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Thermal Hydrogen : An Emissions Free Hydrocarbon Economy
by: Jared Moore, [email protected]
October 17th, 2017
Peer reviewed and published, please cite as:Moore, J, Thermal Hydrogen: An Emissions Free Hydrocarbon Economy, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.03.182
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Thermal Hydrogen Economy: Modern Economy:
HeatElectricity/Power Chem. Energy Carrier
Oxygen CO2 HydrocarbonsEnergy Service
Energy Conversion
Energy Source
Thermal Hydrogen:Load Following Supply and Demand
#1 Dispatchable demand at most oversupplied time and place ->
#2 Self-subsidize the arbitrage with oxygen value
#3 Dispatchable supply at most undersupplied time and place ->
Why? To maximize the utilization of: 1) Copper (Transmission and distribution)2) Iron (Power plant capacity) 3) Lithium (Batteries)
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Water Splitting Full Combustion Auto ThermalReforming -> H2
Auto ThermalReforming -> Syngas
kWh
/ kg
O2
kWh Required or Yielded per kg of Oxygen
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Productivity of Oxygen for Creating Different Energy Carriers
Required: from Electrolysis
Yielded:Heat
Yielded: Syngas
(H2 + CO)
Yielded: Hydrogen
(SOFC/MCFC)
Oxyfuel for Natural Gas Combined Cycle (NGCC)
HX
H2O/ CO2
Hydrocarbon
Steam Turbine
CO2 TurbineCompressor
Pump
CoolingO2
CO2Oxyfuel NGCC
HX
H2O + N2 + CO2
Air
Steam Turbine
Gas TurbineCompressor
Pump
CoolingCombined Cycle
Hydrocarbon
(Supercritical)
Allam Cycle
CO2
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H2O/CO2 Electrolysis
CH4 + O2
Idle
CO2 Turbine
O2
H2/CO
Electricity
Nuclear/CSP Heat
“Universal Energy Plant”: Load Following and Demand Following Power Plant
Chemical Energy <--> Heat / Electricity
CO2 Turbine
Power Plant
Electricity
Idle Max
IdleMax
Electricity Supply Short:
Nuclear/CSP Heat
ElectrolyserIdle
Max
CO2 Sequestration
Long:
ElectrolyserMax
H2O/CO2
O2
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Wind/PV
Hydrocarbons (CHx)
Stationary Power
Batteries
Electricity/Power
CO2 Sequestration
Mobile Power
Heat
Oxyfuel Power Plant
Nuclear/CSP
CH3OH
H2O/CO2Recycling SOFC
H2O | CO2Electrolyser
H2 /CO
Coal Gasifier or Gas Reformer
Thermal Hydrogen Economy: (where Methanol replaces Gasoline)
HeatElectricity/Power Chem. Energy Carrier
Oxygen CO2 HydrocarbonsEnergy Service
Energy Conversion
Energy Source
Liquid Storage
EOR
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How to Distribute Hydrogen as Methanol and “Recycle” H2O and CO2 from Solid Oxid Fuel Cells
1) Tank filled With Methanol
(CH3OH)
CH3OH(Methanol)
2 H2O + CO2(Exhaust)
2) Methanol converted to Syngas via catalyst and waste heat (2 H2 + CO)
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Waste Heat
3) Air enters solid oxide fuel cell. Oxygen crosses electrolyte to meet syngas.
11.3 N2
Electricity
4) Exhaust, carbonated water, can be stored on empty side of tank and
recollected at gas station.
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30
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50
60
70
80
90
kWh
of B
atte
ry C
apac
ity
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20
40
60
80
100
120
kWh
/ 100
mile
s
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2015 Honda Accord Standard
(Gasoline)
2014 Honda Accord Hybrid
(Gasoline)
2014 Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid
(Electric)
2017 Tesla Model S P90D
(Electric)
2017 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell
(Hydrogen)
Energy Consumption(Left Axis)
Battery Capacity(Right Axis)
Energy Efficiency and Battery Size of Select Mid-Size Automobile Options
Plug-in Fuel Cell Hybrid operating in electric mode
70% of the time. Small fuel cell (~10 kW)
required to extend range.
Pure electric outweighs PHEV by ~700 lbs., has
~20 to 30% lower efficiency.
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Wind/PV
Hydrocarbons (CHx)
Stationary Power
Batteries
Electricity/Power
CO2 Sequestration
Mobile Power
Heat
OxyfuelPower Plant
Nuclear/CSP
ASU
CH3OH NH3
N2
H2
Air/Electricity
O2
H2O/CO2Recycling SOFC
H2O | CO2Electrolyser
Engine
HeatElectricity/Power Chem. Energy Carrier
NitrogenOxygen CO2 Hydrocarbons
H2 /CO
Coal Gasifier or Gas Reformer
Thermal Hydrogen Economy: (where Methanol replaces Gasoline and Ammonia replaces Nat. Gas)
Energy Service
Energy Conversion
Energy Source
Liquid Storage
EOR
Thermal Hydrogen Economy using Methanol (CH3OH) and Ammonia (NH3) as H2Energy Carriers
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U.S. Energy System in Quads (Services Demanded 2014)
$0.00
$0.50
$1.00
$1.50
$2.00
$2.50
$3.00
Electrolysis Auto Thermal Reformer
$/kg
H2
Estimated Cost per kg of Hydrogen
Electricity @ $28/MWh
Electrolyser @ 50% utilization, $400/kWH2($135/kWH2-year)
O&M
O&MReformer
Hydrocarbon @ $4/MMBTU
Value of O2
CapacityValue of Net
CONE: @$120/
kW(e)-year*
Cost of O2Value of O2
meridianenergypolicy.com 13
P
Q
@ ~$22/MWhElectrolysis (No O2 Value)
@ ~$38/MWh Heat-Assisted Electrolysis (Valued O2)
@ ~$20 - 30/MWhCCS / MCFC’s dispatch
@ ~$35/MWhAllam cycle plants dispatch
@ ~$40/MWh, 1) All Nuclear/CSP is dispatched and heat stops assisting electrolysis2) CHP dispatched to replaces direct electric heat
@ ~$55/MWh,PHEV’s begin valuing SOFC waste heat, stop charging in cold weather
@ ~$65/MWh, CHP displaces electric heat with COP 2.5 or less
@ ~$100/MWh,Electric heat w COP 2.5 or less replaced w combustion
@ > $110/MWh,PHEV’s stop charging, begins relying on SOFC range
@ > $110/MWh,SOFC’s supply power
Dispatchable demand and Dispatchable supplyAssumes NH3 @ $1.2/kg H2e (~$0.04/kWhH2), CH3OH @ $1.80/kg H2e
S
D
@ ~$40/MWh, Combustion replaces direct electric heat
@ ~$28/MWh Electrolysis (Valued O2)
Distribution Side
Transmission Side
Supply and Demand in Thermal Hydrogen:#1 Dispatchable demand at most oversupplied time and place ->
• Heat assisted electrolysis on the transmission (supply) side
#2 Self-subsidize the “storage” (arbitrage) with the value of oxygen• Electricity: Allam Cycle or Oxyfuel NGCC • Syngas/Hydrogen: Auto-thermal Reforming• Use longest hydrocarbon supply while renewing the shortest supply via EOR/EGR.
#3 Dispatchable supply at most undersupplied time and place ->• Fuel cells enable EV’s by providing electric range and direct heat• H2 (or NH3) combustion for timely, distributed heat and/or power
Why? To maximize the utilization of:1) Copper (Transmission and distribution)2) Iron (Low marginal cost power plant capacity) 3) Lithium (Batteries)
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Hydrocarbon (Gas)
EOR
Hydrocarbon (Coal)
H2/COO2
CO2Oil Exports
H2/COO2CO2/H2O
e-
UEP(CSP)
(Wind)
(Nuclear)
NH3 /CH3OH
e-
e-
(PV)
UEPATR+ASU
ATRASU
(PV)
NH3 /CH3OH
O2
CO2
Vision for Interior-to-Coast Distribution
H2/CO
#1 #2 #3