3.754 + 2.454 + 2.584 + 3.884

= 1267.69 𝑚3

□6

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 1.739 + 0.552 + 0.773 + 1.609

= 467.42 𝑚3

□7

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.054 + 1.102 + 1.609 + 0.772

= 553.92 𝑚3

□8

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.054 + 1.102 + 1.089 + 2.104

= 635.02 𝑚3

□9

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.104 + 1.089 + 1.179 + 2.454

= 682.72 𝑚3

□10

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 2.454 + 1.179 + 2.584 + 1.439

= 765.72 𝑚3

□11

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 1.102 + 0.024 + 0.089 + 1.085

= 234.66 𝑚3

□12

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 1.089 + 0.089 + 0.129 + 1.179

= 248.72 𝑚3

□13

= 20 𝑥 20

4𝑥 1.439 + .179 + 0.129 + 0.289

= 303.720 𝑚3

Filling Volume

∆14 = . 5036𝑥13.88

6𝑥 0.024 = 0.0283 𝑚3

∆15 = 1.520 𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.089 + 0.024 = 0.575 𝑚3

∆16 = 0.5036 𝑥20

6𝑥 0.024 = 0.0408 𝑚3

∆17 = 1.626 𝑥20

6𝑥 0.129 + 0.089 = 1.184 𝑚3

∆18 =(1.52 𝑥 20)

6𝑥 0.089 = 0.452 𝑚3

∆19= 1.626 𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.129 + 0.289 = 2.268 𝑚3

∆20 = 5.381 𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.289 = 5.19 𝑚3

∆21 = 15.492𝑥 20

6𝑥 0.552 + 0.773 = 68.479 𝑚3

∆22 = 20 𝑥19.727

6𝑥 0.773 = 50.849 𝑚3

∆23 = 6.12 𝑥19.727

6𝑥 0.773 = 15.56 𝑚3

∆24 = 13.88𝑥20

6𝑥 0.773 + 0.024 = 36.902 𝑚3

∆25 =(20 𝑥20)

6𝑥 0.024 + 1.102 + 0.773 = 126.66 𝑚3

TotalFilling =9628.680𝒎𝟑

Page 50: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 41

2.8.2 (SURFER) SOFTWARE:

2.8.2.1: Calculated on the level of 10.00 m:

————————————————

Grid Volume Computations

———————————————— Volumes

Total Volumes by:

Trapezoidal Rule: 1741.3353702873

Simpson's Rule: 1741.1895089213

Simpson's 3/8 Rule: 1741.2179619511

Cut & Fill Volumes

Positive Volume [Cut]: 2125.5099491173

Negative Volume [Fill]: 384.31331559495

Net Volume [Cut-Fill]: 1741.1966335224

Areas

Planar Areas

Positive Planar Area [Cut]: 8769.2261858954 Negative Planar Area [Fill]: 3230.7738141046

Blanked Planar Area: 0

Total Planar Area: 12000

Surface Areas

Positive Surface Area [Cut]: 8769.978305204

Negative Surface Area [Fill]: 3231.1958534786

Page 51: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 42

2.8.2.2 Calculation value of the center of gravity (CG) = 9.8443 m:

————————————————

Grid Volume Computations

————————————————

Volumes Total Volumes by:

Trapezoidal Rule: 48.000010375266

Simpson's Rule: 48.035735026083

Simpson's 3/8 Rule: 48.00001038067

Cut & Fill Volumes

Positive Volume [Cut]: 9080.5030996844

Negative Volume [Fill]: 9032.5030893113

Net Volume [Cut-Fill]: 48.000010373193

Areas

Planar Areas

Positive Planar Area [Cut]: 6007.977651853

Negative Planar Area [Fill]: 5992.022348147

Blanked Planar Area: 0

Total Planar Area: 12000

Surface Areas

Positive Surface Area [Cut]: 6015.4362502944

Negative Surface Area [Fill]: 5999.4609030671

Page 52: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 43

2.8.3 COMPARISION BETWEEN THE RESULT OF CUTTING AND FILLING:

Total Cutting

Total Filling

TYPES OF METHOD

REDUCED LEVEL

BORROW-PIT METHOD (SURFER) SOFTWARE

10.00 m 341.6243 m3

384.31331559495 m3

(CG) = 9.8443 m 9422.662 m3

9080.5030996844 m3

TYPES OF METHOD

REDUCED LEVEL

BORROW-PIT METHOD (SURFER) SOFTWARE

10.00 m 2185.803 m3 2125.5099491173 m3

(CG) = 9.8443 m 9422.662 m3

9032.5030893113 m3

Page 53: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 44

2.9 LEVELING THE LAND:

Was calculated center of gravity of the levels of the ground level and the selection of the center of

gravity and level of work has been increased by 5 meters vertical, horizontal per 100 meters. Been

identified on the level of The west to the east to drain the water in the Wastewater pipes located along

street. As shown in Figure 2.8 and 2.9:

Fig (2.8)

Fig (2.8)

Page 54: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 45

Fig (2.9)

Page 55: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 46

CHAPTER (III)

HORIZANTAL CURVE

Page 56: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 47

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

In many different phases, the road designer has an important mission to joint the straight roads with each

other by many kind of curves, its purpose to avoid the sudden change in the direction, and make it easy

to gradual transport between those roads.

3.2 TYPES OF CURVES:

1 – Horizontal curves: it's connect between the horizontal roads .

2- Vertical curves: it’s connect between the vertical roads.

Page 57: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 48

3.3 FACTORS AFFECTING IN CURVES DESIGN:

1- The land Topographic.

2- The road direction (cities and village road should joint it) .

3- Factors affecting.

4- Barriers existing on the road.

5- The design speed.

3.4 THE HORIZONTAL CURVE:

It's divided as:

A- Simple circular curve: consisting from one cycle brackets joining between two straight lines.

B- Compound circular curves: it’s connecting both directions by two brackets from two different

cycle has different radius the both center of the cycles located at the same direction.

C- The reverse curves: it’s connecting both directions by two brackets from two different cycle has

different radius the both center of the cycles located at a different direction.

D- Spiral curve: it's connecting between two directions its radius range from infinity to period of

radius.

Page 58: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 49

3.5 THE SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE:

Horizontal curves are normally circular. Figure (3-4) illustrates several of their important Features.

Horizontal curves are described by radius (R), central angle (Δ) (which is Equal to the deflection angle

between the tangents), length (L), tangent distance (T), middle ordinate (M), external distance (E).

ELEMENTS OFSIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE:

1- Point of Intersection (PI): the point at which the two

tangents to the curve intersect.

2- length (L): 𝑳 =𝝅

𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝒙 𝑹 𝒙 ∆

3- Delta Angle(Δ): the angle between the tangents is also

equal to the angle at the center of the curve

4- Tangent Distance (T): the distance from the PC to PI or

from the PI to PT Point of Curvature (PC): the beginning

point of the curve.

𝑻 = 𝑹 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝚫 𝟐)

5- Point of Tangency (PT): the end point of the curve.

6- External Distance (E): the distance from the PI to the middle point of the curve.

𝑬 =𝑹

𝑪𝑶𝑺(𝚫 𝟐) − 𝟏

7- Middle Ordinate (M): the distance from the middle point of the curve to the middle of the

chord joining the PC and PT.

𝑴 = 𝑹[𝟏 − 𝑪𝑶𝑺(𝚫 𝟐)]

8- Long Chord (LC): the distance along the line joining the PC and the PT.

𝑪 = 𝟐 𝑹𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝚫 𝟐)

9- Radius (R): the radius of the cycle for the curve.

𝑹 =𝑬

𝟏

𝑪𝑶𝑺(𝚫 𝟐) − 𝟏

Page 59: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 50

3.6 FIELD WORK (SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE):

3.6.1 LOCATION:

Information on the curve:

Located on the road to King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz.

Serves people of the eastern neighborhoods in Abuarish and linking them to the main road.

Within the is classified of the of urban secondary roads. These roads compiling vehicles from the

main roads and distributes them to the degrees of roads alkalis offerings around (16-25 meters).

Road width 19 m.

Two lanes.

Page 60: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 51

3.6.2 THE USED INSTURMENT:

Total station and include (Prisms, Measuring Tapes, and Surveying Poles). Fig (3.2):

Digital level and include (Direct Reading, Optical Rods, MarkingPaint and Measuring Tapes).

Page 61: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 52

3.6.3 LAY OUT OF THE SIMPLE CURVE:

1- Selecting and marking the beginning (PC), and ending (PT) points.

2- Creating a chainage on the back tangent .

3- Putting the total station on the (PC), and locating it at the target (chainage 0+100).

Page 62: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 53

4- Rotate it for 180 degree and freeze it then, marking points every 20 m (in the tangent line).

5- Make the same steps in the (PT) point to find the second tangent.

6- Finding the (PI) from the crossing tangents.

7- Estimating the deflection angle Δ by putting the total station on the point (PI) and locating in

the rest of the first tangent and rotate it till it match the second tangent .

Page 63: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 54

8- Estimating the (E) by rotate the total station to the most closed point of the curve.

9- Elements of curve as shown :

Page 64: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 55

3.6.4 DEFLECTION ANGLES AND CHORDS:

In this method, curves are staked out by use of deflection angles turned at the point of curvature from the

tangent to points along the curve. The curve is set out by driving pegs at regular interval equal to the

length of the normal chord. Usually, the sub-chords are provided at the beginning and end of the curve

to adjust the actual length of the curve. The method is based on the assumption that there is no

difference between length of the arcs and their corresponding chords of normal length or less. The

underlying principle of this method is that the deflection angle to any point on the circular curve is

measured by the one-half the angle subtended at the centre of the circle by the arc from the P.C. to that

point. As shown Fig (3.4):

Page 65: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 56

3.6.5 RESULT:

Now we have the following:

E=4.4 m

Δ = 𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´

Chainage (PC) = 850 m

Office work (Estimating the remaining elements) :

1 -Radius:

𝑅 =𝐸

1

𝐶𝑂𝑆(𝚫 2) − 1

=4.401

𝐶𝑂𝑆(𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´ 2) − 1

= 205𝑚

2-middle ordinate:

𝑴 = 𝑹[𝟏 − 𝑪𝑶𝑺(𝚫 𝟐)] = 𝟐𝟎𝟓[𝟏 − 𝑪𝑶𝑺(𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´ 𝟐)] = 𝟒.𝟑𝟐 𝒎

3- Long chord:

𝐶 = 2 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝚫 2) = 2 × 205 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´ 2) = 83.7 𝑚

4- Tangent Distance (T):

𝑻 = 𝑹 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝚫 2) = 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝒙𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´

𝟐= 𝟒𝟐.𝟕𝟓 𝒎

𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒖𝒂𝒍 = 𝟒𝟑𝒎

5-length (L):

𝐿 =𝜋

180𝑥𝑅𝑥∆ =

𝜋

180𝑥205𝑥𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´ =84.3≈ 85 m

PI=PC + T

PI=850+43 =893 m

PV = PC + Lc

2

PV= 850+ 𝟖𝟓

𝟐=892.5 m

PT = PC + Lc

850 +85= 936

PT = 936 m

Page 66: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 57

DEFLECTION ANGLES AND CHORDS:

𝜹𝒊 = 𝟐𝑹𝒙𝒔𝒊𝒏∆𝒊

∆𝒊 = ∑𝜹𝒊

Total dif.

Angels

𝜹𝒊 =𝑪

𝑹𝒙𝟗𝟎

𝝅

Partial dif.

Angles

Sub chord

m

Change

m

Carve pint

0 0° 0' 0" 0° 0' 0" 0 850 PC

9.99 1° 23' 50.85" 1° 23' 50.85" 10 860 1

19.99 2° 47' 41.7" 1° 23' 50.85" 10 870 2

29.97 4° 11' 32.55" 1° 23' 50.85" 10 880 3

39.93 5° 35' 23.4" 1° 23' 50.85" 10 890 4

42.42 5° 56' 21.11" 0° 20' 57.71" 2.5 892.5 PV

49.87 6° 59' 14.25" 1° 2' 53.14" 7.5 900 5

59.78 8° 23' 5.1" 1° 23' 50.85" 10 910 6

69.66 9° 46' 55.95" 1° 23' 50.85" 10 920 7

79.49 11° 10' 46.8" 1° 23' 50.85" 10 930 8

84.39 11° 52' 42.22" 0° 41' 55.42" 5 935 PT

Page 67: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 58

3.6.6 LEVELING OF CURVE:

1-Cross -Sections Leveling:

After the work of the cross-Section Level, was chosen following levels and sectors drawing.

Section One:

Point R.L

1-1 9.5486

1-2 9.6059

1-3 9.5454

Section Two:

Point R.L

2-1 9.5845

2-2 9.7184

2-3 9.5721

9.5

9.55

9.6

9.65

1 2 3

9.5

9.6

9.7

9.8

1 2 3

Page 68: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 59

Section Three:

Section Four:

Section Five:

Point R.L

3-1 9.7214

3-2 9.8822

3-3 9.768

Point R.L

4-1 9.66041

4-2 9.67741

4-3 9.76891

Point R.L

5-1 9.71511

5-2 9.71731

5-3 9.72451

9.7

9.8

9.9

1 2 3

9.65

9.7

9.75

9.8

1 2 3

Page 69: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 60

Section Six:

Section Seven:

Section Eight:

Point R.L

6-1 9.4696

6-2 9.5325

6-3 9.5529

Point R.L

7-1 9.51

7-2 9.5207

7-3 9.515

Point R.L

8-1 9.5544

8-2 9.555

8-3 9.5545

9.45

9.5

9.55

9.6

1 2 3

9.5059.51

9.5159.52

9.525

1 2 3

9.554

9.5545

9.555

9.5555

1 2 3

Page 70: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 61

2- Longitudinal Leveling:

Point R.L

1 9.5487

2 9.6059

3 9.6689

4 9.6242

5 9.6343

6 9.9008

7 9.8043

8 9.8293

9 9.789

10 9.7267

11 9.6511

12 9.6645

13 9.6065

14 9.5518

15 9.5539

16 9.579

17 9.5711

18 9.7228

19 9.6998

20 9.7393

21 9.6594

9.4

9.6

9.8

10

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21

Page 71: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 62

3.6.7 DESIGN COMPUTAION (MANUALLY):

Deflection angle Δ = 23° 33' 46"

Calculation of radius of the curve:

𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝑽𝟐

𝟏𝟐𝟕(𝒆 + 𝒇)

𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝑽𝟐

𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝒆+𝒇 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓 =

𝑽𝟐

𝟏𝟐𝟕 0.04+0.12 = 𝐕 = 𝟔𝟒. 𝟓 ≈ 𝟔𝟓𝐤𝐦/𝐡ok

Because of the high speeds of the curve has been redesigned to speed80 km/h:

𝑹𝒎𝒊𝒏 =𝟖𝟎𝟐

𝟏𝟐𝟕(𝟎.𝟒 + 𝟎.𝟏𝟐)= 𝟑𝟏𝟒.𝟗𝟔 𝒎 ≈ 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒎

(Estimating the remaining elements) :

1-middle ordinate:

𝑴 = 𝑹[𝟏 − 𝑪𝑶𝑺(𝚫 𝟐)] = 𝟑𝟓𝟎[𝟏 − 𝑪𝑶𝑺(𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´ 𝟐)] = 𝟕.𝟒 𝒎

3- Long chord:

𝐶 = 2 𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝚫 2) = 2 × 350 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´ 2) = 143𝑚

4- Tangent Distance (T):

𝑻 = 𝑹 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝚫 2) = 𝟑𝟓𝟎 𝒙𝑻𝒂𝒏 𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´

𝟐= 𝟕𝟑 𝒎

5-length (L):

𝐿 =𝜋

180𝑥𝑅𝑥∆ =

𝜋

180𝑥350𝑥𝟐𝟑°𝟑𝟑´𝟒𝟔´´ =144 m

Page 72: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 63

3.7 SUPER ELEVATION:

Super elevation is tilting the roadway to help offset centripetal forces developed as the vehicle

goes around a curve. Along with friction, they are what keeps a vehicle from going off the road.

Must be done gradually over a distance without noticeable reduction in speed or safety.

Page 73: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 64

CHAPTER (IV)

TRAVER

Page 74: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 65

4.1 INTRUDACTION:

Almost all surveying requires some calculations to reduce measurements into a more useful

form for determining distance, earthwork volumes, land areas, etc.

A traverse is developed by measuring the distance and angles between points that found the

boundary of a site

We will learn several different techniques to compute the area inside a traverse

Traversing is one of the simplest and most popular methods of establishing control networks in

engineering surveying. In underground mining it is the only method of control applicable whilst

in civil engineering it lends itself ideally to control surveys where only a few intervisible points

surrounding the site are required. Traverse networks have the following advantages:

(1) Little reconnaissance is required compared with that needed for an interconnected network of

points.

(2) Observations only involve three stations at a time so planning the task is simple.

(3) Traversing may permit the control to follow the route of a highway, pipeline or tunnel, etc.,

with the minimum number of stations.

4.2 DEFINITION OF TRAVERES:

A Traverse is a succession of straight lines along or through the area to be surveyed. The directions and

lengths of these lines are determined by measurements taken in the field.

Page 75: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 66

4.3 PURPOSE OF A TRAVERSE:

A traverse is currently the most common of several possible methods for establishing a series or network

of monuments with known positions on the ground. Such monuments are referred to as horizontal

control points and collectively, they comprise the horizontal control for the project.

In the past, triangulation networks have served as horizontal control for larger areas, sometimes covering

several states. They have been replaced recently in many places by GPS networks. (GPS will be

discussed in more detail later.) GPS and other methods capitalizing on new technology may eventually

replace traversing as a primary means of establishing horizontal control. Meanwhile, most surveys

covering relatively small areas will continue to rely on traverses.

Whatever method is employed to establish horizontal control, the result is to assign rectangular

coordinates to each control point within the survey. This allows each point to be related to every other

point with respect to distance and direction, as well as to permit areas to be calculated when needed.

Page 76: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 67

4.4 TYPES OF TRAVERSE:

There are two types of traverse, namely the open traverse and the closed traverse. An open traverse

originates at a point of known position and terminates at a point of unknown position (Fig. 4.1a),

whereas a closed traverse originates and terminates at points of known positions (Fig.4.1b). When

closed traverse originates and terminates at the same point, it is called the closed-loop traverse (Fig. 4.1

c). For establishing control points, a closed traverse is preferred since it provides different checks for

included angles, deflection angles and bearings for adjusting the traverse. When an open traverse is used

the work should be checked by providing cut off lines and by making observations on some prominent

points visible form as many stations as possible.

Page 77: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 68

4.5 COORDINATES:

Normally, plane rectangular coordinate system having x-axis in east-west direction and y-axis in north-

south direction, is used to define the location of the traverse stations. The y-axis is taken as the reference

axis and it can be (a) true north, (b) magnetic north, (c) National Grid north, or (d) a chosen arbitrary

direction. Usually, the origin of the coordinate system is so placed that the entire traverse falls in the first

quadrant of the coordinate system and all the traverse stations have positive coordinates as shown in Fig.

4.2:

4.6 BEARING:

Bearing is defined as the direction of any line with respect to a given meridian as shown in Fig. 4.6. If

the bearing θ or θ′ is measured clockwise from the north side of the meridian, it is known as the whole-

circle bearing (W.C.B.).The angle θ is known as the fore bearing (F.B.) of the line AB and the angle θ′

as the back bearing (B.B.). If θ and θ′ are free from errors, (θ – θ′) is always equal to 180°. The acute

angle between the reference meridian and the line is known as the reduced bearing (R.B.) or quadrantal

bearing. In Fig. 4.3, the reduced bearings of the lines OA, OB, OC, and OD are NθAE, SθBE, SθCW,

and NθDW, respectively.

Page 78: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 69

4.7 DEPARTURE AND LATITUDE:

The coordinates of points are defined as departure and latitude. The latitude is always measured parallel

to the reference meridian and the departure perpendicular to the reference meridian. In Fig. 4.4and 4.5,

the departure and latitude of point B with respect to the preceding point A, are

Departure = BC = l sin θ

Latitude = AC = l cos θ

where l is the length of the line AB and θ its bearing. The departure and latitude take the sign depending

upon the quadrant in which the line lies. Table 4.1 gives the signs of departure and latitude.

Departure and latitude of a forward point with respect to the preceding point is known as the consecutive

coordinates.

Page 79: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 70

4.8 EASTING AND NORTHING:

The coordinates (X, Y) given by the perpendicular distances from the two main axes are the easting and

northing, respectively, as shown in Fig. 4.6. The easting and northing for the points P and Q are (EP,

NP,) and (EP, NP,), respectively. Thus the relative positions of the points are given by:

Page 80: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 71

4.9 METHODS OF TRAVERSING:

There are several methods of traversing, depending on the instruments used in determining the relative

directions of the traverse lines. The following are the principal methods:

1. Chain traversing

2. Chain and compass traversing

3. Transit type traversing

A. By fast needle method

B. By measurement of angles between the lines

4. Plane table traversing

5. Total Station Traverse

4.10 ERRORS IN TRAVERSING:

The errors involved in closed traversing are two kinds:

1) linear and

2) Angular

The most satisfactory method of checking the linear measurements consists in chaining each survey line

a second time, preferably in the reverse direction on different dates and by different parties. The

following are checks for the angular work:

1) Travers by included angles:

The sum of measured interior angles should be equal to (2N-4), where N=number of sides of the

traverse.

If the exterior angles are measured, their sum should be equal to (2N=4)p/2

2) Travers by deflection angles:

The algebraic sum of the deflection angles should be equal to 360°, taking the right hand and

deflection angles as a positive and left hand angles as negative.

3) Traversing by direct observation of bearings:

The force bearing of the last line should be equal to its back bearing ±180° measured from the initial

station.

Page 81: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 72

4.11 FILED WORK:

4.11.1 LOCATION:

Was selected some of the university buildings for project work .As shown in Figure (4.5):

Fig (4.5)

Page 82: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 73

4.11.2 WORK STEPS:

1- Selecting the field work and putting the traverse points at the corners of the building as the

shown figure (4.6).

Fig (4.6)

Page 83: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 74

2- We taking the points coordinate as the showing figure (4.7).

Fig (4.7)

Page 84: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 75

1- Calculating the misculusure error and accuracy:

Point N E Z

A 865.81 1023.62 10.26

B 999.99 999.98 9.99

C 1126.69 988.7 9.63

D 1136.25 1040.75 9.69

E 1024.53 1058.66 9.91

F 991.94 1062.52 9.8

J 956.43 1069.25 9.96

H 905.33 1081.25 10.02

A’ 865.8 1023.55 10.2

Point ∆𝑬 ∆𝑵 = ∆𝑬𝟐 + ∆𝑵𝟐 Distance

BA -23.64 134.18 18563.12 136.2465

CB -11.28 126.7 16180.13 127.2011

DC 52.05 9.56 2800.596 52.92066

ED 17.91 -111.72 12802.13 113.1465

FE 3.86 -32.59 1077.008 32.8178

JF 6.73 -35.51 1306.253 36.14212

HJ 12 -51.1 2755.21 52.49009

A’H -57.7 -39.53 4891.911 69.9422

∑ 620.907

accuracy 8780.951

Point ∆𝐸 ∆𝑁 = ∆𝐸2 + ∆𝑁2 Distance A-A’ -0.07 -0.01 0.005 0.070711

Accuracy = 𝟏

𝟖𝟎𝟎𝟎

Page 85: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 76

4.11.3 BUILDING COORDINATES:

Has been read the coordinates of buildings:

Page 86: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 77

4.11.3 READ THE BUILDING COORDINATES:

Coordinates of the building (A):

Coordinates of the building (B)

Z E N point

10.24 972.9 1114.83 11

10.17 970.8 1112.69 10

10.5 1099.25 944.5 17

10.5 1099.88 946.2 16

10.41 1108.14 943.39 15

10.36 1095.58 946.41 18

10.29 971.75 1122.12 14

10.25 974.62 1114.08 13

10.24 971.69 1116.11 12

10.15 1036.13 1109.54 9

10.17 1037.53 1113.36 8

10.19 1041.42 1112.22 7

10.15 1042.15 1114.24 6

10.17 1050.5 1111.73 5

10.1 1053.9 1108.44 3

10.12 961.09 1074.6 4

10.24 1010.47 1129.22 12

10.26 1004.52 1124.49 15

10.19 1005.25 1111.25 19

10.19 1007.19 1112.16 20

10.18 1005.69 1114.77 1

Z E N point

10.09 1119.76 938.69 1

10.11 1133.47 933.73 4

9.99 1044.91 1140.23 2

9.75 1045.25 1173.72 3

Page 87: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 78

Coordinates of the building (C)

Z E N point

10.27 955.57 1132.63 11

10.22 954.32 1133.97 12

10.17 957.23 1136.92 13

10.23 954.36 1139.78 14

10.47 1071.99 954.52 18

10.38 1076.01 953.26 17

10.37 1076.75 955.16 16

10.42 1084.71 952.08 15

10.18 1058.28 1102.76 10

10.2 1060.03 1102.28 9

10.17 1061.22 1106.2 8

10.07 982.05 1061.38 4

10.07 982.83 1062.69 5

10.1 975.4 1067.18 6

10.05 1030.99 1109.33 7

10.18 1006.03 1088.37 19

10.13 1007.61 1089.31 20

10.1 1006.24 1091.95 1

Coordinates of the building (D):

Z E N point

10.36 939.58 1154.47 13

10.27 937.06 1157.6 14

10.35 1048.85 963.39 18

10.38 1052.82 962.03 17

10.38 1053.54 963.9 16

10.39 1061.64 961.05 15

10.05 1006.69 1046.01 3

10.06 1003.11 1048.2 4

10.05 1004.15 1049.94 5

10.07 969.75 1054.48 6

10.04 1023.79 1066.77 2

9.99 1006.16 1111.54 7

10.03 1010.75 1115.33 9

10.13 1011 1091.33 11

10.14 1012.61 1092.2 12

10.08 1009.45 1093.84 10

10.11 1008.96 1098.41 8

10.2 1004.35 1062.26 19

10.19 1005.26 1063.77 20

10.18 1002.85 1065.53 1

Page 88: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 79

Coordinates of the building (E)

Z E N point

10.31 914.84 1175.42 14

10.28 1030.37 972.73 16

10.36 1038.48 969.79 15

10.3 1024.23 968.44 19

10.26 1025.76 972.27 18

10.29 1029.64 970.87 17

10.06 1053.52 1058.48 3

10.08 1050.76 1061.62 2

10.08 1049.34 1060.43 1

10.09 1047.41 1062.67 20

10.07 1024.39 1035.54 4

10.06 1025.45 1037.37 5

10.07 1017.98 1041.82 6

10.05 1026.66 1054.61 6

10.05 1022.93 1059.29 9

10.23 1008.51 1068.55 12

10.22 1007.5 1067.05 11

10.25 1004.95 1068.68 10

10.26 1002.55 1072.58 8

Coordinates of the building (F)

Z E N point

10.4 902.38 1193.02 14

10.28 999.32 977.84 20

10.22 1002.52 981.12 18

10.28 1001.01 977.24 19

10.22 1007.26 981.62 16

10.25 1006.49 979.68 17

10.4 1015.37 978.51 15

10.35 1018.58 975.02 13

10.08 1046.41 1057.88 10

10.06 1047.62 1053.34 8

10.07 1032.47 1025.89 9

10.06 1038.18 1027.33 7

10.12 1029.27 1024.22 11

10.05 1045.78 1049 6

10.05 1039.24 1043.43 5

10.07 1034.68 1042.37 3

10.05 1030.56 1044.36 1

10.08 1026.1 986.62 4

10.08 1031.82 985.04 2

10.64 1008.9 1037.61 12

Page 89: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 80

Coordinates of the building (G)

Z E N point

10.17 983.8 992.62 4

10.09 995.92 988.05 3

10.23 1022.12 1043.69 2

10.64 1009.74 996.04 1

Coordinates of the building (H)

Z E N point

10.1 1017.64 1036.06 3

10.31 1024.32 1028.23 2

10.38 1069.73 1013.15 1

10.47 1009.74 999.04 4

Coordinates of the building (I)

Z E N point

10.65 958.9 997.75 12

10.7 964.5 996.83 10

10.7 963.93 995.51 11

10.65 974.75 992.96 9

10.68 974.34 991.86 8

10.37 980.33 991.42 7

10.47 1048.21 1005.35 6

10.47 1053.23 1008.3 5

10.47 1052.65 1009.33 4

10.49 1061.89 1015.01 3

10.42 1041.66 907.12 2

10.42 1046.75 968.48 1

Page 90: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 81

Coordinates of the building (J)

Z E N point

10.75 938.72 1007.73 10

10.95 1111.81 905.09 9

10.47 1070.67 1022.42 4

10.45 1049.45 964.51 6

10.44 1050.57 964.01 5

10.43 1068.05 961.38 3

10.67 1020.16 972.52 8

10.7 1019.09 973.01 7

10.63 1070.53 963.21 2

10.66 1019.74 951.13 11

10.64 1020.48 950.26 12

10.62 1028.63 957.79 1

Coordinates of the building (K)

Z E N point

11.05 1076.11 885.32 10

11.04 1090.74 893.44 9

10.48 1074.65 957.87 4

10.48 1089.4 950.18 3

10.46 1046.64 937.35 5

10.49 1046.13 915.37 2

10.62 1024.77 945.86 8

10.63 1024.01 964.67 7

10.63 1031.73 954.3 6

10.65 1012.66 929.25 11

10.65 1013.82 929.11 12

10.7 1015.16 989.85 1

Coordinates of the building (L)

Z E N point

11 981.4 877.74 3

11 1062.04 858.46 1

11.01 1056.79 867.97 12

10.99 1057.83 868.6 11

11 1055.11 873.65 10

10.93 1069.7 881.81 9

10.48 1096.03 946.67 4

10.49 1052.05 911.15 5

10.47 1053.14 904.28 2

10.7 1018.63 928.58 7

10.71 1019.79 928.43 8

10.7 1019.81 939.26 6

Page 91: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 82

Coordinates of the building (M)

Z E N point

10.08 1052.95 1122.68 11

10.09 1053.78 1125.5 10

10.13 1055.6 1125.06 9

10.11 1056.74 1129.04 8

10.08 1060.75 1127.97 7

10.08 1069.34 1129.96 6

10.11 1069.8 1127.6 4

10.69 1053.69 1118.08 13

10.11 981.16 1072.32 18

10.11 977.47 1074.27 17

10.11 976.43 1072.53 16

10.09 968.84 1076.8 15

10.11 1044.59 1106.73 4

10.14 1043.96 1102.63 3

10.17 1039.85 1103.04 2

10.15 1039.6 1101.22 1

10.15 1036.63 1101.51 20

10.17 1030.33 1106.05 19

10.14 998.49 1126.09 14

10.14 999.62 1124.32 15

Coordinates of the building (N)

Z E N point

10.1 1096.24 1119.53 8

10.12 1100.2 1118.34 7

10.12 1100.82 1120.3 6

10.18 1109.25 1118.06 5

10.06 1086.62 1056.75 4

10.08 1083.5 1054 3

10.05 1016.7 1053.4 18

10.06 1013.06 1055.46 17

10.06 1011.97 1053.66 16

10.06 1004.47 1057.97 15

10.15 1044.62 1060.64 2

10.13 1044.91 1058.83 1

10.09 1007.5 1110.7 13

10.12 1005.33 1114.26 12

10.12 1003.77 1113.37 11

10.11 1002.27 1115.78 10

10.15 988.9 1079.05 19

10.13 988.17 1080.62 20

Page 92: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 83

Coordinates of the building (O)

Z E N point

10.07 1075.62. 1044.63 6

10.05 1069.01 1038.98 5

10.05 1067.67 1040.51 4

10.03 1064.47 1037.88 3

10.11 1061.72 1044 2

10.09 1060.3 1039.83 1

10.09 1058.37 1042.06 20

10.1 1057.04 1046.49 18

10.1 1034.53 1042.65 17

10.07 1033.47 1040.89 16

10.08 1025.97 1045.31 15

10.12 1004.87 992.29 19

10.15 1046.05 1053.11 9

10.13 1050.17 1053.72 8

10.14 1051.03 1049.67 7

10.19 988.08 1085.58 10

10.17 991.44 1084.01 11

10.19 992.46 1085.51 12

10.22 995.95 1083.24 13

Coordinates of the building (P)

Z E N point

10.06 1045.3 1017.3 8

10.02 1042.22 1014.49 7

10.03 1043.49 1012.97 6

10.05 1037.02 1007.27 5

10.03 1065.91 1032.63 12

10.05 1037.89 1025.87 13

10.05 1042.17 1023.091 11

10.06 1044.02 1021.07 10

10.08 1042.67 1020.41 9

10.22 1067.37 1026.85 14

10.21 1066.34 1025.09 15

10.19 1073.67 1020.61 16

10.17 1044.36 1013.9 18

9.95 1035.55 989.57 20

10.13 1033.95 990.4 19

10.12 1028.21 988.58 17

9.95 1036.95 992.15 1

9.93 1037.21 996.77 3

9.95 1036.43 993.63 2

10.12 1072.17 994.49 4

Page 93: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 84

Coordinates of the building (Q)

Z E N point

10.13 1028.06 996.88 2

10.14 1049.92 1023.58 3

10.16 1071 1037.24 4

10.1 1061.36 966.81 1

Coordinates of the building (R)

Z E N point

10.12 1065.4 982.36 4

10.11 1069.07 986.39 3

10.23 1051.81 982.66 2

10.23 1055.06 982.33 1

Coordinates of the building (S)

Z E N point

10.44 1079.92 1036.36 7

10.41 1084.99 1039.16 8

10.41 1085.59 1038.14 9

10.42 1095.02 1043.56 10

10.34 1064.78 933.25 12

10.24 1066.69 961.16 6

10.26 1078.97 961.59 5

10.26 1078.52 962.52 4

10.19 1083.8 930.42 1

10.2 1085.81 935.72 2

10.19 1086.87 935.36 3

Page 94: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 85

Coordinates of the building (T)

Z E N point

10.82 968.99 898.34 1

10.96 977.09 883.69 12

10.48 1103.09 1049.57 7

10.51 1108.1 1052.42 8

10.51 1118.68 1051.37 9

10.5 1118.19 1056.73 10

10.23 1076.34 910.88 2

10.21 1077.41 910.5 3

10.24 1081.33 920.72 4

10.22 1082.29 926.56 6

10.45 1066.93 899.48 11

Page 95: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 86

4.11.4 MAP DRAWING:

After adding the readings coordinates of the buildings in the AutoCAD program, we got a map

showing the PLAN of the buildings .As Shown:

Page 96: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 87

CHAPTER (V)

COMPARISON BETWEEN

DIGITAL & AUTOMATIC

LEVEL

Page 97: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 88

5.1 INTRODACTION:

The engineer, in the main, is more concerned with the relative height of one point above or below

another, in order to ascertain the difference in height of the two points, rather than a direct relationship

to MSL. It is not unusual, therefore, on small local schemes, to adopt a purely arbitrary reference datum.

This could take the form of a permanent, stable position or mark, allocated such a value that the level of

any point on the site would not be negative. The vertical height of a point above or below a reference

datum is referred to as the reduced level or simply the level of a point. Reduced levels are used in

practically all aspects of construction: to produce ground contours on a plan; to enable the optimum

design of road, railway or canal gradients; to facilitate ground modeling for accurate volumetric

calculations. Indeed, there is scarcely any aspect of construction that is not dependent on the relative

levels of ground points.

5.2 LEVELING INSTRUMENTS:

5.2.1 Automatic level:

This is more modern type of optical levels now is used general .It has a

compensator which consists of an arrangement of three prisms. The two outer

ones are attached to the barrel of the telescope. The middle prism is suspended by

fine wiring and reacts to gravity. The instrument is first leveled approximately

with a circular bubble; the compensator will then deviate the line of sight by the

amount that the telescope is out of level.

5.2.2 Digital level:

Digital levels are similar in appearance to automatic levels, a horizontal line is

established by a compensator and this is done by centralising a circular bubble with

the foot screws. The main difference between this and other levels is that the staff

readings are taken and recorded automatically. When levelling, a special bar-coded

staff is sighted, and there is no need to sight this staff as the level will do this

automatically and display the measurement. It can also display the horizontal

distance to the staff. The advantages of digital levels are that observations are taken

without the need to read a staff or record anything by hand.

Page 98: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 89

5.3 SOURCES OF ERROR:

All measurements have error. In the case of leveling, these errors will be instrumental, observational and

natural.

5.3.1 INSTURMENTAL ERRORS:

(1) The main source of instrumental error is residual collimation error. As already indicated, keeping the

horizontal lengths of the back sights and foresights at each instrument position equal will cancel this

error. Where the observational distances are unequal, the error will be proportional to the difference in

distances. The easiest approach to equalizing the sight distances is to pace from backsight to instrument

and then set up the foresight change point the same number of paces away from the instrument.

(2) Parallax error has already been described.

(3) Staff graduation errors may result from wear and tear or repairs and the staffs should be checked

against a steel tape. Zero error of the staff, caused by excessive wear of the base, will cancel out on back

sight and foresight differences. However, if two staffs are used, errors will result unless calibration

corrections are applied.

(4) In the case of the tripod, loose fixings will cause twisting and movement of the tripod head.

Overtight fixings make it difficult to open out the tripod correctly. Loose tripod shoes will also result in

unstable set-ups.

5.3.2 OBSRVATIONL ERRORS:

1) Leveling involves vertical measurements relative to a horizontal plane so it is important to ensure

that the staff is held strictly vertical. It is often suggested that one should rock the staff back and

forth in the direction of the line of sight and accept the minimum reading as the truly vertical

one. However, as shown in Figure (5.1), this concept is incorrect when using a flat-bottomed

staff on flat ground, due to the fact that the staff is not being tilted about its face. Thus it is

preferable to use a staff bubble, which should be checked frequently with the aid of a plumb-bob.

Page 99: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 90

2) There may be errors in reading the staff, particularly when using a tilting level which gives an

inverted image. These errors may result from inexperience, poor observation conditions or

overlong sights. Limit the length of sight to about 25–30 m, to ensure the graduations are clearly

defined.

3) Ensure that the staff is correctly extended or assembled. In the case of extending staffs, listen for

the click of the spring joint and check the face of the staff to ensure continuity of readings. This

also applies to jointed staffs.

4) Avoid settlement of the tripod, which may alter the height of collimation between sights or tilt

the line of sight. Set up on firm ground, with the tripod feet firmly thrust well into the ground.

On pavements, locate the tripod shoes in existing cracks or joins. In precise leveling, the use of

two staffs helps to reduce this effect. Observers should also refrain from touching or leaning on

the tripod during observation.

5) Booking errors can, of course, ruin good field work. Neat, clear, correct booking of field data is

essential in any surveying operation. Typical booking errors in leveling are entering the values in

the wrong columns or on the wrong lines, transposing figures such as 3.538 to 3.583 and making

arithmetical errors in the reduction process. Very often, the use of pocket calculators simply

enables the booker to make the errors quicker. To avoid this error source, use neat, legible

figures; read the booked value back to the observer and have them check the staff reading again;

reduce the data as it is recorded.

6) When using a tilting level remember to level the tubular bubble with the tilting screw prior to

each new staff reading. With the automatic level, carefully centre the circular bubble and make

sure the compensator is not sticking. Residual compensator errors are counteracted by centring

the circular bubble with the instrument pointing backwards at the first instrument set-up and

forward at the next. This procedure is continued throughout the leveling.

Page 100: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 91

5.3.3 NATURAL ERRORS:

(1) Curvature and refraction have already been dealt with. Their effects are minimized by equal

observation distances to back sight and foresight at each set-up and readings more than 0.5 m above the

ground.

(2) Wind can cause instrument vibration and make the staff difficult to hold in a steady position. Precise

leveling is impossible in strong winds. In tertiary leveling keep the staff to its shortest length and use a

wind break to shelter the instrument.

(3) Heat shimmer can make the staff reading difficult if not impossible and may make it necessary to

delay the work to an overcast day. In hot sunny climes, carry out the work early in the morning or in the

evening.

Careful consideration of the above error sources, combined with regularly calibrated equipment, will

ensure the best possible results but will never preclude random errors of observation.

Page 101: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 92

5.4 ACCURCY IN LEVELLING:

For normal engineering works and site surveys:

Allowable misclosure = ± 5 𝑛 mm

Where n = no. of instrument positions

OR

Allowable misclosure = ± n 𝑘 mm

Where k = length of leveling circuit in km

And, n is constant

If actual misclosure > allowable misclosure, levelling should be repeated

If actual misclosure < allowable misclosure, misclosure should be equally distributed equally

Between the instrument positions .

Page 102: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 93

5.5 FIELD WORK:

5.5.1 Location:

Location was chosen for work as shown in Figure (5.2). Two leveling loops are established by fixed

points and demarcated. The first loop consist of (14) points and the other shorter loop of (8) points. The

automatic and the digital levels are used for the two loops.

Fig (5.2) Leveling Loop

Page 103: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 94

5.5.2 THE LONG LOOP:

A leveling loop of length 592.92 m is established by 15 points as in figure (5.3):

Fig (5.3) Leveling Loop (1)

Page 104: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 95

5.5.3 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS:

5.5.3.1 USING (DIGITAL LEVEL):

POINT B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L DISTANCE

(M)

REMARK

1 1.291 11.291 10 Distance T.B.M

2 1.2483 1.2888 11.2505 10.0022

3 1.3866 1.2814 11.3557 9.9691

4 1.4064 1.3505 11.4116 10.0052

5 1.6066 1.4815 11.5367 9.9301

6 1.4609 1.4202 11.5774 10.1165

7 1.5327 1.4364 11.6737 10.141

8 0.9345 1.3179 11.2903 10.3558

9 1.4155 1.3231 11.3827 9.9672

10 1.4002 1.373 11.4099 10.0097

11 1.3679 1.4274 11.3504 9.9825

12 1.3494 1.4298 11.27 9.9206

13 1.3229 1.4088 11.1841 9.8612

14 1.2796 1.3561 11.1076 9.828

15 1.6208 1.4842 11.2442 9.6234

16 1.2459 9.9983 T.B.M

Σ 20.6233 20.625

∆ (1st RL – Last RL) 0.0017

Computation check is taken as follows:

∑ F.S - ∑ B.S = 1st RL – Last RL

20.6233- 20.625= 10 – 9.9983

0.0017 = 0.0017 OK.

Accuracy of this leveling is computed from:

𝒏 𝟎.𝟓𝟗𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟕

𝒏 =𝟏.𝟕

𝟎.𝟓𝟗𝟐= 𝟐.𝟐 ≈ 𝟐

In general the misclosure error = ± 2 0.592 = 1.888 mm

Accuracy of this leveling using digital level is found to be ± 2 𝑘.

Page 105: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 96

5.5.3.2 USING (AUTOMATIC LEVEL):

POINT B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L DISTANCE

(M)

REMARK

1 1.265 11.265 10 distance T.B.M

2 1.305 1.262 11.308 10.003

3 1.374 1.339 11.343 9.969

4 1.38 1.331 11.392 10.012

5 1.51 1.455 11.447 9.937

6 1.369 1.31 11.506 10.137

7 1.5 1.359 11.647 10.147

8 0.835 1.281 11.201 10.366

9 1.28 1.226 11.255 9.975

10 1.285 1.239 11.301 10.016

11 1.263 1.313 11.251 9.988

12 1.262 1.325 11.188 9.926

13 1.223 1.321 11.09 9.867

14 1.143 1.259 10.974 9.831

15 1.44 1.348 11.066 9.626

16 1.063 10.003 10.003 T.B.M

Σ 19.434 19.431

∆ (1st RL – Last RL) -0.003

For check:

∑ F.S - ∑ B.S = 1st RL – Last RL

19.431 - 19.434 = 10 - 10.003

-0.003 = -0.003 OK .

Computation of Accuracy:

𝒏 𝟎.𝟓𝟗𝟐 = 𝟑

𝒏 =𝟑

𝟎.𝟓𝟗𝟐= 𝟑.𝟖𝟗 ≈ 𝟒

In general the misclosure error = ± 5 0.592 = 3.847 mm

Accuracy of this leveling using digital level is found to be ± 4 𝑘.

Page 106: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 97

5.5.4 SKETCH FOR SHORT LOOP:

For length of loop = 344.35 m is established by 8 points .Fig (5.4) Leveling Loop (2):

Fig (5.4) Leveling Loop (2)

Page 107: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 98

5.5.4.1 USING (AUTOMATIC LEVEL):

POINT B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L DISTANCE

(M)

REMARK

1 1.177 11.177 10 T.B.M

2 1.19 1.174 11.193 10.003

3 1.202 1.225 11.17 9.968

4 1.333 1.16 11.343 10.01

5 1.16 1.422 11.081 9.921

6 1.13 1.221 10.99 9.86

7 1.07 1.165 10.895 9.825

8 1.39 1.278 11.007 9.617

9 1.01 9.997 T.B.M

Σ 9.652 9.655

∆ (1st RL – Last RL) 0.003

For check:

∑ F.S - ∑ B.S = 1st RL – Last RL

9.655- 9.652 = 10 - 9.997

0.003 = 0.003 OK.

For Accuracy:

𝒏 𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟒 = 𝟑

𝒏 =𝟑

𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟒= 𝟓.𝟏𝟏 ≈ 𝟓

Allowable misclosure = ± 6 0.344 = 3.467 mm

Accuracy of this leveling using digital level is found to be ± 5 𝑘.

Page 108: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 99

5.5.4.2 USING (DIGITAL LEVEL):

POINT B.S I.S F.S H.I R.L DISTANCE

(M)

REMARK

1 1.285 11.285 10 T.B.M

2 1.3241 1.2798 11.3293 10.0052

3 1.3635 1.3587 11.3341 9.9706

4 1.5106 1.3196 11.5251 10.0145

5 1.3252 1.6004 11.2499 9.9247

6 1.2704 1.3899 11.1304 9.86

7 1.2659 1.3025 11.0938 9.8279

8 1.5694 1.4703 11.1929 9.6235

9 1.1934 9.9995 T.B.M

Σ 10.9141 10.9146

∆ (1st RL – Last RL) 0.0005

For check:

∑ F.S - ∑ B.S = 1st RL – Last RL

10.9146 -10.9141 = 10.000 - 9.9995

0.0005 = 0.0005 OK.

For Accuracy:

𝒏 𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟓

𝒏 =𝟎.𝟓

𝟎.𝟑𝟒𝟒= 𝟎.𝟖𝟓 ≈ 𝟏

Allowable misclosure = ± 1 0.344 = 0.5865 mm

Accuracy of this leveling using digital level is found to be ± 1 𝑘.

Page 109: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 100

5.6 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:

5.6.1 Automatic level:

ADVANTAGES :

1) Easy to use (not power!).

2) Robust even in hostile environment.

3) Easy to move in the field.

4) Easy to carry.

DISADVANTAGES

1) Non Automatic Record.

2) Needs to be accuracy reading.

3) The Accuracy Lower than the other Leveling device.

4) Does not measure the distance.

Page 110: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 101

5.6.2 Digital level:

ADVANTAGES :

1) Automatic-Fast Record.

2) No reading errors, special staff.

3) Ability to Store the records.

4) Easy to Use.

DISADVANTAGES

1) Need to electronic charging.

2) Inability to read in the low light.

3) Hard to read in the long distance.

Page 111: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 102

5.7 CONCLUSION:

The mean accuracy of the Digital level from the two loops is ± 2 𝑘.

The mean accuracy of the Automatic level from the same loops is ± 5 𝑘.

The ratio of accuracy between two levels is 2:5

Page 112: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 103

Conclusion

1- The small details creating a big difference in surveying application.

2- The teamwork a mine factor in the surveying application.

3- Ambling and focusing make us passing a big mistake we can’t figure it

till the end.

4- The time is very important to make the work successful.

Page 113: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 104

REFRENCES

1-Engineering Surveying Sixth Edition

W. Schofield

Former Principal Lecturer, Kingston University

M. Breach

Principal Lecturer, Nottingham Trent University

2-Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics Thirteenth Edition

CHARLES D. GHILANI

The Pennsylvania State University

PAUL R. WOLF

Professor Emeritus, Civil and Environmental Engineering

University of Wisconsin–Madison

3-Fundamentals of Surveying: Sample Examination, George M. Cole PE PLS

(Author)

Page 114: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 105

CAPSTONE DESIGN PROJECT

Project Submission

And

ABET Criterion 3 a-k Assessment Report

Project Title: Applications of Surveying

DATE: 7 / 1435

PROJECT ADVISOR:

Assoc. Prof. Hisham Abou Halima

Dr. Modather Ahmed Omer

Team Leader:

Ali Hussein Ibrahem Qabur

Team Members:

Ahmed Mohammed Jbbary

Abubakr Yahya Alsaadi

Khalid Mulfy AlJhamdi

Ali Saeed AlShahrani

Ahmed Hassan Sofyani

Osama Abubakr ALmutahhar

Design Project Information

Percentage of project Content- Engineering Science % __________________

Percentage of project Content- Engineering Design % __________________

Other content % All fields must be added to 100% __________________

Please indicate if this is your initial project declaration □ Project Initial Start Version

or final project form □ Final Project Submission Version

Page 115: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 106

Do you plan to use this project as your capstone design project? _____________________________

Mechanism for Design Credit □ Projects in Engineering Design

□ Independent studies in Engineering

□ Engineering Special Topics

Fill in how you fulfill the ABET Engineering Criteria Program Educational Outcomes listed

below

Outcome (a),

An ability to apply knowledge of

mathematics, science, and engineering

fundamentals.

Applications of Surveying

Outcome (b).

An ability to design and conduct

experiments, and to critically analyze and

interpret data.

Surveying work in field.

Outcome (c).

An ability to design a system, component or

process to meet desired needs within

realistic constraints such as economic,

Environmental, Social, political, ethical,

health and safety, manufacturability, and

sustainability

application of surveying

Item 1 (Grid Leveling)

Item 2 (Horizontal curve)

Item 3 (Travers)

Item 4 (Comparison between digital & automatic levels)

Outcome (d).

An ability to function in multi-disciplinary

teams.

In our project consists of the number of students involved

Seven students and was appointed commander of the group

and the distribution of tasks specified time and part and then

review what has been done periodically during the meetings

and joint workshops and give notes on what has been done.

Page 116: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 107

Outcome (e).

An ability to identify, formulate and solve

engineering problems.

Project aims to learn the practical work in Survey allows us

to solve the problems in the signature designs well.

Outcome (f).

An understanding of professional and

ethical responsibility.

The introduction of the standards of public safety and

environmental protection adopted in the preparation of

designs and drawings. Provide publications containing

standards and testing systems and quality control procedures

to allow the public to understand the degree of safety and

security or the lifespan of designs.

Outcome (g).

An ability for effective oral and written

communication.

Good report and good presentation will fulfill this outcome

Outcome (h).

The broad education necessary to

understand the impact of engineering

solutions in a global economics,

environmental and societal context .

This outcome is usually fulfilled by highlighting the

economic feasibility of the project, and emphasizing that the

project would not harm the environment and does not

negatively affect human subjects. Providing services

professional to introduce the highest standards of safety and

environmental protection in the public interest of the

individual and the community. Working everything in its

power to provide constructive homeland conform with the

standards and values of the prestigious and works to promote

the interests and welfare of the community and the

commitment to provide safety measures in all services.

Page 117: Jazan University College of Engineering Civil Engineering ...colleges.jazanu.edu.sa/eng/FilesGallery/APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING.pdf · College of Engineering Civil Engineering Department

Applications of Surveying 2014

Page | 108

Outcome (i).

Recognition of the need for, and an ability

to engage in life-long learning.

Engineer seeks to continue professional development through

the development of personal ability and efficiency of the

project has been designed with the latest technology and the

means to do so who knows may come in the future design

methods and materials safer and economical so we need to

learn and follow developments.

Outcome (j).

A knowledge of contemporary issues.

Extensive literature review by the “students” for the current

state of the art will fulfill this outcome. Engineer seeks when

providing professional services to the highest standards of

safety and environmental protection in the public interest of

the individual and society.

Outcome (k).

An ability to use the techniques, skills, and

modern engineering tools necessary for

engineering practice.

The scope of the project goes as far as used Application

Surveying designing the geometry ,software's Surfer, Auto

Cad, Excel, Total Station , Digital and optical Level and

Theodolite.

.