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Ms. McGeeMs. McGee

AP AP English12English12

Quote "Don't tell me that man

doesn't belong out there. Man belongs wherever he wants to

go--and he'll do plenty well when he gets there.“

-Wernher von Braun 1958

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Six Word Memoir

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Documents

There are many obstacles scientists and engineers face when trying to construct a manned mission to Mars. They must initiate an aerocapture maneuver before entering the Martian atmosphere, develop a

heatshield with a large enough diameter to protect the crew, keep the crew alive while

making a rapid transition from hypersonic entry mode to descent and landing arrangements,

initiating supersonic propulsion before vehicle crash, develop pin-point landing accuracy and

surface-rendezvous, increase system reliability, and enable a large mass payload to successfully land on the surface. Up to this point only

landers and rovers have successfully landed and worked on the Martian surface. These crafts have weighed at most ~540kg. A manned mission to Mars

will need to have a mass of ~40-100t.

In order to have a successful mission, the “Getting There” team is responsible for designing a mission from launch to a successful return to Earth. This includes the vehicle design, launch, propulsion systems from launch to landing and Entry, Descent and Landing (EDL) systems on the visiting planet as well as the return to Earth. These systems must function successfully together

while maintaining the top priority of crew safety.

EDL systems are critical to a mission’s success. This includes safely entering the Martian atmosphere and adjusting to the less dense

atmosphere. Descent must be regulated properly to allow for an acceptable g-force the human

payloads can comfortably accept. Landing systems must be on board to gently land the craft and its payloads safely. All this must be kept in mind while considering the total weight of the payload and all necessary systems that needs to be on

board.

Before the vehicle enters the Martian atmosphere, it first performs an aerocapture maneuver, in which it passes through the atmosphere of the planet once to slow it down from hypersonic to orbital speed. Once in orbit, the vehicle will then enter the atmosphere. It will use a 15m-diameter, solid

carbon-carbon heat shield. Because of its proven high reliability and safe hypersonic deceleration, the heat shield will be used for the aerocapture maneuver as well as atmospheric entry. The solid carbon-carbon will be about 5m long, paneled across a 15m-diameter. The heat shield makes up ~17.7 % of

the overall payload mass.

Current plans for a manned mission to Mars call for landing about 40-100tons on the Martian surface. With this amount of weight, the vehicle will need a sufficient descent system. The vehicle will have a 30m-diameter disk-gap-band (DGB) parachute that will slow the vehicle down enough to allow a

propulsion system to slow down and land the vehicle safely. The DGB style parachute has proven to be very reliable at subsonic speeds in low-density

environments. The parachute will be launched at an altitude of 10.8km at about 900m/s. Overall, the parachute systems make up ~0.4% of the total mass of the vehicle. The vehicle’s propulsive descent will use a liquid bipropellant made of methane and liquid oxygen. The engines will start once the aeroshell is released, at about 1.5km from the ground. With a parachute descent, only 11.7% of the overall vehicles mass is used toward descent propulsion. During the propulsive descent phase, the vehicle will perform a gravity turn. This

maneuver will perform a cross-range acceleration, cross-range deceleration, and vertical descent. By adding parachutes in the gravity turn, the thrust requirements decrease thereby allowing the mass of

the vehicle to be increased.

Mars & Earth Entry Descent & Mars & Earth Entry Descent & LandingLanding


Overall, system requirements are met due to the parachutes as well as the propulsion descent system slowing down the vehicle enough to allow a safe

landing. Another approach would be to use two heat shields, the first for the aerocapture maneuver and the second for the atmospheric descent. The first heat shield will be a 15m-diameter solid shield made of 5m-long paneled carbon-carbon. The carbon-carbon heat shield will make up of 17.7% of the overall vehicle mass. Once the vehicle is in orbit around Mars, the solid heat shield will be released and a 16m-diameter inflatable heat shield made of ablative material, which will slowly erode in the atmosphere. It will weigh ~6mT. By having an inflatable shield under the solid heat shield, the inflatable shield

won’t be damaged when the solid heat shield is ejected. By using an inflatable heat shield in Mars entry, the vehicle will be lighter, which results in a

lower ballistics coefficient, making the vehicle experience lower heating on entry.

A two-staged DGB parachute system can be used as an alternative to one 30m-diameter DGB parachute. The vehicle will launch its first parachute, which has a 15m-diameter at a speed of 900m/s, and its second parachute, 30m-diameter, at a speed of 600m/s. The parachute descent system will still make up ~0.4% of

the overall vehicle mass. The staged parachute descent allows for a reduction in the maximum

deceleration to ~3g. Because the crew will be living in weightlessness, the maximum amount of g-forces they can withstand is ~5g. A human mission to mars cannot

survive by an all parachute descent. By using a propulsive descent along with the parachute descent, the vehicle will need less propellant, leaving more mass for other EDL systems. The descent propellant will only make up of about 11.7% of the vehicle’s overall mass. The propulsive descent will use a liquid bipropellant, and perform a gravity turn,

allowing it to safely land.

The dual heat shields meet mission requirements by protecting the vehicle against the extreme heat during aerocapture and atmospheric entry. By having a two-staged parachute system, the vehicle is slowed down enough without exposing the crew to excessive g-forces. By having a parachute and propulsive descent, the vehicle is able to carry a higher overall mass, with

less descent propellant.

If the manned vehicle has a low entry mass, then its ballistic coefficient will be low. When the ballistic coefficient is low, the vehicle may experience lower heat upon entry through the atmosphere. This will allow the use of an inflatable heat shield. By using an inflatable heat shield for both aerocapture and entry of the atmosphere, the vehicle will have a light entry mass, as well as more space for other vital systems, like descent propellant. The heat shield will have a 16m-diameter and

weigh ~ 6mT.

Unlike the two previous options, there will only be a propulsive descent to the surface. The descent propellant will consist of methane and liquid oxygen. By not having a parachute as part of the descent, there will need to be more fuel for the propulsive descent. The

descent propellant will make up of ~13.7% of the vehicles total mass. The vehicle will perform a gravity turn, allowing it to land

successfully.

Overall, the mission requirements are met by using the dual use heat shield for thermal

protection, saving overall mass for other vital systems. The propulsion descent system allows

for a more precise and safe landing.


Overall, the first EDL option has a dual use solid carbon-carbon heat shield, as well as a parachute and propulsive descent. Since the heat shield is solid and made of paneled carbon-carbon, the heat shield could add extra entry mass, adding higher heat upon entry. Once the aerocapture maneuver is finished, the heat that was absorbed by the heat shield needs to dissipate, so upon atmospheric entry, the heat shield doesn’t overheat and

disintegrate. However, the solid heatshield is highly reliable and safe during hypersonic

deceleration during both, aerocapture and descent. The one 30m-diameter parachute does slow the vehicle down from hypersonic speeds to an acceptable landing

speed, it will expose the crew to ~5g, which is fatal after long durations in weightlessness.

Since an all parachute system wont be able to slow the vehicle down enough for a safe landing, a

parachute and propulsive descent system has shown through simulations to be effective.

The second EDL option is made up of a two heat shields. The solid carbon-carbon heat shield was

used for the aerocapture maneuver, and the inflatable heat shield was used for atmospheric

entry. This proved through simulations to be very effective. By using the inflatable heat shield for atmospheric entry, the vehicle’s mass was lower,

resulting in lower heat. The two-staged parachute system was also very effective. By ejecting the

smaller 15m-diameter parachute first, it allowed the vehicle to slow down enough so when the larger 30m-diameter parachute ejected 10 seconds later, the

crew didn’t experience a harmful level of g-forces.

The third EDL option has a dual-use inflatable heat shield, along

with an all-propulsive descent. The inflatable heat shield is made of ablative material, meaning it will slowly dissolve as it is

heated. Because this heat shield is used for both the aerocapture and atmospheric entry, the heat shield most likely won’t hold up for both

maneuvers. Since the aerocapture is transferring the vehicle from hypersonic speeds to orbital speeds, most likely the inflatable

heat shield wont survive the aerocapture maneuver. By having an all-propulsive descent system, more descent propellant will be needed to slow down the vehicle, allowing less space

for the other systems.

When all three EDL technologies are taken into account, I recommend the second option. This option has a two heat shields, one made of

solid carbon-carbon and the other an inflatable heat shield. Because the solid heat shield

made of carbon-carbon paneling, is proved to be so reliable in transitioning from hypersonic to

orbital speeds, it is very effective in aerocapture. The inflatable heat shield has a

low ballistic coefficient, allowing it to experience a lower heat in atmospheric entry. Because the crew can experience a maximum of

5g, the two-stage DGB parachute system is used, along with the propulsion descent. By using both the parachute and propulsion in the

descent, the vehicle will be able to enter and land safely with a greater mass. This option provides the vehicle with the lightest entry mass, and safest entry and landing. Once the surface mission is completed, the astronauts will return safely back to Earth in the CEV.

11stst grade grade Cheetah ReportCheetah Report

44thth Grade Eye Project Grade Eye Project

66ththGrade PoemGrade Poem““Where They Cried.Where They Cried.””

Where have you gone Trail of Tears?

Some sad, some mad, some sick,

some strong

Didn’t revolt, no one will help.

Followed the leader John Ross

Some were Cherokee, Choctaw, Simolie,

Creek, and even settlers

Being forced out of their own lands,

Traveling miles to reach their destination.

Some suffering, dying, and freezing to death.

Forced to lands with poor soil and hunting

Making it hard to travel so far

Without shoes, food, and little water

We had to sign the treaty to move west

And we did.

Lets hope this doesn’t happen again

Soul Picture Soul Picture EssayEssayTime, Chaos, Layers. These are the major themes

presented in the depiction of my soul. Throughout my life, I have always been involved in more than one thing at a time. By staying active, I study harder, and I am less likely to become lazy.

Unfortunately when I try to stay active, I end up doing too many activities at one time, and

eventually I run out of time. Time is one thing I don’t seem to have enough of. Throughout my soul, there are numbers and clocks. I put these things everywhere because time is always on my mind. I never try wasting any of it, and I always fear running out of it. While staying active is good for me, it has also caused me to become more

stressed and temperamental. In my soul picture, I made everything layered on top of one another and mixed together. I did this to show my thought pattern when I am worked up and stressed.

Everything becomes jumbled together, unlike when I am calm; everything is organized and I can think clearly. When creating my soul, I tried to keep this organization but still maintain the chaos. I did this by putting like things that interest me

relatively close together in certain areas. Stress is a major part of my life; therefore it is a major

part of the dark side of my soul.

While stress is represented as the dark side of my soul, the beach is the light side of my soul. Although I rarely go to the beach, it still has impacted my life by living near it. Whenever I visit the beach, it is normally in the evening or the morning in late fall or early spring. I like going when the weather is overcast and there’s a slight breeze, making the water too cold to swim but just comfortable for jeans and a t-shirt. This, to me, makes the beach more peaceful and

tranquil.

When I was creating my soul, I tried depicting the waves of the beach. When waves crash on the shore the water becomes white and foamy. I used blue and white textured wallpaper to

show the foamy waves, and the textured buttons to portray sand, shells, and rocks.

My parents and my Nana have had a huge impact on my life. Every summer I go over to my Nana’s house and we make art journals.

Although some of our ideas aren’t original since we get them from magazines, my Nana has taught me to express my more creative side, to let my imagination go crazy, and to have an

appreciation for all types of art. My summers with my Nana are my most treasured memories

because they have helped me to get closer with her through something we both love to do. I tried making my soul picture like one of our

art journal pages: layered, creative, overwhelming, textured, and colorful. My parents have also greatly shaped who I am today through their guidance, advice, and

their friendship. I enjoy spending time with my parents and love to hear their opinions and

outlooks on life. They have taught me to always take advantage of the opportunities I have and to not let things bother me so much because everything happens for a reason. Unlike some kids who have bad relationships with their parents, my parents are my best friends. I am extremely close to my parents

and I share all I can with them.

Over the years, I have found I am a very curious person. I love learning about

different cultures and the unknowns of the universe as well as exploring and trying new things. In my soul picture, I represented

this by

Soul Picture Soul Picture EssayEssay

showing maps, birds in flight, stars, and some of my favorite book passages. Ever since I was a kid I have loved space and the thought of flight I put the pictures of birds in my soul, because I have always been amazed at how they can fly, but at the same time I have envied their gift. It is a dream of mine to become a pilot and explore space. It’s the thought of how big the universe is, how the earth is only one planet of the trillions in the galaxy, which makes up only one part of the many parts in the universe. It’s amazing how small the earth is compared to the rest of the universe.

These thoughts have inspired me since I was little to explore space. I have always loved to read. I put three of my favorite book passages in my soul since reading will always be something I love to do. I chose Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, The Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown, and Into The Wild by Jon Krakauer. I chose these three books because

I felt they showed the wide variety of books I enjoy reading. Each of these three books

stimulated me to start reading again at different times in my life. My freshman year in high school, I read The Da Vinci Code. Dan Brown’s book captured my imagination, got me interested in reading again. After this book, I started reading the Harry Potter series and my love for reading grew from there. My junior year in high school, I read Into The Wild. I enjoyed this book more then many of my peers, because I understood and respected Christopher

McCandless’ independent spirit, and why he wanted to experience life and learn lessons on his own. Although this book had a sad ending, it exposed me to memoirs and biographies. Krakauer’s book got me to expand my interest in reading. I recently read Pride and Prejudice. I immediately fell in love with Jane Austen, and the literary classics.

Austen’s novel was unlike anything I had read before. It opened my eyes to how different the lifestyle today is to what it was in the 1800’s. Although I have many favorite novels and books, these three books stand out the most to me in

the fact that each one of them has changed how I feel about reading.

My depiction of my soul has all the elements that have formed my life: my Nana and her creative influence on me, my stressful and chaotic lifestyle, my

hometown, and my curiosity and enthusiasm to learn more. In my soul, there isn’t a definite dark or light side. Instead, the two sides are

blended together to create a balance rather than two opposite, conflicting

sides.

Timed WritingTimed Writing

This passage from Joyce Carol Oates’s novel We Were the Mulvaneys, has intense imagery, repetition, and dark diction. Oates captures and hooks the reader instantly through

her description of Judd Mulvaney, and his experiences by the brook.

Throughout the passage, Oates uses dark diction to set the tone of

the story. By using words like, “shallow,” “clear,” “drained,” and “helpless,” it shows Judd Mulvaney’s fear of death and his “disbelief that Judd Mulvaney could die.” When Judd is on the dock with his dad, Oates

uses repetition to show Judd’s anxiety, panic, and trance he gets

into; “I was moving, moving helplessly forward, it seemed I was moving somehow…,” “Though on a farm living things are dying, dying, dying all the time.” When Judd gets into this trance, Oates’ sentences change

from short and

declarative to long run-on sentences. This helps to express Judd’s anxiety,

and emphasize his panic and anticipation.

In the second column, Judd realizes that death can come to anyone. When Oates brings in Judd’s dad and his big brother, Mike, it emphasizes that reality has finally hit Judd.Mike and his dad come into the story calm and happy when Judd is still upset and distraught; “…gaping at the water

hypnotized and scared… Dad at the wheel grinning and laughed.” This passage

shows Judd having an epiphany on life and death and is distraught and upset by

it. In the last paragraph, Oates describes Judd as “the runt of the

litter at High Point Farm, that has to pretend, not to know what he knew.”

Oates says this revealing Judd may be too young in his Dad and brother’s eyes

to know about death.

Creative Assignment

“Youth Against Establishment”

Picture Star Order: Crescent Moon, Jupiter, Mars,

Venus

A young, free mind;

carefree from the requirements of society,

living for himself.

Living like a child,

naive and ignorant of the world.

He is a nomad,

living by his own rules.

Living day by day, moment by moment,

absorbed in life’s simple pleasures,

able to breathe, able to relax.

Living in freedom.

He can’t see the appeal.

He sees madness and chaos.

He asks, “What are your doing with you life?”

He asks, “Are you blind? Do you see the madness?”

He wonders why society finds this enjoyable,

questions how art and individualism still exist.

To him, it is like a colony of drones,

there are no individuals,

they have all been destroyed,

through the oppression of free thinking,

through the oppression of art and creativity.

To them, he is a waste.

He is the scum of their society,

a failure.

He is a rebel in the eyes of adults,

a revolutionary hero in the eyes of teenagers.

He is their Jesus,

bringing sanity to their lives.

He teaches them to be kids,

to act and think like kids,

to express themselves.

To live in freedom.

This young, free mind;

carefree from the requirements of society;

has created an empire.

He has promoted a lifestyle,

promoted a philosophy,

“Youth Against Establishment!”

they cry,

in honor of his work,

“Youth Against Establishment!”

A way of thinking,

A way of life.

My Bucket ListMy Bucket List1. Get my Pilots 1. Get my Pilots LicenseLicense

2. Study Abroad2. Study Abroad

3. Learn to play Cello3. Learn to play Cello

4. Go into Space 4. Go into Space

5. Get my PhD in 5. Get my PhD in AstrophysicsAstrophysics

6. Live in Tuscany6. Live in Tuscany

7. Attend an Italian 7. Attend an Italian soccer gamesoccer game

8. Get VIP tickets to a 8. Get VIP tickets to a Dave Matthews Band concert at the Red concert at the Red

RocksRocks

9. Learn to say 9. Learn to say SUPERCALIFRAGILISTICEXPSUPERCALIFRAGILISTICEXPIALIDOCIOUS backwardsIALIDOCIOUS backwards

10. Learn to ski so I 10. Learn to ski so I can ski the Swiss Alpscan ski the Swiss Alps

11. perform a Space 11. perform a Space WalkWalk

12. Go Sky diving12. Go Sky diving

13. Go scuba diving at 13. Go scuba diving at the great barrier reef the great barrier reef

in Australiain Australia

14. Go backpacking 14. Go backpacking through Europe with my through Europe with my

parentsparents

15. Attend an Olympics15. Attend an Olympics

16. Get published16. Get published

17. Attend a Star Trek 17. Attend a Star Trek conventionconvention

18. Visit the Shaolin 18. Visit the Shaolin Temple & The Forbidden Temple & The Forbidden

City City

19. Get Married19. Get Married

20. Run up the hills 20. Run up the hills of Austria singing of Austria singing “The Sound of Music”“The Sound of Music”

21. Meet my Great 21. Meet my Great Grandfather’s Grandfather’s

relatives in Italy & relatives in Italy & HollandHolland

22. Go on a cruise22. Go on a cruise

23. See all of the 23. See all of the United StatesUnited States

24. Learn Italian 24. Learn Italian

25. Attend a FIFA 25. Attend a FIFA World CupWorld Cup

Soul Pictur

e

About Me

I am a huge fan of traveling

I like musicals, summer, soccer, kayaking, photography, fishing, reading, my family, the beach,

camping, jazz, and scrap booking. My Nana is an artist. Every summer I go

to my her house & we make art journals together. My family is

extremely important to me. They have always encouraged me to never give up no matter the situation. I love

them very much.

I say I have an eclectic taste in music, but I really don’t. My iPod consist

mainly of movie soundtracks, musicals, Dave Matthews, Reel Big Fish, and Jason Mraz. I am a HUGE

Dave Matthews Band, Star Trek, and Italian soccer fan.

I love to read. I am always reading, especially in the summer where my

mom and I sit in my pool and read all day. It’s very relaxing.

I am attending Pennsylvania State University in the fall for engineering. I

plan to get my BS in Aerospace Engineering and my MS in Astrophysics & Astronomy.