i've ever been to bagan
DESCRIPTION
အရွင္ဥတၱမာနႏၵ (ေပရာေဒနိယတကၠသိုလ္)၏ လံုးခ်င္းစာစဥ္ အမွတ္ (၇)၊ “ပုဂံကို ေရာက္ခဲ့တယ္”။ ပညာေရး၊ ခရီးသြားႏွင့္ အေတြးအျမင္စာအုပ္။TRANSCRIPT
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t&SifOwårmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)
Sunday, August 04, 2013
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t&SifOwårmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)
Thursday, November 28, 2013
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t&SifOwårmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)
Monday, June 04, 2012
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pkefcsnfqefcsnf oGm;vmaeMuygw,f/
ay&ma'ed,eJY uED[m ESpfNrdKUwpfNrdKUvdkY qdk&avmufatmif
wpfqufwpyfwnf; &Sdaeygw,f/ ay&ma'ed, ½ku©aA'O,smOf
BuD;twGif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtqufquf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG
EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJawG trSwfw& pdkufysKd;xm;wJh txdrf;
trSwfopfyifrsm; &Sdaeygw,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm urÇmhukvor*¾
twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfcJhol OD;oefYvnf; tygt0if jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmvdkY ajymvdkufwmeJY rif;wdkYEdkifiHu acgif;aqmifBuD;awG
trSwfw& pdkufxm;wJh opfyifawG&Sdw,fvdkY ajymavh&SdMuw,f/
vd kvd kvm;vm;ud k vd kufjyay;avh &S dygw,f/ wd k YE d ki fi Hu
14 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-1 (ed'gef;)
acgif;aqmifawGvm;vdkY a,mifee ar;rdawmh tif;vdkY tlwlwl
jyefajzwmvnf; awGU&ao;/
2010-ckESpf/ rdrdtwGuf xl;jcm;vSwJh ESpfwpfESpfyg/ xdktwl
tm;vHk;twGufvnf; udk,fhtaMumif;ESifhudk,f xl;jcm;wJh ESpf
wpfESpf jzpfaumif; jzpfEdkifygw,f/ 'DESpfqef;umprSm oD&dvuFm
EdkifiHudk ynmoifatmif a&mufvmcJhygw,f/ b0&JU tajymif;tvJ
wpfckvdkY uifyGef;wyfr,fqdkvnf; wyfEdkifyg&JU/ 'DZifbmv
wwd,ywfxJrSm pmar;yJGrsm;NyD;qHk;oGm;NyD; aemifESpf ausmif;quf
wufr,fh olawGu BudKwifjyifqifp&mawGudk jyifMu qifMu
ygw,f/ tcsKdUuawmh jynfawmfjyefukefMuygw,f/ awGU BuHK qHkuJG
oabmawGygyJ/
2011-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv yxrywfwGif pwifzGifhNyD; uEDNrdKUrSm
zGifhvSpfoifMum;wJh &ufwdkt*Fvdyfpmoifwef; (3rd Annual
Intensive English Course) udk wufcGifh&cJhygw,f/ BPS-pmtkyf
wdkufBuD;rSm oifwef;udk zGifhvSpfNyD; jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm; tyg
t0if EdkifiHwumrS ausmif;om;&[ef;awmfrsm; wufa&muf
cJhMuygw,f/
*syefvlrsKd; tar&duefEdkifiHzGm; q&mBuD;uifum0gpuD;eJY
ZeD;jzpfol 0domcgum0gpuD; (Ken and Visakha Kawasaki)
wdkYu OD;aqmifNyD; oifwef;udk ydkYcsay;wmyg/ oifwef;aMu; tcrJh
(Free of Charge) yg/ ynm'geoifwef;vdkY emrnfay;vnf;
jzpfygw,f/ q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESHeJYtwl tjcm;tar&duefvlrsKd;
yk*Hra&mufzl;bl;………wJh 15
tulq&m ESpfa,muf&,f oD&dvuFmom; q&mwpfOD;&,f
apwemh0efxrf;rsm; (Volunteer) tjzpf yg0ifulnDoifMum;ay;
Muygw,f/ (xl;jcm;vSwJh Ak'bmom0if q&mBuD;uifESifh 0domcg
um0gpuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESHtaMumif;udk taMumif;nDnGwf&if
oD;oefYa&;ygOD;r,f/) oifwef;umvtwGif; aeYqGrf;rsm;udk
oD&dvuFmvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESHrS vSL'gef;qufuyf
ygw,f/ pum;qufvdkY ajym&&if q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESH[m
ESpfpOfvdk tdEd,? xdkif;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; Ak'bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;
twGuf ynm'get*Fvdyfpmoifwef;awGudk zGifhay;aeMuyg/
&ufwdkoifwef;jzpfayr,fh tcsdefjynfh em&DjynfhESifh vkyf
aqmif&vdkY tvGefxda&mufNyD; tusKd;rsm;vSwJhoifwef; jzpfyg
w,f/ rGrf;rHoifwef;vdkYqdk&if ydkNyD;oifhawmfr,f xifygw,f/
ta&;-tzwf-tajym-em;axmif (Four Skills) tjyif pum;a&
vkyJG (Debate)rsm;? q&meJY ausmif;om; tjyeftvSef vGwfvGwf
vyfvyf aqG;aEG;jcif; (Open Discussion) rsm; pojzifh pHkvif
vSygw,f/ avhvma&;c&D; (Excursion)tpDpOfrsm;jzifh vufawGU
avhvm&if; oifMum;csufrsm;uvnf; pmayoifMum;rIudk touf
0ifapw,fvdkY xifygw,f/
taxGaxGc&D;pOfrsm;rSm awGUjrifrSwfom;cJh&wmawGudk
udk,fydkiftjrifawGeJY pmwrf;wdk (Short Essay) rsm;udkvnf;
tvGwfoabm (Freely) a&;om;ay;&ygw,f/ q&mawGu
pepfwus ppfaq;ay;NyD; pmoifcsdefrsm;rSm vdktyfcsufrsm;udk
16 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-1 (ed'gef;)
pmoif&if; jyKjyifay;wmvnf; rSwfom;p&myg/ ordkif;qdkif&meJY
tjcm;A[kokwtjrifawG udk,fydkifcHpm;csufawG oHk;oyfcsufawG
udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;Mu&ygw,f/ wu,fhudk aEG;axG;wJh
pmoifcef;av;yg/ 'Dae&mrSmawmh ta&SUeJY taemuf[m ESpfckrjcm;
wpfom;wnf; usaeygw,f/ Ak'jrwfpGm omoem&JU tusKd;vdkY
ajym&if trSefqHk; toifhqHk; jzpfrSmyg/
avhvma&;rStjyef wpf&ufrSm jzpfygw,f/ q&mBuD;wdkY
ZeD;armifESHu oifwef;om;tm;vHk;udk Ak'bmomqdkif&m ordkif;
aMumif;wpfckeJY qufEG,fNyD; udk,fydkifoHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk a&;cdkif;
ygw,f/ oifwef;om;awG&JU a&;om;csufrsm;udk wpfckpD zwfNyD;
jyifoifhonfrsm;udk jyifay;um csD;rGrf;zG,f&mrsm;udkvnf;
tm;wufoa&m vufckyfMobmay; csD;usL;ygw,f/
'Dwkef;u q&mBuD;vufxJrSm rdrdpm&Gufav;u aemufqHk;
usefaewmyg/ tJ'Daemuf emrnfac:NyD; rwfwyf&yfcdkif;ygava&m/
ta&;tom;eJYrSwfcsufay;wmawG tvGefaumif;aMumif; vufckyf
wD;NyD; todtrSwfjyKygw,f/ wu,fawmfvdkY [kwfcsifrSvnf;
[kwfrSmyg/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh olwdkY[m vlwpfa,muf&JU aumif;
uGufudk r&t&&SmNyD; csD;rGrf;wwfvdkYygyJ/ 'g[m pmoifwJhae&mrSm
xda&mufwJh enf;wpfckvkdY jrifygw,f/ oifwef;om; oli,fcsif;
rsm;vnf; vufckyfMobm ay;Muygw,f/ xl;jcm;wmu q&mBuD;
wdkY ZESD;armifESH[m pmoifwJhtcgwdkif;rSm tNrJyJ ESpfa,mufwJG
oifhavh&Sdwmyg/
yk*Hra&mufzl;bl;………wJh 17
'DaemufrSm q&mBuD;wdkYZeD;armifESHu pma&;oltwGuf
txl;arwåm&yfcHp&m (Special Request) &SdygaMumif; ajymyg
w,f/ pma&;olu acgif;ndwfNyD; oabmwl[ef trl&m jyefjy
vdkufygw,f/ q&mBuD;u ajymaewmudkMunfhNyD; q&mrBuD;u
vnf; acgif;wndwfndwfeJY axmufcHaeygawmhw,f/ aemuf
wpfaeYrSm uEDNrdKUteD;w0dkufu ordkif;0ifae&m vuFmwdvu
(Lankatilaka) udk oGm;ygr,f-wJh/ tJ'Dae&m&JUxl;jcm;csufu
at'D 11-&mpk0ef;usifrSm wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhwJh e*g;½Hkbk&m;
jzpfNyD; yk*HeJY acwfNydKifjzpfaMumif;? yk*HrSmvnf; 'D&mpkESpfxJrSm
wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhwJh e*g;½Hkbk&m;&SdaMumif; ajymygw,f/ tqdkyg
acwfNydKif e*g;½Hk bk&m;ESpfqltaMumif;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvmcsuf
taeeJY pmrsufESm tuefYowfr&Sd a&;om;ay;apvdkaMumif;
ajymygw,f/ vuFmordkif;rSwfwrf;awGrSmawmh vuFmwdvuudk
14-&mpk (14th A.D) rSm wnfaqmufxm;w,fvdkY azmfjyxm;
ygw,f/
tar;&Sdawmh tajz&Sd&rSmyif/ tawmif;&Sdawmhvnf;
tay;&Sd&rnfom/ rdrdtaejzifh pma&;om;zdkYu jyóemr&SdaMumif;?
'gayr,hf yk*Hudk wpfacgufrS ra&mufzl;aMumif; jyefajymvdkufrd&m
q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESHrSm “tdk;”qdkNyD; toHxGufwJhtxd
tHhMo[efudk jyygw,f/ NyD;awmh cGufcGufvef &,fygawmhw,f/
(avSmifajymif&,farmjcif;r[kwf? oabmusjcif;aMumifh &,fjcif;
yg/ ½dk;om;wJh t&dyfa,mifawG olwdkYrsufESmrSm txif;om;ay:
18 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-1 (ed'gef;)
aevdkY 'Dvdkajym&wmyg)/ oifwef;azmfrsm;vnf; 0g;vHk;uJG &,farm
Muygava&m/ udk,fvnf; acsmfvJa&mxdkifum t&Sufajy vdkuf
&,frdygawmhw,f/
q&mBuD;rsm;u &,f&,farmarmeJY udk,fhudk qufajymwm
u “t&Sifbk&m;u jrefrm r[kwfbl;? jrefrmqdk&if yk*Hudk a&mufzl;
&r,f” [lowwf/ olwdkY ZeD;armifESHrSm 88-rwdkifrDuyif jrefrm
EdkifiHodkY a&mufcJhzl;aMumif; NyD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpfumv rwdkifciftxd
ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;vdk jrefrmEdkifiHudk tvnftywf qufa&mufao;
aMumif;? a&mufwJhtcgwdkif; yk*Hajrudkvnf; a&mufcJhaMumif;
ajymygw,f/
q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESH[m jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY&JU vlaerIb0eJY
ywf0ef;usifudk tawmfcspfjrwfEdk;aMumif; owdxm;rdygw,f/
olwdkYtdrfrSm bk&m;cef;udk oD;oefYxm;ygw,f/ oefY&Sif; oyf&yfNyD;
us,f0ef;ygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHu wefcdk;BuD;bk&m;rsm;? apwD
ykxdk;rsm;&JU "mwfyHkrsm; jyu©'defrsm; tpHkawGU&ygw,f/ emrnfBuD;
q&mawmfBuD;awG&JU yHkrsm;udkvnf; wcrf;wem; ylaZmfxm;
wmudkvnf; awGU&ygw,f/
pmoifcsdefwpfavQmufvHk;rSm jrefrmyHkpH 0wfpm;xm;NyD;
csdwfvHkcsnf? ykqdk;rsm;eJY awGU&avh&Sdygw,f/ tJ'D0wfpHkrsm;udkawmh
jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;u pmoifay;vdkY ÓmPfylaZmfwJhtaeeJY
jrefrmEdkifiHudk vlBuHKrSmNyD; vufaqmifay;xm;jcif;yg/
yk*Hra&mufzl;bl;………wJh 19
oifwef;NyD;qHk;awmh tm;vHk; vrf;cJGMu&ygNyD/ odkYayr,fh
q&mBuD;wdkYZeD;armifESHeJY yk*HyHk&dyfuawmh aysmufysufroGm;ygbl;/
yk*Hudkvnf; ajy;oGm;csifavmufatmifudkyJ pdwfaygufrdygw,f/
taMumif;um;roifh/ aeESifhOD;aygh………yk*Ha&/
jrefrmqdkwm yk*Hu pçwmyJvdkYudk EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkYu yk*Hudk
wifpm;Muw,f/ wdkYuawmh b,fupçw,fqdkwm tjiif;yGm;
wkef; &Sdao;w,fvdkY toHwdwfajymrdao;/ [kwfw,fav/
“jrefrmtp waumif;u”vdkY qdkwJhpum;uvnf; &Sdaew,f
rvm;/ jrefrmvdkY ajymvdkufwmeJY wdkYyk*Hudk a&mufzl;w,fvdkY
qdkMuw,f/ 'DvdkMum;&wdkif; udk,fhpdwfudk,f rvHkjzpf&w,f/ ighES,f
eD;vQufeJYa0; oHk;eJYav; qdkovdkjzpfaeygayhgvdkY awG;rdygw,f/
'geJY “yk*Hwrf;csif;” qdkwJh pmwpfyk'fpDNyD; pdwfajzrdygawmhw,f/
-
20 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-1 (ed'gef;)
yk*Ha&…….
urÇmhtv,frSm0ifhx,f
rif;twGufaMumifh wdkYvnf;vl&m0ifcJhw,f/
'gayr,fh
qE´eJYb0
xyfwlrusorSs
b0ta&;udkyJ qErJay;cJh&olrdkY
qdk½dk;udkqefYusif
igeJYawmh olpdrf;jyifjyifaygh/
bmyJjzpfjzpf
yk*H&ifcGif
cdkvHIcsifpdwf
&dyf&dyfrSrjy,f
vmjzpfatmifvmcJhr,faemf…………/
Wednesday, June 05, 2013
yk*Hra&mufzl;bl;………wJh 21
yk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,f
(2)
'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD
2011-ckESpf? oHk;vydkif; 'kwd,ywfxJrSm ay&ma'ed,
wuúodkvfwGif r[m'óe (Master of Philosophy)wef;twGuf
ausmif;tyf&ef jyifqifonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSm r[mwef; (Master
of Art)\ atmifa*Zufum; rxGufao;/ atmifpm&if;apmifh
(Waiting Result)&if; ausmif;BudKtyfvdkYawmh &avh&Sdonf/ 'gu
vuFmwuúodkvfrsm;&JU oabmaumif;rIvdkY qdk&r,f/
vuFmajrwGif wuúodkvf wpfckESifhwpfck ausmif;tyf&yHkcsif;
rwl/ xdktwl vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;vnf; uJGonf/ ay&ma'ed,
wuúodkvf&JU pnf;urf;t& ausmif;rtyfcif oufqdkif&mXmerSL;
(Head of the Department)? armfuGef;xdef; (Registrar) wdkYESifh
t&ifwdkifyif&onf/ 4if;wdkYESifh vdktyfonfrsm; wdkifyifNyD;aemufrS
oufqdkif&m twef;twGuf azmifrsm;xkwfay;ygonf/ azmifrsm;
jznfhNyD; bJGUvGefXme armfuGef;xdef;½Hk;udkydkYay;&onf/ vdktyfonf
rsm; ppfaq;NyD; wpfvcefY&SdrS w&m;0ifausmif;tyf&ef ac:pm
(Letter of Registration) udk ydkYygonf/
ac:pmESif htwl ausmif;tyf&onf/ rSwfyH kwifaMu;
(Registration Fees)udk wpfygwnf; oGif;&onf/ oifwef;aMu;
(Academic or Course Fees)udkawmh oGif;&jcif; r&Sdao;/
pmar;yJ Gorm;rsm;twGuf aemufqHk;pmar;yJ G rajzcifESif h
okawoeoD;oefY (Thesis Only) ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf
usrf;rwifciftxd roGif;bJ aevdkY&onf/ rSwfyHkwifaMu;udkrl
ESpfpOfoGif;&onf/
r[m'óewef;wGif ausmif;tyfyHkESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ wpfrsKd;rSm
oifwef; (Course),ljcif; jzpfNyD; wpfESpfausmif;wuf&onf/
pmar;yJGajz&onf/ aemufwpfrsKd;rSm ausmif;rwufbJ pmwrf;
(Thesis) udk wdkuf½dkufa&;jcif; jzpfonf/ ESpfrsKd;vHk;twGuf
ESpfuefYowfcsufESifh ausmif;p&dwfrsm;rSm twlwljzpfonf/
ausmif;rwufvdkolrsm;onf oufqdkif&m XmerSL;\
BudKwifcGifhjyKcsuf (Prior Permission) &zdkY vdkonf/ ,if;odkY
ausmif;wufvGwf cRif;csuf (Exempt) cGifhtwGuf wuúodkvfrSm
pnf;urf;awG &SdNyD;om;yg/ cGifhjyKcsuf&NyD;aemuf tao;pdyf
okawoe tqdkjyKvTm (Detailed Research Proposal) odkYr[kwf
rdrdvkyfrnfh okawoevkyfief;twGuf tusOf;csKyf (Synopsis)
wdkYudk ausmif;tyf&mwGif wpfygwnf; wifjy&onf/ xdkaemuf
wuúodkvfrS rdrdokawoevkyfief;twGuf Presentation jyKvkyf&ef
24 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-2
&ufcsdef;ay;ygonf/ ,if;tcrf;em;odkY oufqdkif&m ynm&Sifrsm;
wufa&mufNyD; vdktyfonfrsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;&ygonf/
Presentation jyKvkyfNyD; okawoevkyfcGifh (Approval
Letter)uszdkY yHkrSeftm;jzifh 6-vcefYapmihf&onf/ oufqdkif&mXme
ynm&Sifrsm;\ axmufcHcsuf&rS r[m|merSL; (Dean of the
Faculty of Arts) xH ydkY&onf/ r[mXmerSL;rSwpfqifh tqifhjrifh
bJGUqdkif&maumfrwD (Higher Degree Committee - HDC) odkY
qufvufwifjy&onf/ HDC \ axmufcHcsuf&rS bJGUvGefXme
(Post Graduate Unit) uae okawoevkyfief;udk vkyfEdkifNyD
jzpfaMumif; cGifhjyKpm (Approval Letter)udk pmwdkufuae ydkYay;
onf/ xdktcgusrS w&m;0if okawoeausmif;om; jzpf&onf/
þonfrSm r[m'óewef;udk ausmif;wufolESifh ausmif;
rwufbJ okawoepmwrf; wdkuf½dkufa&;olwdkY ausmif;tyfyHk
uGmjcm;onfhtcsufjzpfonf/
“aornfhESpf ppfxJvdkuf” qdkovdk jzpfonf/ ausmif;tyf
NyD;uwnf;u &ufawG a&wGuf&if; wuúodkvfu ac:pmudk
apmifhonf/ &ufawGukefoGm;onf/ vul;oGm;onf/ r&ao;/
wuúodkvfudk oGm;pHkprf;onf/ wuúodkvftaqmifaMu;awG
wufvdkY ausmif;om;awG qEjyaeonf wuúodkvf tuefYowf
r&Sd ydwfxm;onfwJh/ EdkifiHydkifowif;awGrSmvnf; wuúodkvfudk
&uftuefYowfr&Sd ydwfxm;aMumif; ygvmonf/
'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD 25
vawG ukefoGm;jyefonf/ ausmif;jyefzGifhaMumif; owif;pm
awGrSm zwf&onf/ oGm;a&muf pHkprf;&jyefonf/ bmrSsrxl;/
vawG ul;oGm;jyefonf/ xyfNyD; pHkprf;&jyefonf/ wuúodkvf
q&m? q&mrawGu vcenf;vdkY tpdk;&udk qE´jyaeonf/
ausmif;awG ydwfxm;jyefonf-wJh/ b,favmufydwfvJqdkawmh
ajyvnfonf txd-wJh/ b,fawmh ajyvnfMurSmvJ/ jrefjref
ajyvnfygapaMumif; qkawmif;&jyefonf/ owif;u raumif;/
tpdk;&u wdk;ray;EdkifwJh/ q&mawGuvnf; pmroifEdkif-wJh/
uJ…wdkYu xdkifae½Hkaygh/
tpdk;&u vcawG wdk;ay;rnf[k owif;awGrSm w&m;0if
azmfjyonf/ 0rf;omoGm;onf/ ausmif;oGm; pHkprf;&jyefonf/
tvSnfhusatmif apmifhyg-wJh/ ausmif;ydwfxm;wJh &ufawGtwGif;
tvkyfawG yHkaevdkY-wJh/ a&S;vlawGNyD;&if ac:ygrnf-wJh/ wpfv
avmufMumawmh q&mawG xyfNyD; qEjyefjyonf-wJh/ tpdk;&
u vcwdk;ay;zdkYudpö uwdrwnfvdkY[k taMumif;jyonf/ rD;cdk;
rqHk; rdk;rqHk; MumavOD;rnf/ acsmif;aygufatmif oGm;&í
bJGUvGefXmeu vlawGeJYawmh tawmfav; &if;ESD;oGm;onf/
q&mawGuvnf; ausmif;rvm/ tpdk;&uvnf; tif;tJ
rvIyf/ udk,fvnf; ikwfwkwfwkwf/ udk,fhokawoeusrf;
tusOf;csKyf (Synopsis)av;udkom pdwfryghwyg tBudrfBudrf
txyfxyf wnf;jzwf jyifqifaerdonf/ pdwfavaveJY pmawG
26 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-2
&Smaerdonf/ Mum;xJrSm r[mwef;ausmif;om;rsm;\ usrf;rsm;udk
wnf;jzwfay;ae&onf/ ynmyg&rDyJ jzpfygapawmh/
oD&dvuFmwuúodkvfrsm;\ pnf;urf;t& rnfonfh
taMumif;aMumifhjzpfap cGifhrwifbJ oHk;vqufwdkuf ausmif;
ysufvQif tvkyfuae tvdktavsmuf xkwfy,fNyD;jzpfaMumif;
od&onf/ odkYESifh 'DwpfBudrfrSm oHk;vjynfhumeD; jzpfoGm;onf/
tpdk;&ESifhawmh vdyfcJwif;vif; jzpfaeqJ/ ausmif;rvm&ifvnf;
tvkyfu jyKwfrnfqdkawmh olwdkYvnf; udk,fhvdkyJ pdwfryghwygjzifh
ausmif;vmMu[efwlonf/
ausmif;jyefzGifhonfESifh wpfNydKifeuf XmerSL;udk rsufESmoGm;jy
&jyefonf/ olvnf; olY'ku©/ udk,fvnf; udk,hfaomuESifhav/
Presentation rsm;tygt0if ausmif;om;a&;&mudpörsm;twGuf
pDpOfaqmif&Guf&ol(Coordinator) udkvnf; apmifhae&wm MumNyD
jzpfaMumif; owday;&ao;onf/ odkYESifh Presentation vkyf&rnfh
&ufcsdef; (Date) &oGm;onf/
&Spfvydkif; wwd,ywfxJwGif Presentation NyD;oGm;onf/
HDC \ cGif h jyKcsuf (Approval Letter) &zdk Y tenf;qHk;
ajcmufvcefY apmifh&rnfjzpfaMumif; pDeD,mausmif;om;rsm;xHrS
od&onf/ udk,fhbufu vkyfp&m&Sdwm NyD;oGm;NyDyJ/ BudKufwJhtcsdef
usrS csay;aya&mh/ bJGUvGefXmeuawmh ajymonf/ cGifhjyKzdkY 99%
&mcdkifEIef; &Sdygw,f-wJh/ usrf;udkom qufa&;ygvdkY tm;ay;
&Smonf/
'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD 27
ausmif;udpöawGvkyf&vdkY pdwfyef; vlyef;jzpf&onf/ pdwfajy
vufaysmuf c&D;xGufzdkY jyifonf/ c&D;oGm;wmvnf; ynm
oifMum;jcif;wpfrsKd; Travelling is a kind of education. vdkY
qdkw,frvm;/ bk&m;vnf;zl; vdyfOvnf;wl; qdkovdk BuHrdonf/
okawoepmwrf;twGuf vdktyfonfh pmtkyfpmwrf; taxmuf
xm;rsm; &Sm&ef a&TjynfBuD;udk jyefrnfaygh/ odkYESifh wdkuf½dkufrjyefbJ
rav;&Sm;ESifh puFmyludk tvnftywf 0ifvdkufao;onf/
a&TjynfBuD; jyefa&mufawmh Edkif&mEdkif&m omoemjyKvkyfief;
rsm; vkyf&onf/ [dk[dk'D'D w&m;a[m <u&onf/ awma&m NrdKUyg
pHkonf/ yk*HoGm;zdkYudpö acgif;xJa&mufvmonf/ [kwfayom;yJ/
yk*HoGm;zdkY pdwful;xm;wm/ oGm;&r,f/ tm;vyf&ufu odyfr&/
oma&; ema&;awGuvnf; wpfyJGNyD; wpfyJG/ jiif;r&onfh
taMumif;awGuvnf; &Sdaeonf/ odkYESifh jyefxGuf&uf eD;vmonf/
e,fbuftvkyfawGudk vufpodrf;NyD; &efukef jyefwufonf/
&efukefuaerS yk*Hudk oGm;awmhrnfaygh/ rjzpf/ &efukefuvnf;
ig;ESpf ajcmufESpfavmuf aecJhwmqdkawmh todtuRrf; trsm;
om;&,f/ oma&; ema&; vdkuf&jyefonf/ tvkyfvkyfwdkif;
EdkifiHjcm;jyefqdkwmudk owdxm;ae&onf/ jiif;vdkufrS EdkifiHjcm;jyef
qdkawmh … bmjzpfw,f nmjzpfw,f vmzdkYu aocsmaeonf/
xdkifae taumif;om;? xoGm;rS tusKd;rSef;od/ xdrdwJh jrefrm
pum;yHkudk tNrJvdk owd&ae&onf/ udk,fhtwGufeJY vlawG
tukokdvf rjzpfygapeJY …… /
28 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-2
&efukefrSm aomifwif&if; yk*HoGm;&ufudk wGufaerdonf/
wGuf&if; wGuf&if; jyef&ufeD;vmonf/ av,mOfvufrSwfudk
toGm;tjyef(Round-trip Ticket) jzwfvmjcif; jzpfonf/ jyef&uf
udk twdus (Fixed Date) vkyfxm;onf/ &ufao vkyfxm;wm
qdkawmh jyefa&TUzdkY tqifrajy/
jrefrmvlrsKd;rSef&if yk*Ha&mufzl;&rnf-wJh/ udk,fhtaMumif;
eJY udk,fyJav/ udk,fhvdkyJ jrefrmrSefNyD; yk*Hra&mufzl;olawG
'keJYa';&SdaerSmyJ/ t&ifwkef;uawmh ra&mufbl;vdkY a&mufzl;½Hk
oufouf oGm;csifwm/ tckawmh tJvdkr[kwf/ wu,fudk
a&mufoihfvdkY a&mufcsifwm/ udk,fhtwGuf avhvmp&mawG wpfyHk
wpfacgif;rdkY a&mufcsifwm/ ordkif;awGudk tjyifrSm zwfcsifwm
vnf; ygwmaygh/
ra&mufzl;vdkY qdkwmeJYywfoufNyD; wpfckudk oGm;owd&
rdonf/ tif;0acwfwGif tvGefemrnfBuD;onfh q&mawmfwpfyg;
&Sdonf/ q&mawmf OD;Ak'fjzpfonf/ eef;rawmfr,fEk udk;uG,f
onfh q&mawmf/ bmoma&;pmayordkif;wGif “Ak'fp-Ak'fv,f-
Ak'fqHk;” [k qdk½dk;pum;&SdNyD; Ak'fp qdkonfrSm Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;?
Ak'fv,frSm t|uxmusrf;jyKtausmf t&Sifr[mAk'¨aCmo?
Ak'fqHk;qdkonfrSm q&mawmfOD;Ak'f jzpfonf/ q&mawmfOD;Ak'fudk
anmifuefq&mawmf[kvnf; pmayrSwfwrf;rsm;wGif awGU&avh
&Sdonf/
'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD 29
wpfaeYwGif bk&m;zl;&[ef;i,frsm; q&mawmfOD;Ak'f\
ausmif;udk a&mufvmonf/ 0wfjznfhNyD;aemuf q&mawmfh
ausmif;udk ra&mufbl;vdkY a&mufzl;atmifvmaMumif; avQmuf
xm;Muonf/ q&mawmfu ra&mufbl;vdkY oGm;&r,fqdk&if
jrif;rdk&fawmifudk a&mufatmifoGm;OD;-wJh/ tydkbmrSrajymawmh/
q&mawmfu &[ef;i,frsm; [dkoGm;'DoGm;ESihf y&d,wåd y#dywåd
vkyfief;awG vpf[if;rnfpdk;aomaMumifh rdefYawmfrl[ef&Sdonf/
&Sdapawmh/ ukd,fhrSmvnf; udk,fhtaMumif;eJYudk,f yk*HoGm;zdkY
ed'gef;awG cHcJhNyD;jzpfonf/ av,mOfvufrSwfudk wpfywfavmuf
aqmif;&zdkY BudK;pm;Munfhonf/ tqifajyonf/ a':vmoHk;q,f
awmh xyfay;&onf/ ukefygap/ tqifajyNyD;wmyJ/ yk*HoGm;r,f
aygh/ yk*HeJY ywfoufwJhpmtkyfawG BudKwifzwf&&if aumif;rSmyJ
qdkwJh tawG;eJY ausmif;&Sd pmtkyfAD½dkrsm;udk arTaESmufrdonf/
wdkufqdkifaypG/ okawoeusrf;ESifh qufEG,fonfh pmtkyf
awGtaMumif; [dkwpfp 'Dwpfp awGUvmjyefonf/ r&Sif;rvif;
onfhtcsufawG xyfawGUvmonf/ q&mawmf orm;awmfrsm;udk
ar;jref;rS oifhawmfrnfxifonf/ odkYESifh …… odkYESifh …ayghav/ yk*HroGm;zd k Y qHk;jzwfvdkufonf/ jyef&uftwGuf
xyfwdk;xm;onfh wpfywfudk bJOuef (urÇmat;pmMunfhwdkuf)
ESifh omoemhwuúodkvf pmMunfhwdkufrsm;wGif aevdkuf&onf/
q&mawmfBuD;tcsKd Uudkvnf; r&Sif;rvif;onfhtcsufrsm;udk
ar;jref;avQmufxm;rdonf/
30 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-2
wpfywfukefoGm;onf/ &ufxyfrwdk;jzpfawmh/ ADZmu
vnf; ukefumeD;NyD/ jyefrS jzpfawmhrnf/ odkYjzifh vuFmajr
jyefajccsrdjyefonf/ yk*Ha& aeESifhOD;ayghvdkY aw;xm;vdkufonf/
tcGifhBuHKwJhwpfaeY wdkYqHk&rSmayghav/ *Gwfbdkifyk*HvdkY EIwfrquf
jzpf/ wpfcgrS rqHk&ao;wmudk/ bmyJjzpfjzpf wpfaeYrSm qHkMu
rSmyg/ wpfaeYrSmaygh ……………… /
Saturday, August 03, 2013
'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD 31
yk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,f
(3)
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ
a&TjynfBuD;rSm ESpfvpGef;pGef; aevdkufNyD; vuFmajr
jyefa&mufvmw,f/ c&D;oGm;vGef;awmh orm"dysufwm trSef/
udk,fhtwGuf ajymwmyg/ pmav;BuD;awG vkyf&rSmqdkawmh b,f
u b,fvdk pç&rSef;rod/ okawoeausmif;om;awG ajymavh
&Sdaom pum;wpfcGef;u usrf;tusOf;csKyf (Synopsis)udk vu©H
w,fqdk&if okawoepmwrf;u xuf0ufavmuf NyD;ovdkyJwJh/
udk,fhtwGufajymwm r[kwf[k xifonf/
pmwrf; (Thesis) a&;zdkY pdwfvufryg &SdvSojzifh tcef;
atmif;um pmtkyfawG zwfaevdkufonf/ wpfcgwav tjyif
xGufNyD; pmtkyfqkdifawG avQmufoGm;onf/ vdktyfrnfxif&m
aumif;Edk;&m pmtkyfawG0,f jyefvmonf/ NiD;aiGUvm&if uAsm
a,mifa,mif aqmif;yg;a,mifa,mifawG a&;vdkuf bavmh*frSm
wifvdkuf vkyfjzpfonf/ tysif;awmh ajyom;/ pma&;q&m r[kwf
avawmh jzpfajrmufajrmuf ra&;wwf/ uAsmuvnf; tNrD;
tarmufrwnfh/ udpör&Sdbl;/ armf'efuAsmvdkY avb,f (Label)
wyfay;vdkufw,f/
pmwrf;udk pçra&;csifwmuvnf; taMumif;&Sdonf/
wuúodkvfuae w&m;0ifcGifhjyKpm (Approval Letter) r&ao;/
zsif;wm&,f ysif;wm&,feJ Y udkufaeonf/ 'DawmtwGif;
wuúodkvfoGm; axmufcHpm,l ADZm (Visa) oufwrf;wdk;zdkY
vkyf&onf/ wpfzufuvnf; cGifhjyKpmudpö pHkprf;&onf/ Don't
worry-wJh/ vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyfyg-wJh/ tcsdefwef&if usvmyg
vdrhfr,f qdkyJ/ Tomorrow eJY Don't worry u olwdkY vufoHk;
pum;/ 'DvdkeJY ukvm;awGeJY tvkyfvkyf&wmudk ,Ofyg;vmonf/
&ufawG vawGudk odyf*½krpdkufrdawmh/ rdepfawG em&DawGvm;/
a0;a&mhaygh/
oli,fcsif;awG tm;ay;rIeJY ra&;csif a&;csif pmwrf;udk
pça&;rdonf/ udk,frodwJh taMumif;t&mawG pnf;rsOf;awG
pnf;urf;csufawGu trsm;BuD;/ qifuef;awmwdk; vkyf&awmh
onf/ rod&ifar;vdkuf/ tifwmeufay: pm&Smvdkuf/ tcsdefawG
ukefrSef;rod ukefoGm;onf/ wpfaeukefvdkY pmwpfaMumif; r&wJh
&ufuvnf; trsm;om;/ wpfcsKdUaeYrsm;rawmh aumif;onf/
pmESpfydk'f oHk;ydk'favmuf a&;jzpfvmonf/ &Hcgqdkovdk wpfrsufESm
jynfhatmif a&;jzpfonf/ pmrsufESm ESpfq,fausmfavmuf&vdkY
ud k,fa&;xm;wmawG jyefzwfMunfhonf/ bmompum;
34 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
(Language) tm;enf;wmvm;? bmom&yf (Subject) qdkif&m
tm;enf;wmvm; ppfMunfhonf/ tm;&p&m tawmfaumif;onf/
vm; ….. vm; …………… udk,fa&;xm;wm udk,f
em;rvnf/ tawmftm;wufoGm;onf/
'DvdkeJY pma&;wmjzwf trsm;wuma&;xm;wJh okawoe
pmtkyfawG wpdkufrwfrwf zwfjzpfonf/ wpfcsKdUu pmtkyftjzpf
jyefxkwfxm;wm/ wpfcsKdUudkawmh wuúodkvfpmMunfhwdkufawG
oGm;NyD; rdwåLqJGxm;wm/ NyD;awmh tifwmeufuae a'gif;vkwf
(Dowload)qJGxm;wJh t*FvdyfpmawG avhvmaerdonf/
vufawmh (Laptop) &,f aumfzDwpfcGuf&,fuawmh udk,fh&JU
tyg;awmfNrJawGaygh/ tm;ay;wJh oli,fcsif;awG? q&morm;awGudk
aus;Zl;wifrdonf/ wu,fvkyfMunfhrS tjyifu jrif&wmeJY
vufawGU[m wpfjcm;pDqdkwm odvmonf/ a,mif0g;0g;od½HkeJYr&/
wdus&onf/ rSefuefzdkYvdkonf/ Experience is the best teacher.
tawGUBuHKu taumif;qHk; q&m-wJh/ [kwfygh/ pma&;&wm
psmef0ifvmonf/ There is will, there is a way. vdkvQifBuHq
enf;vrf;& qdkwmudk odvmonf/
2012-ckESpf? av;vydkif; yxrywfxJrSm M.Phil. twGuf
w&m;0ifcGifhjyKcsuf&onf/ &Spfvavmuf apmifhvdkuf&onf/
bmjzpfjzpf pmwrf;a&;&wm ydkNyD; pdwfygvufyg &SdoGm;onf/
'DawmtwGif; usrf;BuD;Muyfq&m (Supervisor) awGeJY oGm;awGU
vdkufonf/ aemufydkif; b,frS odyfroGm;jzpfawmh/ tcef;atmif;
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 35
pma&;aevdkufonf/ taqmifrSm tvSnhfus xrif;csuf&onfh
tywfqdk pmzwfonf/ [kwfw,fav/ pma&;aewkef; [dkudpö
'Dudpö vkyf&wm tqifrajy/ pmzwf&wmawmh aumif;onf/
oHk;vcefYaeawmh wuúodkvfoGm;zdkY taMumif;wdkufqdkif
vmonf/ vrf;BuHK&if; q&mawGudk oGm;EIwfqufonf/ tm;&
p&m tvGefaumif;onf/ rif;u ………… ighausmif;om;
vm;-wJh/ rSwfua&m/ 'DvdkeJYawmh rjzpfbl;qdkNyD; wpfvwpfcg
qdkovdk taMumif;&SmNyD; q&mawGeJY oGm;awGU&onf/ 'grS rSwf
rdrSmav/ ñTefMum;csufrSmawmh tenf;qHk; wpfvwpfBudrf
BuD;MuyfolawGeJ Y awGU&r,f/ 'D Mum;xJvnf; vd ktyf&if
vdktyfovdkaygh/ XmerSL;udkvnf; awGU&r,fwJh/ tJ'gu pnf;urf;
yJav/ udk,fhtwGufrS rvdkwm/ oGm;awGUvnf; bmtulnDrS
r&bl;/ olwdkYu tjypfyJ &Smwwfwm/ wuúodkvf pnf;urf;awG
touf0ifwm r0ifwm tyxm;/ &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifxm;&rSmu
ausmif;om;wm0ef/ udk,fpD;wJhjrif; txD; tr odzdkYvdkwmaygh
qdkovdkav/ wuúodkvfeJY udk,faewJhae&muvnf; uDvkdrDwm
120-ausmf a0;w,fav/ tNrJoGm;zdkYawmh tqifrajybl;/
ajymp&mawmh &Sdwmaygh/ okawoeausmif;om;qdkNyD;
pmMunfhwdkufawG bmawG roGm;bl;vm;vdkYav/ tNrJwrf;awmh
roGm;ygbl;/ NyD;awmh udk,fu Textual Study vkyfwmav/
udk,fhtcef;xJrSm vdktyfwJhpmtkyfawG wwfEdkifoavmuf udk,fydkif
0,fxm;w,f/ 'grS udk,fMunfhcsifwJhtcsdef Munfh&rSmudk/ [kwf
36 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
w,fav/ wpfcgwavus noef;acgifrS tBuHay:wmrsKd; jzpf
wwfw,f/ olrsm;tay:csnf; tm;udk;ae&wmvnf; pdwfqif;&J
&w,fav/ ygVdvdkawmh ]]oAÁH y&0oH 'ku©H}}wJh/ udk,fvdkcsifwJh
tcsdef&wm ukd,fydkif&Sdwm[m pdwfcsrf;omp&maygh/ pmvdkawmh
]]oAÁH £ó&d,H okcH}}wJh/ wefzdk;BuD;vGef;wmawGawmh rdwåL
ul;&onf/ tBuHawmh oHk;&wmaygh/ awmfawmfrsm;rsm; pmtkyf
awGu tifwmeufrSm &w,fav/ wdk;wufwJhacwfqdkawmh
aqmh0J,f (Software) awGudk oli,fcsif;awG tulnDeJ Y
uGefysLwmxJ xnfhxm;vdkufw,f/ axmufuljyK (Facilities)
awGuawmh jynfhpHkoavmuf&,f/ udk,fu toHk;ruswmyJ
&Sdw,f/
pmwrf;a&;awmh udk,fu olrsm;vdk tpOfwdkif; a&;wm
r[kwf/ tcef;oHk; (Chapter) uae pça&;wm/ q&mawG
cGifhjyKcsufawmh vdkwmaygh/ 'geJY udk,fpça&;csifwJhae&meJY taMumif;
udk oGm;aqG;aEG;&w,f/ usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfawmh olwdkYvnf;
oabmwlw,f/
2012 udkawmh udk,fwdkY wuúodkvftwGuf pHcsdefwif qE
jywJhESpfvdkY ajym&r,f/ q&mu jyvdkuf ausmif;om;u jyvdkufeJY/
wuúodkvf½Hk;0efxrf; (Non-academic Staff)uvnf; a&mjy
vdkufao;/ ysif;ysif;&Sd qEjyaeovm; rSwf&w,f/ 'DtaMumif;
awGuvnf; jynfwGif;omru EdkifiHwum pmrsufESmawGtxd
a&mufw,f/ a&TjynfBuD;u aqGawmf rsKd;awmfawGuvnf;
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 37
Mum;awmh pdwfylw,fxifh/ udk,fhqDvdk 'kef;'kef; 'uf'uf tkef;tkef;
usufusufawG xifaeyHk&w,f/ bmrSryleJYvdkY 'DrSmu tm;tm;&Sd
qEjywm? ysif;&if qExjywmvdkY ajymvdkufw,f/ [kwfvm;-
wJh/ tif; … aygh/
'Dwpfcg qEjywmawmh udk,fhtwGuf rxl;ygbl;/ udk,fu
ausmif;rS wufp&m rvdkwmudk/ pmxdkifa&;½HkyJ/ 'gayr,fh q&m
awGudkawmh cPcPqdkovdk rsufESmoGm;jy&ao;/ awmfMum
arhaerSjzifh 'ku©/ [dkwpfcgvdk rif;u ighausmif;om;vm;qdk ao
a&m/ ausmif;awmfBuD;ydwfayr,fh q&mawGeJYawmh awGUvdkY
&w,fav/ olwdkYae&m oGm;&wmaygh/
&SpfvavmufMumawmh udk,fvnf; tcef; (Chapter)
wpfcef; a&;NyD;oGm;w,f/ pmrsufESm wpf&mjynfhvkeD;yg;/
pmvHk;a&u oHk;aomif;cJGavmuf/ wpfvavmuf tacsmudkifNyD;
q&mawGxH oGm;ydkYvdkufw,f/ igwdkYu odyftvkyfrsm;wmwJh/
q&mawG&JU vufoHk;pum;/ udk,fvnf; rSwfxm;vdkufw,f/
q&mwdkYu odyftvkyfrsm;wmyJaemf vdkY pçawGUwmeJY EIwfquf
vdkufw,f/ &GJUwmr[kwfbl;/ twnfyg/ olwdkYvkyfief;udk tod
rSwfjyKwJhoabmav/ Feeling of importance-wJh vlwdkif;u
todrSwfjyK cHcsifwmyJ/ cHcsifyHk rwlwmyJ&,f/ 'geJY q&mawGvnf;
udk,fhudk,f oabmusw,f/
'Dwpfcgawmh ausmif;oGm;wm pdyfvmw,f/ wpfcef;u
vnf; wifNyD;NyDqdkawmh/ a&SUqufvkyfp&mawGu wpfyHkwpfyif/
38 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
q&mawGuvnf; tcufom;uvm;/ vludkjrifrS pmMunfhwm/
udk,fa&;xm;wm b,fvdkvJaygh/ taMumif;r&Sd taMumif;&Sm
oGm;NyD; ar;&w,f/ olwdkY pmppfwm wpfvausmfavmuf Mum
oGm;w,f/ NyD;awmh jyefay;w,f/ aumif;w,f-wJh/ wu,f
zwfvm; rzwfvm; rodbl;/
ausmif;om;wpfa,mufudk usrf;BuD;MuyfwJholu ESpf
a,muf/ wpfeJY ESpfaygh/ eHygwf-1 NyD;&if tukefNyD;ovdk &Sdw,f/
eHygwf-1 uvnf; udk,fhvdkyJ &[ef;0wfqdkawmh yem&om;/
eHygwf-2 uawmh vl/ 'umaygh/ olvnf; tqdk;BuD; r[kwfyg
bl;/ olYqDudk pmppfzdkY b,fESpfcg ay;ay; aysmufwmyJ/ tJ'g
avmufyg/ olYyHkqdk&if pm&GufxkwfceJY rJG&csnfh/ 'gayr,fh e*dku
bmrS r&Sdwmqdkawmh xl;NyD;rJGp&mawmh r&Sdygbl;/
q&mawG jyifcdkif;wJhtcsufawG jyifqif&if; aemufwpfqifh
ckefzdk Y vHk;yef;&w,f/ jyifcdkif;wm tukefawmh rjyifbl;av/
udk,fhrSmvnf; udk,fhtaMumif;jycsuf ,lqcsufawG a&;xm;wm
rvm;/ jyefawmh n§d&wmaygh/ tqifajyygw,f/ &Sif;jywmawGudk
q&mawGu vufcHygw,f/
jyi fc d ki f ;wmawG jyi f Ny D ; aemufwpfc g q&mawGe J Y
oGm;awGUawmhM.Phil. uae Ph.D. udk tqifhjr§ifh (Upgrade)
csifaMumif; aqG;aEG;&w,f/ oD&dvuFmwuúodkvfrsm;rSm
r[mwef; (MA) NyD;½HkeJY a'gufwmbJGU (Ph.D.) udk wdkuf½dkufvkyf
wJh xHk;pH r&SdMuygbl;/ r[m'óe (M.Phil.) udk t&if vkyfMu
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 39
&wmyg/ M.Phil. uaerS wpfqifh owfrSwfxm;wJhESpftwGif;rSm
Ph.D. udk Upgrade vkyfMu&wm/
tJ'DvdkvkyfzdkYu M.Phil. oufwrf; tenf;qHk; wpfESpf
&Sd&r,f/ pmvHk;a& tenf;qHk; oHk;aomif; oHk;aomif;cJGavmuf
a&;NyD;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ vuf&Sdusrf;udk aemufxyfwdk;csJUzdk Y
taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufopfawG tenf;qHk; &Spfcsuf
avmuf jy&w,f/ t"dutcsufawGaygh/ yHkaoawmh r[kwfyg
bl;/ q&m (Supervisor)ESpfa,muf&JU axmufcHcsuf vufrSwf
ygzdkYu ta&;BuD;w,f/ vG,fawmh rvG,fygbl;/ 'DtcsufawG
aMumifhvnf; oD&dvuFmrSm Ph.D. vkyfwJhol enf;wmvdkY wpfcsKdUu
ajymMuw,f/ [kwfcsifrSvnf; [kwfrSmyg/ ESpfawG MumwmaMumifh
vnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f/
vuFmwuúodkvfrsm;rSm Ph.D. oufwrf;udk tenf;qHk;
(Minimum) oHk;ESpfuae trsm;qHk; (Maximum) ig;ESpf?
odkYr[kwf ckESpfESpftxdyg/ ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvfuawmh tenf;
qHk; 3-ESpfuae trsm;qHk; 7-ESpftxd owfrSwfxm;ygw,f/
ausmif;p&dwftjyif tjcm;ukefusp&dwf taxGaxGaMumifh EdkifiH
&yfjcm;rSm ausmif;wpfckwnf; ESpf&SnfwufzdkYqdkwmvnf; tav;
xm; xnfhwGufp&m jzpfygw,f/
usrf;BuD;Muyfq&mawG oabmwl&if avQmufvTm (Apply
Letter) t&ifwif&w,f/ Upgrade vkyfcsifaMumif;eJY vkyf&jcif;
taMumif;&,f topfxnfhoGif;r,fh taMumif;t&mawG&,f
40 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
tusOf;csKyf yg&w,f/ A4 pmrsufESm ESpfrsufESmuae av;rsufESm
twGif;aygh/ pmvHk;a&tm;jzifhawmh wpfaxmifavmuf &Sdr,f
xifw,f/ Apply Letter udk XmerSL; (Head of the Department)
vdyfrlNyD; oufqdkif&mXmeudk ydkY&w,f/ t&ifuawmh r[mXmerSL;
(Dean of the Faculty of Arts) udk wdkuf½dkuf ydkY&wm/ udk,f
tvSnhfa&mufrS ajymif;oGm;w,f/ rydkYcif Apply Letter rSm
udk,fhvufrSwf ausmif;om;eHygwf tjynfhpHk yg&w,f/ NyD;&if
usrf;BuD;Muyfq&mESpfa,muf&JU axmufcHcsuf vufrSwfyg&
w,f/ q&mawG axmufcHcsufray;bJ XmerSL;qD ydkYvdkYr&bl;/
XmerSL;uaewpfqifh r[mXmerSL;qDoGm;/ tJuaewpfqifh
tqifhjrifhbJGUaumfrwD (Higher Degree Committee – HDC)
udk oGm;&w,f/ 'gawGu udk,feJY rqdkifawmhbl;/ olwdkY[m olwdkY
vkyf&wm/ udk,fu Apply Letter udk XmerSL; odkYr[kwf Xmeu
½Hk;vkyfief;qdkif&mawG ausmif;om;udpöawG pDpOfaqmif&Gufol
(Coordinator) qD ydkYay;½HkyJ/ tqifhqifh oabmwlnDcsufawG
vufrSwfawGygrS HDC- u cGifhjyKcsuf ay;wm/ HDC-uvnf;
Xme HDC &,f? r[mXme HDC &,f qdkNyD; ESpfck&Sdygw,f/ wdwd
usus ajym&&if DHDC (The Departmental Higher Degree
Committee) eJ Y FHDC (The Faculty Higher Degree
Committee) wdkY jzpfygw,f/ ESpfckvHk;&JU cGifhjyKcsufvdkw,fqdkwm
udkawmh xl;NyD; ajymp&m rvdkawmhygbl;/ 'gawG NyD;awmhrS
XmerSL;u Presentation vkyfzdkY &uf (Date)owfrSwfay;wm/
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 41
'DawmtwGif;rSm udk,fu okawoe tqdkjyKvTm tao;pdyf
(Detailed Research Proposal)? odkYr[kwf usrf;tusOf;csKyf
(Synopsis) udk jyifxm;&w,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmh ouf
qdkif&mXmeu NyD;w,fqdk&if usefvkyfief;tqifhqifhu NyD;wm
yg/ wuúodkvfBuD;awG&JU xHk;pHawG ½Hk;vkyfief;qdkif&m pnf;urf;awG
aMumifhom tckvdk vkyf&wm xifygw,f/
okawoe tqdkjyKvTmudk a&;csifovdk a&;vdkYr&ygbl;/
EdkifiHwumpHawGeJY vkyf&wm/ ydkta&;BuD;wmu wuúodkvfu
ñTefMum;wJhtwdkif; vkyfzdkY/ ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf&JU pnf;urf;
t& okawoe tqdkjyKvTmudk M.Phil. twGuf A4-qdk'f
av;rsufESmuae ajcmufrsufESmtwGif;? Ph.D. twGuf ajcmuf
rsufESmuae &SpfrsufESmtwGif; okawoe vkyfxHk;awGeJYtnD
jyifqif&ygw,f/ tJ'gudk Presentation rvkyfcif wpfywf
odkYr[kwf oHk;av;&ufcefYBudKNyD; q&mawGudk ay;xm;&ygw,f/
tenf;qHk; rdwåL &Spfapmiful;ay;&wmyg/ ay;xm;NyD;jzpfayr,fh
Presentation vkyfr,fh &ufa&muf&if aemufxyftenf;qHk;
&Spfapmifavmuf rdwåLul;NyD; ,lvm&ygao;w,f/ rsm;aomtm;
jzifh q&mawGu BudKydkYxm;wmawGudk ,lrvmwm jzpfwwfyg
w,f/ q&mawGtjyif Presentation wufvmwJh wjcm;olawG
udkvnf; ay;&ygw,f/
'gawGuawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifh Open Presentation
vkyf&avh&Sdygw,f/ b,folrqdk wufa&mufcGifh&SdwJh oabmyg/
42 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
Presentation vkyf&mrSm ESpfrsKd; &Sdw,f/ wpfcku yHkrSeftwdkif;
½dk;½dk;yg/ aemufwpfckuawmh y½dk*sufwmoHk;NyD; Power-point
Presentation vkyfwmyg/ aemufyHkpHtwGufawmh BudKwif
taMumif;Mum;&NyD; pmzdkifaqmh0J,fudkvnf; BudKwifay;xm;&
wmyg/ usefwmawmh twlwlygyJ/ rJta&wGufeJYyJ qHk;jzwfwmyg/
oufqdkif&m ynm&SifawG&JU xuf0ufausmf axmufcHrI&&if atmif
jrifw,fvdkY qdk&ygr,f/ tenf;qHk;awmh udk,fh&JUusrf;BuD;Muyfol
ESpfa,muf&JU vufrSwfukd &NyD; jzpfaeygNyD/
Presentation NyD;wmeJY q&mawG tpnf;a0;xdkifygw,f/
axmufcHcsuf ta&wGufay:MunfhNyD; XmerSL;vufrSwfeJY r[m
XmerSL;qD;ydkY? tJuae HDC udk oGm;/ yHkrSefvkyf½dk; vkyfpOftwdkif;
oGm;ygw,f/ q&mawG tpnf;a0;Ny D;wmeJ Y tqifajy
rajyqdkwmudk udk,fhq&mawGuaewpfqifh od&ygw,f/ w&m;0if
awmh r[kwfygbl;/ tajcaeaumif;w,f raumif;bl;qdkwJh
oabmavmufyg/
Presentation NyD;oGm;&ifawmh tenf;qHk; ajcmufvcefY
apmifh&ygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh HDC tpnf;a0;u wpfESpf
rS ESpfBudrfyJ vkyfwmyg/ 6-vywf wpfBudrfaygh/ 'gu yHkrSefaygh/
a&Smifwcif taMumif;awG (Casual Case) aMumifh pnf;a0;wm
vnf; &Sdwwfygw,f/ tJ'Dtpnf;a0;qHk;jzwfcsuf&rS r[mXme
u armfuGef;xdef;u cGifhjyKcsufpm (Approval Letter) udk
vufrSwfxdk;ay;ygw,f/ 'Dpm udk,fhvufxJa&mufzdkYuvnf;
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 43
½Hk;tqifhqifhoGm;&wmrdkY tcsdefawmfMumatmif apmifh&ygao;w,f/
XmerSL;? bJGUvGefXme ponfjzifh pHka&mpda&m qdkygawmh/ 'gaMumifh
ukvm;eJY tvkyfvkyf&mwm cEÅDyg&rDjznfhhNyD;om; jzpfw,fvdkY
wpfcsKdUu ajymavh&Sdw,f/ pdwf&SnfwwfzdkY vdkygw,f/
ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvfrSm Ph.D. vkyfwJh ausmif;om;awG
[m Synopsis udk ESpfBudrf a&;&ygw,f/ M.Phil. rSm wpfcg/
M.Phil. uae Ph.D. udk Upgrade vkyfwJhtcgrSm wpfcgyg/
Presentation NyD;oGm;wmeJY Approval Letter &zdkY apmifhaya&mh/
tenf;qHk;awmh ajcmufvyg/ ydkNyD; wdwdusus ajym&&if r&cif
tcsdefxdaygh/ bmtaMumif;eJYyJjzpfjzpf 6-vywf wpfBudrfrSm udk,fh
usrf;&JU aygufa&mufrI tpD&ifcHpm (Progress Letter) wifzdkY arh
vdkY r&ygbl;/ tpD&ifcHpmrSm 6-vtwGif; udk,fh&JUvkyfaqmifcsuf
rsm;udk tusOf;csKyfa&;NyD; ausmif;om;udk,fa&;qdkif&m tcsuf
tvuf azmifeJYtwl wif&w,f/ NyD;&if BuD;MuyfwJhq&mawG&JU
vufrSwfeJY XmerSL;qDydkY/ usefwJh ½Hk;vkyfief;pOfuawmh yHkrSef
twdkif;yg/
udk,fuawmh tcef;wpfcef;a&;NyD; 2012? Edk0ifbmvukef
rSm Apply Letter wifvdkufw,f/ 'Dwpfcg rapmifh&ygbl;/ yxr
usrf;BuD;Muyfq&meJYtwl udk,fwdkif XmerSL;qDudk oGm;ydkYwm
qdkawmh jrefoGm;w,f/ wdkufqdkifwmvnf; jzpfrSmyg/ XmerSL; u
ar;cGef; av;ig;ajcmufckavmuf ar;NyD; aemufESpfywfrSm
Presentation vkyfzkdY &ufcsdef;ay;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh XmerSL;u
44 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
Synopsis toifhjzpfNyDvm;ar;awmh jzpfNyDvdkY aemufwpfywf
vmay;r,fvdkY ajymvdkufw,f/ &w,fwJh Presentation vkyfwJh
&ufusrS ,lvmvnf; jzpfygw,fwJh/ tr,fav; udk,fawmfacsm
ES,f oabmawG vTwfaumif;aeyga&mvm;/
trSefawmh XmerSL; ar;wJhtcsdefrSm Synopsis udk ra&;&
ao;/ Apply Letter wifNyD; ESpfvoHk;vavmuf apmifh&w,f
qdkvdk Y BudKwifwJhoabmyg/ udk,frSef;wmu wpfESpfjynfhNyD;
ESpfvavmufpGef;atmifaygh/ 2013? azazmf0g&DvxJ &&if uGufwd
aygh/ tcsdefapmNyD; Upgrade awmif;wmuvnf; jyóem&Sdw,f/
Ph.D. vkyfief;awGrSm wm0ef&SdolawGu qDtayguf&Smovdk
jyóem BuHzef&Smwm/ 'gaMumifh tpp t&m&m xnfhwGuf&w,f/
vkyfief;eJY qufpyfwJhtay: avhvmrIpGrf;tm; (Observation
Power) ta&;BuD;w,f/
udk,f&ifi,fb0u pmoifwdkufBuD;wpfwdkufrSm aezdkY oGm;
avQmufw,f/ q&mawmfeJY rawGUcifrSm oli,fcsif;awGu rSm
w,f/ q&mawmf bmar;ar; odw,fvdkYajym-wJh/ rodbl;? r&Sdbl;?
pmr&bl; pojzifh toifhrjzpfao;wmawG ravQmufrdapeJYwJh/
tawGU BuHK&SdwJholawGeJY rdwfaqGjzpf&wmvnf; atmifjrifaMumif;
wpfckyJ/ tvGefpnf;urf;BuD;w,fqdkwJh pmoifwdkufrSm aecGifh&
oGm;w,f/ pmoifcGifh&w,fvdkY qdkvkdwmyg/
tckvnf; XmerSL; oabmawG a&pD;urf;NydKaumif;aewkef;
No vkyfvdkY rjzpfbl;/ cyfwnfwnfyJ Yes vkyfvdkufw,f/ 'geJY
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 45
wuúodkvfuae csufcsif;jyefvmNyD; Synopsis a&;zdkY jyifw,f
qdkygawmh/ av;&ufavmuf xdkifa&;vdkufw,f/ NyD;oGm;w,f/
taMumif;t&m tcsufvufawGuvnf; ]]uRJul; a&yg}}qdkovdk
rSwfpk (Note) xkwfxm;wmqdkawmh jrefjrefNyD;wmaygh/ awmfvdkY
r[kwf&wm trSefyg/ a&;NyD;awmh taqmifrSm twlae tcef;csif;
uyf&Sd q&morm;u aocsmppfay;w,f/ olvnf; ay&ma'ed,
rSm vuf&Sd Ph.D. vkyfaew,f/ olu a&TjynfBuD;rSmwkef;u
wuúodkvf 'kwd,ESpfrSm udk,fhq&morm;aygh/
2012? 'DZifbmv 'kwd,tywfxJrSm Presentation NyD;oGm;
w,f/ xHk;pHtwdkif;av/ Approval Letter &zdkYu apmihfaya&mh/
tawGUBuHK &NyD;NyDqdkawmh odyfNyD; aomuyGm;raeawmhbl;/
vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyf½HkyJ/ vkyfp&mqdkwmu a&TjynfBuD; jyefr,fav/
wpfESpfcJGavmufatmif;NyD; wukyfukyf vkyfxm;xmqdkawmh
NiD;aiGUoGm;NyD/ pdwfajyvufaysmuf c&D;oGm;OD;r,f/ [kwfygh
………/ tckrS owd&w,f/ yk*Hudk oGm;&OD;r,f/
'Dawmh pum;pyfvdkY ajym&&if vuFmwuúodkvfrsm;rSm
omrefbJGU BudKausmif;om; (Undergraduate Student) jzpfjzpf?
bJGUvGefausmif;om; (Postgraduate Student) jzpfjzpf txufrSm
ajymcJhovdkyJ ynma&; vkyfief;pOf wpfavQmufvHk;rSm yHkrSeftm;
jzifhawmh wuúodkvft"dywd(Chancellor)? odk Ywnf;r[kwf
wuúodkvf 'kwd,t"dywd (Vice Chancellor) udk awGUp&m
taMumif; r&Sdygbl;/ udk,fwdkYEdkifiHrSmawmh wuúodkvfawGrSm
46 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
t"dywd (Chancellor) qdkwJhtoHk;tEIef;udk awGU&cJygw,f/
trsm;tm;jzifh ygarmu©csKyf (Rector ) ? 'kwd, ygarmu©csKyfudk
(Pro Rector) vdkY pwJh toHk;awGudk awGU&avh&Sdygw,f/ olwdkY
wpfOD;OD;xHuae axmufcHcsuf wpfckcktwGuf vufrSwfxdk;zdkY
vdkw,f qdkygpdkY/ Oyrm aexdkifcGifhADZm (Residence Visa) twGuf
axmufcHpm vdkwJhtcgrsKd;aygh/ udk,fhwm0efu bJGUvGefXmetxd
oGm;½Hkyg/ usefwmudk olwdkY[molwdkY qufvkyfygw,f/ &ufcsdef;rSm
oGm;,lvdkuf½HkygyJ/ xm;ygawmh/ wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;awGudk
ausmif;om;wpfa,muftaeeJY yHkrSefvkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm awGUp&m
rvdkbl;qdkwJhtaMumif;udk ajymcsifvdkYyg/
jywfoGm;wJh pum;udk jyefquf&&if ESpfvydkif;ukefrSm
a&TjynfBuD; jyefjzpfw,f/ [dk[dk'D'D EdkifiHawG roGm;awmhbl;/
a&TjynfBuD;rSmvnf; tvkyfawGu udk,fhudk,fapmifhaeav&JU/
atmf…… ajym&OD;r,f/ udk,fuvnf; a&TjynfBuD;rSm tBuD;
tuJav/ tNrD;&Snf&SnftaumifawGvdk rjrifvdkufygeJY/ r[kwf
&ygbl;/ ausmif;wdkufem,uwpfyg;qdkawmh wynfhawGtwGuf
ausmif;wdkuftwGuf vkyfay;&rSmawG &Sdw,frvm;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
udk,fvkyfay;EdkifwmawG vkyfay;zdk Y a&TjynfBuD; jyef&r,f/
vlBuD;awGtwGuf w&m;jyay;&r,f/ vli,fawGtwGuf
pmoifay;&r,f/ ]]vrf;oGm; [efvJT}}qdkovdk yk*Hvnf; oGm;OD;
rSmav/ 'geJY rjyefcif pmwpfyk'f pDrdw,f/ -
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 47
“tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}
wdkYtdrfrSm
ae0ifcsdefapmifh
ajzmifhajzmifheJY c&D;qufvdkolawG&Sdw,f/
wdkYtdrfrSm
aexGufcsdefapmifh
avmutvSudk MunfhvdkolawG&Sdw,f/
wdkYtdrfom;awG
em;ylem;qmrvkyfwwf
rylpmwwfbl;
wdwfqdwfrIawGBuD;pdk;
pdk;xdwfrIawGwdk;&if;
rSdwfwkwfvif;vuf
[dkta0;u Mu,fpifpufrsm;vdk
arSsmfvifhwJhrsuf0ef;awG&Sdw,f/
wdkY[m tdrfom;awGtwGuf
wm0ef&SdolvdkY ,lq&if
wm0ef&SdolyJaygh
0wå&m;&SdolvdkY awG;&if
0wå&m;&Sdolaygh
ay;qyfEdkifpGrf;&SdolvdkY jrif&if
ay;qyfEdkifolaygh
48 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
todw&m;uvJG&if
wdkYtdrftwGuf
b,folrS rawmif;qdkbl;/
rsuf&nfpawGudkokwf
0rf;MuKwfMuKwfudkjznfhay;
awmif;qdkrJh vdktyfcsufawGjznfhawG;
urf;vifhwJhvufawGudk wJGay;zdkY
vm……tdrfjyefpkdYoli,fcsif;/
tm;i,fp&mr&Sdbl;
,dk,Gif;aewmuvJG&if
wdkYrSm tdrf&Sdw,f
tjyeftvSefay;qyf
&ifcsif;tyfvdkY
ayGUzuf&r,fh rdom;pkawGvnf; &Sdw,fav/
(Saturday, January 12, 2013)
'DuAsmav;u a&TjynfBuD;udk jyef&wJh &nf&G,fcsufyHk&dyf
wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk aumufaMumif;qJGvdkufwmyg/ 2013-ckESpf?
arvxkwf wuúodkvf&[ef;ysKd pmapmif? twJG-1? trSwf-9?
rSmvnf; azmfjycJhzl;ygw,f/
trSefvnf; a&TjynfBuD;rSm vkyfp&mawG wpfyHkwpfyifyg/
a&mufw,fqdk&ifyJ &efukefr,f vkyfp&m&SdwmawG wwfEdkif
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 49
oavmuf Z,fqwfovdk vkyfypfvdkufygw,f/ wpfywfavmuf
MumNyD; e,fqif;ygw,f/ o&ufNrdKUyg/ rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;xJu/
e,fa&mufawmh ausmif;wdkufu em,uq&mawmfawG
eJYtwl w&m;pcef;zGifhzdkY jyifqifygw,f/ olwdkYuawmh i,folcsif;
awGqdkvnf; [kwfygw,f/ ausmif;wdkufu jyefvnf wnfaxmif
umpqdkawmh vkyfp&mawGu wpfyHkwpfacgif;/ pnfyiftvkyf
uae or®wtvkyfxd tukefvkyf&w,f/ w&m;a[m pmcs
oefY&Sif;a&; pojzifh tukefvkyf&wmudk ajymcsifwmyg/ ausmif;
wdkufoHCmawGvnf; pmar;yJGajzzdkY jyifqifaeqJav/ tcufcJ
awG &Sdayr,fh pnf;vHk;jcif;onf tiftm;qdkovdk tm;vHk;
wufnDvufnD Edkif&m0efudk,fpDeJY vkyfvdkufMuwm atmifjrif
w,fvkdY qdk&r,f/ 'DumvtwGif;rSm NrdKUe,fvHk;qdkif&m 0denf;
pmjyefyJ GrSm oHCmawmfrsm;twGuf wpfzufwpfvrf;uae
0dkif;ulcGifh&ao;w,f/
w&m;pcef; pçzGif h&ufawGrSm &efukefudk w&m;a[m
<u&w,f/ aemufydkif;&ufawG rDygw,f/ nw&m;a[m/ usefwJh
tcsdef awmufwdkr,f& ulaygh/ w&m;yJGawGvnf; tcgtm;
avsmfpGm NrdKUa&mawmyg <u&w,f/ vuFm rjyefciftxd qdkygawmh/
tcsdef&&if usrf;twGuf pma&;r,fqdkNyD; pmtkyfawGxnfhoGm;
wm udkifMunfhcsdefawmif r&ygbl;/ woD;woefY jzpfaew,f/
olvnf; olYae&molae? udk,fvnf; udk,ftvkyfeJY udk,fav/
50 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
w&m;pcef;odrf;awmh uav;rsm;twGuf aEG&moD
,Ofaus;vdr®moifwef; zGifhzdk Y jyifMuw,f/ tm;vHk; pdwfwl
ukd,fwlaygh/ pmar;yJGawG &ufa&TUvdkufw,fqdkwJh owif;awG
xGufvmawmh ausmif;wdkufu oHCmawGyg uav;awGudk
pmuloifMuw,f/ &ufuGufxJu ausmif;q&m q&mrawGyg
tulnDawmif;&w,f/ olwdkYvnf; vdkvdkvm;vm; vmoifay;
Muw,f/ ausmif;om;u oHk;&mausmf av;&meD;eD;&Sdw,f/
oifwef;&ufu wpfvavmufyJ/ tcsdefjynfhoifwmqdkawmh
tawmfav; xda&mufw,f ajym&r,f/
tnmaEGqdkwm odwJhtwdkif;yJ/ tvGefylwmuvm;/
uav;awG ausmif;vm pmoifwm aus;Zl;wif&w,f/ udk,fh
bufuvnf; wwfEdkifoavmuf ul&wmaygh/ oifwef;oHk; pmtkyf
cJwHutp tukefvSLw,f/ oifwef;oHk; pmtkyfawGudkawmh prdkif;
(Smile) &efukef u vSLygw,f/ udk,fhudk,fvnf; ynmoifp&dwf
vSL'gef;aewJh y&[dw rdom;pk todkufttHkav;yg/ ausmif;
cPqif;csdef azsmf&nfwdkuf rkef YauR;wmuvnf; wpfaeY
wpfrsKd;aygh/ aeYpOfvdk &ufuGufxJu tvSL&Sifrsm; &Sdw,f/
tvSL&Siftm;vHk;udkvnf; aus;Zl;txl;wif&w,f/ ausmif;oHCm
q&m q&mrawGa&maygh/ olwdkYaMumifhomr[kwf&if atmifjrifzdkY
rvG,fbl;/
ausmif;u oifwef;NyD;umeD;rSm NrdKUxJu Ak'bmom vli,f
tzJGUqdkwm ausmif;a&mufvmw,f/ olwdkYvnf; NrdKUv,f bk&m;BuD;
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 51
"r®m½HkrSm ,Ofaus;rI oifwef;zGifhcsifw,f/ q&mawmfwdkY ulnD
Edkifrvm;qdkwm vmavQmufw,f/ ausmif;utNyD; olwdkYu
tzGifhqdkawmh jzpfw,fqdkNyD; vu©Hvdkufw,f/ olwdkYu yxr
BudrfzGifhwm/ udk,fwdkYausmif;u av;Budrf&SdoGm;NyD/ w&m;pcef;eJY
tBudrfwlaygh/ udk,ftyg0if ausmif;u em,uq&mawmfwpfyg;
aeYpOfoGm;oifw,f/ NrdKUe,f oHCem,utzJGUu BuD;rSL;zGifhwm
qdkawmh oHCem,utzJGU0ifq&mawmfawGyg pmvmoifMuw,f/
tJrSmawmh ausmif;om;aygif; wpfaxmifavmuf&Sdw,f/
tm;&mp&m tawmfaumif;/ ausmif;rSm uav;awGoifzd k Y
vkyfxm;wJh t*Fvdyfpm jrefrmpm ,Ofaus;rIpmtkyfawG oHk;yg
&apqdkvdkY cGifhjyKvdkufw,f/ pmtkyfawGu udk,fh[mudk,f pDpOf
xm;wmyg/ t*Fvdyfpmtkyfuawmh 2009 uwnf;u a&;xm;
wm/ bdkuav;NrdKUrSm ,Ofaus;vdr®moifwef; oGm;zGifhwkef;uaygh/
ud k,f hZmwd&Gmuawmh udk,fawG i,fpOfuwnf;u
,Ofaus;rIqdkwm ESpfpOf oifaeus/ udk&ifi,fb0 &GmjyefwmeJY
BuHK&if oifay;&aeMu/ 'Dwpfcgawmh udk,fu &GmrjyefEdkifbl;/
udpör&Sdbl;/ &Gmausmif;q&mawmfu pmoifwmawmfw,f/
pdwfvnf;&Snfw,f/ ESpfpOfvnf; t&ifvdkyJ oifaeus/ 'geJY
oifaxmufulypönf;awG pmtkyfawG udk,fu vSLvdkufw,f/
udk,fvSLwmqdkawmh 'um 'umrawG vSLwmyJaygh/
NrdKUv,foifwef;u oBuFeftBudKaeY rwdkifcif wpf&ufrSm
NyD;oGm;w,f/ ESpfywfausmfavmuf Mumw,fajym&r,f/ olwdkY
52 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
pmar;yJGajz&ufrSm jynfNrdKUudk oGm;vdkufao;w,f/ arSmfZmt&yf
rSm&SdwJh oa&acwå&mNrdKUa[mif;udk avhvm&atmif qdkygawmh/
arSmfZmNrdKUa[mif;vdkY tvG,fac:Muygw,f/ aeYcsif;jyefvdkY&wJhc&D;yg/
&[ef;'umrBuD;om;u rdom;pkeJYtwl jynfrSmaew,f/ ol
vmBudKw,f/ tpp t&m&m ulnDvdkY vdkcsifwmawG tcsdefwdkwGif;
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'gaMumihf arSmfZmNrdKUa[mif;vdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/ jynfNrdKUteD;em;
rSmyg/ jynfNrdKU&JU ta&SUawmifbuf ig;rdkifcefYtuGm? jynf-aygufacgif;
um;vrf;ab;aygh/ avhvmoifhwJh ae&mwpfckvdk Y qdk&r,f/
ordkif;aMumif;t& ajym&&if olu yk*Hxuf trsm;BuD; apmw,f/
arSmfZmu at'Dav;&mpk (4th AD)/ yk*Hu at'D 11-&mpk (11th
AD) 0ef;usifyg/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;rSmawmh arSmfZmudk tapmqHk;
at'D 2-&mpktxd cefYrSef;xm;wmudk awGU&ygw,f/
arSmfZmrSmvnf; Ak'bmom a&mufcJhw,fqdkwJh trSwfom;
awG taxmufxm;awG trsm;BuD;yg/ xkdtwlyJ arSmfZmrSm
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xm;awGyg awGU&w,f/ xl;jcm;wmuawmh ax&0g'rSm toHk;jyKwJh
&weokwfwdkYvdk y&dwfBuD;awGudk NrdKUwHcg;awGrSm csxm;w,fqdkwJh
taxmufxm;awGudk ausmufpmcsyfawGeJYtwlawGU&wmyg/
arSmfZmrSm a&TayvTmawGvnf; awGU&ygao;w,f/ tJ'D
a&TayvTmawGay:rSm yÍ ö0*¾D ig;OD;xJu t&SiftóZdrax&fu
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 53
t&Sifom&dykwå&mavmif; OywdóeJY pawGUawmh a[mMum;vdkuf
wJh ]]a, "r®m a[wkyÜbm0g}} pwJh *gxmawGudkyg awGU&w,f/
NyD;awmh y#dpöorkyÜg'f tp&SdwJh ygVdawmf aumufEIwfcsufrsm;
udkvnf; awGU&ygao;w,f/ bmyJajymajym yk*HxufapmNyD;
jrefrmEdkifiHudk Ak'¨bmom a&mufcJhw,fqdkwm xif&Sm;ygw,f/
tJ'DrSm ax&0g' t&ifa&mufwmvm;? r[m,me t&ifa&muf
wmvm;qdkwmawmh rajymvdkygbl;/ udk,fu ordkif;q&mrS
r[kwfwm/ olwdkYvnf; jiif;MuqJ? twnfjyKzdkY BudK;pm;MuqJ
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wpfcsKdU ordkif;rSwfwrf;rsm;rSmawmh jrefrmEdkifiHudk ax&0g'
Ak'omoem a&mufcJhwm bDpD 3-&mpk (3rd B.C.) uwnf;u
vdkY qdkMuygw,f/ tdEd,EdkifiH taomurif;vufxufrSm wwd,
o*Fg,em wifygw,f/ o*Fg,emwifNyD; udk;wdkif;udk;Xme
omoemjyKc&D; apvTwf&mrSm jrefrmEdkifiH (ok0PÖblrd) [mvnf;
wpfck tygt0if jzpfw,fvdkY od&ygw,f/
,Ofaus;rI oifwef;awGNyD;awmh oBuFef&ufxJ a&muf
oGm;NyDav/ ausmif;rSmvnf; 'kv’bvm0wfwJh udk&ifawG
OD;Zif;awG trsm;BuD;yJ/ &SifjyK &[ef;cHu 0wfwmawGvnf; yg&JU/
omoemwGif; cPa&mufvmwm tusKd;rJh rjzpfatmifqdkNyD;
qGrf;cHxGuf bk&m;0wfwuf w&m;xdkifcdkif;wmawG vkyf&w,f/
udk,fwdkifvnf; w&m;xdkifaygh/ oli,fcsif;awGuvnf; udk,f
rtm;wJhtcg ulMuw,f/ tcgwdkif;awmh olwdkYudk,fwdkif vkyfae
54 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
usawGyg/ oBuFefwGif;qdkawmh w&m;yJG enf;enf;pdyfw,f/
tvSLtwef;vnf; &ufqufvdkyJ/ w&m;a[m w&m;jyeJY/
auseyfp&m tcsdefawGyg/
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w,f/ tdrfu qdkifu,feJY vmBudKw,fav/ rdkif oHk;q,fausmf
avmufyJ a0;wmqdkawmh ESpfem&Davmufqdk a&mufoGm;a&m/
aeuawmh tawmfylw,f/ b,fvdk pmzJGU&rSef;awmif rodygbl;/
bmyJjzpfjzpf ]]pdawåe eD,wd avmaum}} qdkwJhtwdkif; pdwf
aqmifawmh vkyfEdkifwmyJ/ oBuFefwGif;rSm w&m;pcef;awGuyifhvdkY
tcgtm;avsmfpGm w&m;a[m<u&ao;w,f/
ESpfqef;wpf&ufaeYrSmawmh xHk;pHtwdkif;yJ/ wpfaeukef
y&dwf&Gwf<u&w,f/ reuft½kPfqGrf; ig;em&Dupçvdkufwm
n&Spfem&Dxd/ rdk;pkyfpkyfcsKyfa&m qdkygawmh/ vlvnf; tawmfav;
rvIifcsif rudkifcsifavmuf EGrf;oGm;w,f/ &yfuGufxJomru
NrdKUay: Xmeqdkif&mudkvnf; tukefeD;yg; <u&w,f/ ausmif;wdkuf
oHCmawmfawGvnf; yifyef;&SmMuw,f/
oBuFefausmf av;ig;&ufrSm tvSLtwef;awG oma&;
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arG;&yfajr jyefjzpfw,f/ ig;&ufavmuf aejzpfw,f/ a&S;a[mif;
aESmif;jzpfawG ajymMu qdkMu&if;aygh/ trSefu udk,fu em;axmif
orm; oufouf&,f/ vlBuD;awGajymwm em;axmifay;&wmaygh/
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 55
rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmh pD;yGm;a&; tqifrajyaMumif; vkyfpm
udkifpm r&aMumif;aygh/
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i,fi,fu q&mrjzpfwJholu yifhw,fqdkygawmh/ &GmrSm ausmif;
q&mr wm0efvmusawmh oleJY &if;ESD;oGm;wm/ cif&maqGrsKd;
qdkwJhtwdkif; aqGrsKd;om;csif;awGvdkygyJ/ rif;vSa&mufawmh
q&mrwdkYtdrfu um;av;eJY rif;bl;oGm;jzpfao;w,f/ e*g;yGuf
awmif wpfcgrS ra&mufzl;bl;vdkY udk,fu vQm&Snfrdwmudk/
q&mrarmifu rauG;-jrovGefyg ydkYr,fajymw,f/ aeygapvdkY/
i,fi,fu a&mufzl;NyDav/ aeu jyif;vGef;awmh odyfroGm;csif
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olvnf; jrefrmhordkif;rSm xif;&Sm;wJh wpfae&muae &yfwnfcJh
wmyJ/ ZmwdNrdKUqdkwmu udk,fhtwGufawmh trnfcHoufouf
&,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh taMumif;wdkufqdkifrS a&mufjzpfwm
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56 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
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ausmif;wpfzufeJYqdkawmh bmrS xdxda&mufa&muf rvkyfay;
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awGrSm tcsdefukefaygh/ naeapmif;rS pmtkyfawG wpfayGUwpfydkuf
BuD;eJYjyefvm/ &efukefausmif;u tazmfwpfyg;vnf; ygwwfw,f/
wpfcgwavawmh 'umawGu um;eJY vdkufydkYw,f/ aeYwdkif;awmh
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 57
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umvwpfavQmufvHk; r&GmwJh udka&Trdk;u oJBuD; rJBuD; &Gmyg
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rqdk;ygbl;aygh/ &aohpdwfajz vkyfrdw,f/
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oGm;zdkYudk tifwifwif jzpfaejyefa&m/ jrefrmEdkifiHa&mufpu
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vdkY ajymxm;vdkufw,f/ tckusawmh olwdkYuvnf; ta&;udpö
awG rsm;aew,fxifw,f/ 'geJY rajymawmhygbl;/ udk,fhtpDpOfeJY
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58 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
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aMumif; tGefvdkif;rSm aygufuJGoHpOf a&;rdw,fqdkygpdkY/ 'gu
udk,fhvkyfydkifcGifh udk,fhaygufuJGcGifhyJ/ udk,fazmufcJGvdkY &wJhae&mrSm
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q&mawmfaygh/ vuf&Sd tdE´ d,EdkifiH tEémrvdkif;wuúodkvf
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vkyfaeav&JU/ a&mufatmifoGm;cJhygwJh/ wnf;zdkY pm;zdkY ryleJYqdkyJ/
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taqmifwpfckrSm oD;oefYjyifxm;wm awGU&w,f/ vmBudKwJholu
reuft½kPfqGrf;udk uomq&mawmf&JU trawmfrsm;rdom;pku
wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 59
vmuyfygr,fvdkY avQmufoGm;w,f/ t½kPfusif;awmh ausmif;
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reuf ig;em&DcJGavmufrSm uomq&mawmf&JU trawmfrsm;
qGrf;vmuyfMuw,f/ vm; …… vm; …… rdwfqufvdkuf
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vufaqmifay;jzpfw,f/ abmf'gBuD; uomq&mawmfudkvnf;
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tdrfrSm olYpmtkyfawGudk ola'gufwmvkyfatmifoGm;awmh odrf;xm;
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60 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3
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Prome qdkwm jrefrmjynftv,fydkif; {&m0wDjrpfurf;ay:u
74 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-4
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tGef;vdkif; pG,fpHkusrf;tqdkt& aemufxyfod&jyefwmuvnf;
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udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 83
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aemufwpfcku jrefrmEdkifiHu xif&Sm;wJh ordkif;ynm&Sif
a'gufwmoef;xGef;eJY qufpyfaewJh taMumif;yg/ 'gvnf;
rSwfom;cJhzl;wmav;yg/ okawoe ausmif;olwpfa,muf&JU
usrf;udk q&mBuD; a'gufwmoef;xGef;u BuD;Muyfay;&w,f-
wJh/ tJ'Dausmif;ol[m ola&;wmawGudk q&mBuD;u pdwfwdkif;
rusbl;? jyifvdkYcsnf;cdkif;aeawmh q&mBuD;a&SUrSm NiD;wGm;ygw,f/
q&mBuD;&,f uRefrawmh aocsifawmhwmygyJvdkY ajymvdkuf&m
q&mBuD;u tem;rSm&SdwJh "m;udk,lNyD; ypfay;vdkufw,f-wJh/
uJav ynmawG ynmwwfawG oabmw&m; ajymcJhNyD/
qHk;jzwfzdkYuawmh udk,fhtydkif;aygh/ t&ifu ajymcJhovdkyJ/ ynm
wwfqkdwJhpum;udk yk*Ha&S;a[mif;ae&mawGeJY qufpyfvdkuf&if
86 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5
udk,feJYawmh olpdrf;jyifjyif jzpfcJhwm trSefyg/ bGif;bGif;ajym&&if
ynmrwwfbl;ayghAsm/
'gayr,fh r[mwef;wufawmh tJ'DrSm bmom&yfwpfck
qnf;yl;&w,f/ Buddhist Art and Architecture wJh/ Ak'¨
bmomqdkif&m yef;csDyef;ykpwJh tEkynmawG Adokumqdkif&mawG
bmom&yfaygh/ 'DawmhrS tkwfusKd; tkwfyJhawG cyfrSdefrSdef taqmuf
ttHkawG&JU wefzdk;qdkwmudk a&;a&;odvmw,f/ wu,fESpfESpf
umum rodao;wmawmh trSefyJ/ OD;a&Tatmif&JU pum;eJY
ajym&r,fqdk&if omoemqdkwm &ifwGif;rSm wnfatmifvkyf&rSm-
wJh/ taqmufttHkqdkwm aemifwpfcsdefrSm a&S;a[mif; okawoe
twGufyJ toHk;usawmhowJh/
oD&dvuFma&mufpESpfrSm EdkifiHtESY H bk&m;zl;xGuf&if;
a'oEÅ&A[kokwvnf; &SmMuw,f/ a&mufNyD; rMumrDqdkovdk
oGm;Muwmyg/ 'Dwkef;u Buddhist Art and Architecture qdkwJh
bmom&yfudk roif&ao;ygbl;/ ausmif;rS rwuf&ao;wmudk/
tJ' Dr Sm tEk&m"y l& (Anuradhapura) ? aygavmE k½ k0
(Polonnaruwa) qdkwJh a&S;a[mif; NrdKUawmfawGudk a&mufygw,f/
oD&dvuFmEdkifiHhordkif;rSm tEk&m"yl&acwf (Anuradhapura
Period)? aygavme½k0acwf (Polonnaruwa Period)? uEDacwf
(Kandy Period) qdkNyD; tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh acwfoHk;acwf
&Sdygw,f/
udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 87
tEk&m"yl&acwf[m tapmqHk;jzpfNyD; oufwrf;vnf;
t&Snf qHk;yg/ ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmf&Sdw,fvdkY ordkif;awGrSm
azmfjy xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh aygavme½k0eJY uEDacwfyg/ uED
acwfrSm udkvdkeDEdkifiHtjzpf a&mufoGm;w,fvdkY rSwfwrf;&Sdygw,f/
tEk&m"yl&acwfqdkwm bDpDav;&mpk (4th BC) upNyD;
at'D 11-&mpk (11th AD) txdyg/ jrefrmhordkif;eJYajym&&if
yk*Haumif;pm;pOftcsdef (Golden Age)rSm tEk&m"[mvnf;
acwfaumif;wkef;&Sdygao;w,f/ NyD;awmh tEk&m"eJY yk*H[m
tqufoG,fawG &Sdw,fqdkwJh taxmufxm;awG rSwfwrf;awG
udk ESpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm awGU&ygw,f/
xl;jcm;wmuawmh t&ifwkef;u tac: oD[dkVf? uaeY
acwftac: oD&dvuFmeJYjrefrmwdkY[m tJ'Davmuf tapmydkif;
umvuaeNyD; ,aeYtcsdefxd bmoma&;t& tjyeftvSef
qufoG,frI qufqHrIawG &Sdaeayr,fh oD[kdVfu apwDawGeJY
jrefrmu apwDwnfyHkawG[m yHkpHcsif; rwlMuygbl;/ jrefrmu
apwDawmfawG ykxdk;awmfawGudk trsKd;rsKd;wnfMuayr,fh oD[dkVf
rSmawmh r[mapwDvdk yHkpHawGcsnf;yg/ enf;enf;&SnfwmeJY
enf;enf;ykwmyJ uGmr,fxifygw,f/ twdusawmh Adokum
ynm&SifawGyJ odrSmyg/
pmoifwkef;uawmh oD[dkVfrSm&SdwJh bk&m;yHkpHawGeJY ywf
oufNyD; acgif;avmif; (Bell Shape) yHk? pyg;yHk (Heap of Paddy
Shape) oP²mef? a&ylaygif; (Bubble Shape) oP²mef pojzifh
88 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5
6-rsKd;avmuf oifcJh&w,fvdkY rSwfom;rdygw,f/ r[mapwD[m
aemufqHk;ajymcJhwJh yHkpHrsKd;yg/ jrefrmwdkYu r[mapwDvdkY ac:Mu
ayr,fh a'ocHawGuawmh ½k0efa0Vdp, (Ruwanweliseya) vdkY
ac:Muygw,f/ aocsmwmuawmh oD[dkVfu bk&m;awGudk a&Tcs
xm;wm rawGU&wmygyJ/ tNrJvdkom xHk;jzLjzLeJY awGU&avh&Sd
ygw,f/
BuHKvdkY jzwfajym&wmyg/ vdk&if;udk quf&r,fqdk&if tEk&m"
yl&rSm xif&Sm;wJh bmoma&;qdkif&m taqmufttHkysufawG
,aeYwdkif txift&Sm; &Sdaeygw,f/ usrf;jyKtausmf &Sifr[m
Ak'¨aCmowdkY ouf&SdpOftcsdefuyg/ at'D av;&mpk ig;&mpk
(4th, 5th AD) 0ef;usifvdkY qdk&ygr,f/ tJ'DtaqmufttHkysufawG
udk a&S;a[mif; urÇmhtarGESpfrsm; xdef;odrf;a&;tzJGU (UNSCO)
&JU tulnDeJY 'Dtwdkif; apmifha&Smufxm;wmyg/ 'gawGudk udk,f
wdkYu wefzdk;BuD;rSef; tav;eufxm;&rSef; rodcJhwm trSef/
cyfayghayghawG;NyD; a&mufNyD;a&m oabmxm;vdkufw,f/ emrnf
BuD;w,fqdkwJh ae&mqdk ausmay;? *dkuftrsKd;rsKd;ay; "mwfyHk½dkuf
vkdufr,f/ 'gygyJ/
jrefrmEdkifiHuae oD[kdVfudk bk&m;zl;vmMuwJh olawGvnf;
a&Ta&mifw0if;0if; r&SdwmawG tqkwftjywfawGudk odyfNyD;
pdwf0ifpm;[ef r&SdMuygbl;/ bk&m;zl;vmwJholwdkif;vdkY ajymEdkifyg
w,f/ acwftaexm;t& bk&m;zl;vmol trsm;pk[m omrefvl
awG r[kwfMuygbl;/ ynmwwfawG? NyD;awmh pD;yGm;a&;awG
udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 89
txdkuftavQmuf jynfhpHkwJholawGyg/ 'DvdkjzpfMuwm[m ynma&;
oabmw&m; uGm[wJhtcsufvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f/
EdkifiHtESHYc&D;pOfuae jyefa&mufawmh udk,fwdkY ausmif;awG
pçzGifhygNyD/ vufawGUuae pmawGUudk jyefvmw,fvdkY ajym&rSmyg/
tJ'Dr,f Buddhist Art and Architecture bmom&yfudk
taxmuftxm;yHkawG bmawGeJY avhvm&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh
a&S;a[mif; trSwfom; (Ancient Evidences) awGudk rl&if;
raysmufatmif xdefodrf; (Original Maintain) wmawGeJY olwdkY&JU
wefzdk; (Value) udk em;vnfovdk &Sdvmygw,f/
ajymcJhwJhtwdkif;yg/ wu,fem;vnfwm r[kwfbl;vdkY
udk,fhudk,fudkodw,f/udk,fwdkYvdk omrefvlawGtwGuf omref
odjzpfayr,fh? ynm&SifawG&JUvkyfief;udk em;vnf odjrif vu©H
EdkifwJh todÓmPf&Sd&if vHkavmufw,fvdkY xifygw,f/ wpfrsKd;
ajym&&if b0rSm &SdoifhwJh tajccH todÓmPf (Sense of
Knowledge) wpfrsKd;vdkyg/
udk,fwdkif yk*Ha&mufawmh xif&Sm;wJhae&m apwDykxdk;
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u jyKjyifNyD;om;awG jzpfaeygNyD/ rl&if;
rysufatmif xdef;odrf;xm;wmrsKd;avmufruawmhygbl;/ 'Dvdk
vkyfwm[m a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfawGudk apmifha&Smuf
&m ra&mufygbl;/ xm;ygawmh udk,fu ynmwwfr[kwfawmh
'gawG xyfrajymawmhygbl;/ 'gawGu oufqdkif&mynm&SifawG
ajym&r,fh[mawG/ vkyf&r,fhtvkyfawGyg/
90 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5
jrefrmpum;rSm ]]'l;ae&m 'l;? awmfae&m awmf}} qdkwm
&Sdygw,f/ 'Dawmh ynmwwfawG ynm&SifawG ynmwwftvkyf
ynm&SiftvkyfawG rvkyfEdkifao;orQ vlrsKd;[m edrfhusaerSmyg/
olwdkY ae&mrSef vlrSef rjzpfao;orQ vlrsKd;[m qkwf,kwfaerSmyg/
vlrsKd; edrfhusw,f? qkwf,kwfw,fqdkwm wdkif;jynf edrhfusw,f
qkwf,kwfw,fvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/ vlwdkif;[m udk,fhudk,fudk odzdkY
udk,fhae&mudk odzdkY udk,fhtvkyfudk vkyfzdkY vdkaeygNyD/
odwJhtwdkif;yg/ usKyfwd k Y[m pmzwfwmudk cH krifwJ h
vlrsKd;r[kwfao;ygbl;/ ZmwfyJGawG ESpfNcdKufqJ? yHkjyifawG pJGvrf;
aeqJyg/ pdwfajyvufaysmuf vkyf&r,fhvkyfief;awGudk b0&JU
ta&;BuD;tpdwfydkif;u@awGtjzpf ,lqaeqJqdk&if ½kyf0w¬KawG
wdk;wufw,f? pdwfydkif; todÓmPfydkif;qdkif&m zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufw,f
qdkwJh pum;awG[m udk,fawGeJY rqdkifao;ovdkyJ/ avnmu
taeomBuD;yg/
'DrSm xyfNyD; ajymp&m &Sdvmygw,f/ yHkjyifawG ZmwfyJG
awGqdkwm trSefw&m;u enf;enf; tHhzG,fo&Ju uJuJ vkyf
xm;wmawGyg/ trSefw&m; rygbl; r[kwfbl;/ ygygw,f/
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh trSefw&m;awGudk tajccHxm;wmawG
&SdaevdkYygyJ/ tHhzG,fo&JawG xl;qef;axGvmawGudk OD;pm;ay;
xm;w,fvdkY qdkcsifwmyg/ 'grSvnf; y&dowfudk qJGaqmifvdkY
&rSmyg/ zm;av;u vlpum;ajymw,f? yef;yGifhav;u rif;orD;
av; jzpfoGm;a&mwJh pojzifhayghav/ 'DvdkeJY vlawG[m tHhzG,f
udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 91
jzpf&yfqef;awG pdwf0ifpm;&if; trSefw&m;eJY a0;uGmoGm;wwf
ygw,f/
tHhzG,fo&J[m trSefw&m; jzpfae&ifawmif tm;ay;
xdkufwm r[kwfygbl;/ Ak'pmayawGudk avhvmMunfh&if odEdkifyg
w,f/ t&Sifyda@mvbm&'GgZ rax&f[m &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf
wpfyg;yg/ &mZN*dK[fola|;&JU pE´ul;eDoydwfudk wef;cdk;eJY,lvdkY
bk&m;&Sifu tHhzG,fo&JawG rvkyfjyzdkY wefcdk;rjyzdkY &[ef;awmf
rsm;udk pnf;urf;awG csrSwfcJh&ygw,f/ tHhMobeef;awG jzpfap
wJh wef;cdk£'dyg'fqdkwmawG[m b0vGwfajrmufrIeJY EdIif;,SOf&if
omrefrQomyg/ trSefwu,f opömxdkufwJht&mawG r[kwfygbl;/
tEÅdr vGwfajrmufvrf;twGuf usifhpOfawG r[kwfygbl;/
'ghtjyif r[maAm"dNrdKif q&mawmfBuD;rdefYawmfrlwmvdkY
rSwfom;bl;ygw,f/ &[ef;awmfrsm; b,fbufycHk;udk ouFef;eJY
zHk;xm;NyD; nmbufycHk;udk azmfxm;&w,fqdkwJhtaMumif;yg/
jrwfpGmbk&m;rSm vusfm,H vuf0J,HqdkNyD; t*¾om0u rax&f
ESpfyg; &Sdygw,f/ odMuNyD;jzpfwJh twdkif;yg/
vusfm,Hu t&Sifom&dykwå&m yg/ ynmudk udk,fpm;jyKyg
w,f/ vuf0J,Hu t&Sifarm*¾vmefyg/ wefcdk;udk udk,fpm;jyKyg
w,f/ &[ef;awmfrsm; ouFef;0wf½Hk&mrSm b,fycHk;udkzHk;? nm
ykcHk;udk azmfxm;wm[m tHhzG,fo&JawGudk wm;jrpfw,fqdkwJh
oabmyg-wJh/ t&Sifyda@mv rax&fvdk jzpf&yfawGudkMunfh&if
'g[m usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfrI &Sdw,fvdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/
92 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5
jzpfcJhwmawGtwGuf aemifw&zdkY rvdkygbl;/ ocFef;pm ,lzdkY
,lwwfzdkYyJ vdkwmyg/ pmvdkajym&if aemifwqdkwm tukodkvfyg/
pGefYypf&r,fh[myg/ qkyfudkifxm;zdkY r[kwfygbl;/ twdwfawG[m
jyefaumufvdkY &wJht&mawGr[kwfawmh vuf&SdtcsdefawG t&m
awGudkyJ tav;eufxm;MuzdkY vdkygw,f/ odwJhtcsdef[m aemuf
usaeNyDvdkY rrSwf,lapvdkygbl;/ tcsdefaumif;vdkYyJ oabmxm;
&rSmyg/
a&SUrSm ajymcJhovdkyJ/ ta&SUeJY taemufqdkwm tawG;ac:
,Ofaus;rIutp ajzmifhajzmif h qefYusifaewmyg/ tm;us
av;pm;p&mawG &Sdayr,fh udk,fhtrsKd;om;a&; vu©PmawG
txdrf;rSwf trSwfom;awG raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;
apmifha&Smuf&r,fqdkwmu ydkNyD; t"du usygw,f/ b0rSm
ta&;BuD;qHk;u 'gygyJ/ t"dueJY omrnudk olYae&meJYol xm;&
ygw,f/ 'gawGtwGuf udk,fwdkYawG wm0ef,lwwfzdkY vdkw,f/
todÓmPf&SdzdkY vdkw,f/ ynmwwfzdkYvdkw,f/ ynmwwfawGudk
wefzdk;xm;wwfzdkY vdkw,f/
yk*Hajrudk Munfhvdkuf&if udk,fwdkY bdk;-bGm;-bD-bif tquf
quf[m wm0efausyGefcJhw,fqdkwm ,HkrSm;p&m r&Sdygbl;/ udk,fh
tvSnhfa&mufvdkY wm0efrausbl;qdk&if trsKd;om;a&; vu©Pm
awG pmayawG aysmufuG,foGm;r,f/ trsKd;om;a&; vu©Pm
awG pmayawG aysmuf&if bmomaysmufr,f/ bmomaysmuf&if
udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 93
vlrsKd;aysmufr,f/ ,HkrSm;p&m r&Sdygbl;/ ra0;vSwJh urÇmhordkif;
pmrsufESmawGudk jyefMunfh&if awGU&vdrfhr,f/
ykHjyifawGeJY ,Hkxif aMumifxif rjzpfMubJ ordkif;udk
avhvm&r,f/ oif&r,f/ ordkif;ynm&Sif a'gufwmoef;xGef;&JU
pum;udk ,lajym&&if]]ordkif;qdkwm rtçatmif oif&wm}}vdkY
pJGpJGNrJNrJ rSwfom;NyD; vdkufem&ygr,f/ q&matmifoif;&JU pum;udk
iSm;ajym&r,fqdk&ifvnf; ordkif;eJY ywfoufvdkY a&;Mu ajymMuwJh
tcgrSm wpfpHkwpfa,mufudk tm;emae&if tem*wfudk opöm
azmuf&m a&mufw,f-wJh/ ordkif;q&mawG[m t*wdw&m;awG
uif;&r,fvdkY qdkvdkcsifwm xifygw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf vlwdkif;[m
t*wdw&m;av;yg;uif;Edkif&if taumif;qHk;yg/
Wednesday, August 07, 2013
94 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5
yk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,f
(6)
tnmyk*H bk&m;zl;
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Munfhvdkufprf;ygh vGrf;p&mhyk*H
wm0wðomavm ewfjynfavm
ai;armvdkYtajz&Sm
ajrurÇm b,frSmrS rawGUEdkifbl;
jynfjrefrm *kPfwifhprf;ygwJh
yk*Hajrtjrifxl;vSw,f
cefY0ifhxnfapwDykxdk;awGeJY
tHhzG,f&Sday/
}}
yk*Hajrudk ajccstNyD; bk&m;awGudk pwifzl;jrifvdkuf&csdefrSm
awmh tHhMo0rf;omrIawG ESpfouf*kPf,lrIawGeJYtwl txufyg
uAsmav;udk &Gwfqdkrdygawmhw,f/ tBudrfBudrf &Gwfqdkzl; &zl;cJh
ayr,fh b,fola&;wJh uAsmrSef;awmh tckcsdefxd rodao;ygbl;/
yk*H&mZ0iftaMumif; ajymMu&if wkwfxrf; "m;xrf; ajym
&w,fvdkY qdk½dk;pum; &Sdygw,f/ ordkif;acwfOD;rSm rSwfwrf;rSwf&m
owfowfrSwfrSwf r&SdwmaMumifhvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f/ yg;pyf
&mZ0ifawGu wpfqifh ,lMu&wmqdkawmh e*dku ta&r& tzwf
r& tjiif;oefwJh vlpm;awGrdkYvnf; jzpfwefp&myg/
]]avzrf; 'ef;pD;}}wJhvlawG? ]]ighpum;EGm;&}} ajymwwfwJh
vlawG rsm;aeoa&GU trSefw&m;[mvnf; wa&GUa&GUeJY a0;oxuf
a0;atmif c&D;ESifaeOD;rSmyJ/ bmyJjzpfjzpf Ak'¨a'oemawmft&
ajym&&if tusKd;w&m;wpfck jzpfxGef;zdkY taMumif;w&m;awG
trsm;BuD; NcH&H&ygw,f/ t"dutaMumif;eJY omrntaMumif;om
uGmrSmyg/
'Dawmh yk*Hqdkwmvnf; ]]0kef;}} qdk xay:vmwJht&m
r[kwfygbl;/ a&Ta&mifacwfudk ]]jAKef;}}ueJ a&mufvmwm
r[kwfygbl;/ '@m&DxJu ewfa&uefxJ ypfcsvdkufovdk aeYcsif;
ncsif; EdkifiHawmfBuD;wpfck jzpfoGm;wm r[kwfygbl;/ tjiif;yGm;
&w,fyJ xm;OD;awmh 11-&mpkxuf trsm;BuD;apmNyD; oaE¨
wnfcJh&rSmyg/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHtjzpf tapmqHk;ay:aygufvmzdkY cdkifrm
wJh tkwfjrpfaumif; &SdcJ hw,fqdkwmawmh aocsmwJhtcsuf?
odomwJhtcsufyg/
98 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6
jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf;uawmh yk*Hudk at'D 1-&mpk (1st AD)
0ef;usifrSm pçwifcJhw,fvdkY ]]rSefeef;&mZ0if}}udk udk;um;wifjy
xm;ygw,f/ ork'&mZfrif;u &Gmaygif; 19-&GmeJY pçwif wnf
axmifcJhwmyg/ anmifOD;NrdKU[m tJ'D 19-&GmxJu wpf&Gmaygh/
tckawmh pnfum;wJh NrdKUwpfNrdKUjzpfaeygNyD/
ordkif;pOfquf rSwfwrf;awGt& yk*Hrif;qufaygif; 55?
odkYr[kwf 56-quf &Sdw,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ taemf&xmrif;[m
42-qufajrmufyg/ tJ'Daemuf apmvlrif;? usefppfom;?
tavmif;pnfolwdkY rif;awGjzpfMuygw,f/ taemf&xmu pçNyD;
'Drif;awGvufxufrSm yk*H[m tawmfBuD; pnfum;aecJhygNyD/
NrdKUjywpfck&JU t*Fg&yfawG? wdkif;jynfwpfjynf&JU jy,k*fawGeJY
tawmfudkyJ crf;em;xnf0gaeygNyD/ 'DumvawGudk at'D 11-
&mpk 0ef;usifcefYvdkY owfrSwfMuwmyg/ 'Drif;awG&JUaemufudk
yk*Hrif;quf[m q,fqufavmuf &Sdygao;w,f/ 'gayr,fh
tJ'Drif;awG vufxufrsm;rSm yif;,? ppfudkif;? tif;0 pwJh NrdKUawmf
rsm;vnf; a&SUquf aemufquf qdkovdk tvQKdvQKd ay:vmNyD;
pifNydKifrif;awG &SdaeygNyD/
bmyJjzpfjzpf yk*HrSm tckae xif&Sm;wJh apwDykxdk;rsm;[m
at'D 11-&mpk 0ef;usifrSm wnfxm;wmjzpfw,fvdkY rSwfwrf;rsm;
t& od&ygw,f/ bk&m;ykxdk;awG apwDawGeJY ywfoufNyD;vnf;
ta&wGufawG tjiif;yGm;qJyg/ i,fi,fu usufrSwfcJhzl;wJh yk*H
bk&m;ykxdk;awmfawG ta&wGufu ]]vSnf;0if½dk;oH wpfnHnH
tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 99
yk*Hbk&m;aygif;}}wJh/ tJ'Dtqdkt& yk*HrSm bk&m;apwDaygif;
4446731-qlyg/ av;oef;ausmf &Sdw,faygh/
pwk&ef; 16-rdkifavmufom us,f0ef;wJh yk*HajrrSm
'Davmufrsm;jym;wJh bk&m;awG wnfzdkYqdkwm rjzpfEdkifbl;vdkY
ordkif;q&mawGu ,kwådaA'awGeJY jiif;qdkMuygw,f/ wcsKdUu
vnf; bk&m;apwDawGxJu ½kyfyGm;awmfawGyg a&wGufwmjzpfvdkY
[kwfw,fvdkY wuúaA'awGeJY qdkMujyefygw,f/ taMumif;jycsuf
trsKd;rsKd;awG taxmufxm;trsKd;rsKd;awGeJY ]]vSnf;0if½dk;oH
wpfnHnH}}udk t"dyÜg,fawG trsKd;rsKd;zGifhMuygw,f/
bmyJjzpfjzpf udk,fwdkYvdk vlydef;awGtwGufuawmh acgif;½Iyf
p&m wpfckxuf rydkygbl;/ ordkif;ynm&SifawG &Sif;ygvdrfhr,f/
cyfEk HEH kawG;NyD;ajym&&if ]]vSnf;0if½d k;oH wpfnHnH}}qdkwm
vSnf;acwfwGifus,faeNyDjzpfwJh yk*HacwfrSm jynfoljynfom;awG
wdkif;jynfat;csrf;NyD; om,m0ajymvdkY a&TNrdKUawmfrSm&SdwJh bk&m;
awGudk oGm;zl;Muwm vSnf;awGeJYrdkY vSnf;0if;½dk;oH wpfnHnH
jzpfaew,fvdkYyJ Mum;a,mifrdaeygw,f/ jrifa,mifrdaeygw,f/
aemufxyf BuHBuHzefzef awG;rdwmvnf; &Sdygao;w,f/
'Davmuf rsm;jym;vSwJh bk&m;awGudk wnfzdkYtwGuf yk*Hacwfu
vlawG[m tvSL&SifawG[maygh uaeYacwfvdk bk&m;wnfzdkY
avQmufvTmawG bmawG wifNyD; cGifhjyKcsufawG ,l&ao;vm;aygh/
bk&m;wnfzdkYtwGuf axmufcHpm tqifhqifhawGudka&m wifjyMu
&ao;vm;aygh/ wu,fvdkY tJvdkawG vkyfcJh&r,fqdk&if r[m'gef0ef
100 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6
[m ukvor*¾ twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfxufawmif tvkyfrsm;rSm
aocsmygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh vlwdkif;eD;yg;avmufu
udk,fydkifbk&m;wnfNyD; udk;uG,faeMuwmrdkvdkYyg/
ajymp&mygyJav/ pmayawGxJrSm a&S;acwftoHk; r[m
'gef0ef qdkwm &Sdw,f/ uaeYacwfrsm;rawmh omoema&;0efBuD;
vdkY ac:r,fxify/ tJ'D r[m'gef0efqdkwmudk jrefrmpmtzJGUu jyKpk
wJh jrefrmtbd"mef? twJG-3? pmrsufESm 136-rSm tckvdk zGifhxm;
wm awGUw,f/ ]]omoemtwGuf bk&ifrif;jrwf vSL'gef;
axmufyHh&ef &Sdonfudkvnf;aumif;? &[ef;awmfwdkY\ 0denf;
odu©mrysuf usifhBuHaexdkifEdkifrIudkvnf;aumif; wm0efcHMuyfr
aqmif&Guf&onfh trIxrf;trwf}} wJh/ 'Dtqdkwdkif;qdk r[m
'gef0ef[m jynfol jynfom;awG&JU bmoma&; omoema&;
vkyfief;rsm;eJY wdkuf½dkufrywfoufbl;qdkwm odomygw,f/
r[m'gef0efqdkwJh toHk;[m yk*HacwfrSm &SdaeNyDvm;/ 'grS
r[kwf ukef;abmifacwfa&mufrS oHk;wmvm;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf
&wemyHkacwf rif;wkef;rif; vufxufrSmawmh r[m'gef0ef[m
tawmfav; ta&;ygaeygNyD/ EdkifiH&yfjcm; wdkif;wpfyg;txd ta&;
a&mufaeygNyD/ Munfhav tdEd,EdkifiH? bk&m;yGifhawmfrl&m ajrjrwf
r[mrSm&SdwJh r[mmaAm"d? oHa0Zed,av;Xme pwmawG xdef;
odrf;apmifha&Smuf&eftwGufawG EdkifiHawmf b@muae oD;oefY
vsmxm; (Budget) NyD; vSL'gef;wmawG &SdaeygNyD/ xm;ygawmh/
vltçawG; awG;wmawGqdkawmh rSwfom;xkdufwmawG r[kwf
ygbl;/
tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 101
qufpyfvd k Yajym&&if usefppfom;rif;? "r®apwDrif;
vufxufrsm;rSm Ak'*,mudk aumif;rIawmfrsm; jyKvkyfcJhw,fvdkY
wpfcsK d U ord kif;pmtkyfawGrSm qdkxm;ygw,f/ 'Dtcsufudk
axmufq&&if r[m'gef0efqdkwm yk*Hacwfuwnf;u &SdaecJhNyD
vdkY aumufcsufcsEdkifygw,f/
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udkawmh enf;enf;yg;yg; azmufonfcsvdkygw,f/ t&ifajymcJh
ovdkyJ vltçjrif jrifcJhwmawGqdkawmhvnf; rSwfwrf;wif
xdkufwmawGawmh r[kwfygbl;/ yk*Hu bk&m;ykxdk;awG[m
tao;tBuD; uGmwmuvJG&if tajccH zJGUpnf;wnfaqmufyHk
(Infrastructure) awG[m twlwlawGyJvdkY udk,fuawmh jrifrd
w,f/ cPwjzKwfjrif&wm&,f omrefvljzpfaewm&,f pçwm
awGaMumifhvnf; 'Dvdkjrifwm jzpfEdkifp&m &Sdygw,f/ bk&m;ordkif;
pmtkyfawGrSmawmh b,fbk&m;u b,fvdkyHkpH wnfaqmufxm;
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'gawGu a&S;a[mif;okawoe (Archaeology) udk avhvm
(Survey) aewJh olawGtwGuf tawmfaumif;ygw,f/
pum;pyfvdkY n§yfajym&&if ordkif;q&m a'gufwmoef;xGef;
&JU pum;eJY iSm;ajymcsifygw,f/ ol yk*Hudka&mufawmh 'gu
bmbk&m; bm*l pojzifh odaeNyD/ aemufcHordkif;aMumif;awGeJY
pyfNyD;vnf; wqufwnf; odw,fwJh/ BudKwifavhvmxm;
pepfwus rSwfom;xm;wmudk/ udk,fhtvSnfhusawmh a&mufcJh
102 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6
NyD;wJh bk&m;awGawmif rrSwfrd/ olYpum;eJYyJ jyefajym&&if
]]qvHwifw,f rsKd;qufopf&,f}}vdkYyJ udk,fhudk,fudk qdk&rvdkyg/
trSwfw& ½dkufxm;wJh "mwfyHkawG jyefMunfh&if apwDawmftrnf
awGudk odyfNyD; uJGuJGjym;jym; rrSwfrdygbl;/ pmwrf;awGygwm
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awmhw,f/ udk,fhtrSwfonm avhvmrIpGrf;tm; plprf;rIynm
eJYawmh ordkif;tjrifawG ajymzdkY rjzpfEdkifygbl;/ wpfzufuvnf;
ajymp&m&Sdygw,f/ bk&m;zl;qdkayr,fh udk,fwdkY&JU tpOfvm[m
rsm;aomtm;jzifh bk&m;vnfyg/ bk&m;zl;vdkY emrnfaumif;wyfNyD;
zifbl;awmif;axmifum (pum;Murf;wrf;vQif cGifhvTwfMuygukef)
ykqdefaygufOD;csNyD; vdk&mqkZGwfawmif;wmyg/
'DvdktaMumif;rsm;aMumifh yk*Hbk&m;awG[m wpfyHkpHwnf;
vdkY xifp&m&Sdwmvnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f/ ]]owdrrl *lrjrif? owd
rlu jrLygjrif}} qdkwJh pum;twdkif; yk*Hbk&m;awGrSm wpfqleJY
wpfql rwl odyfudkxl;jcm;wJh tcsufawG &Sdaeygw,f/ xl;jcm;
csuf tcsKdUudk azmfjyvdkygw,f/ ½dk;½dk;om;om; 0efcH&&if udk,f
vnf; udk,fawGU jrifcJh&vdkY owdxm;rdcJhwm r[kwfwm trSefyg/
pmzwfNyD; od&wmyg/
yk*H apwDykxdk;awG *lausmif;yHk apwDawG[m rsm;aom
tm;jzifh rk'fav;ck wpfenf;tm;jzifh 0ifaygufav;ckjzifh wnf
aqmufxm;wmyg/ t&yfav;rsufESm txdrf;trSwf jzpfEdkifyg
w,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm xl;jcm;wmu "r®&mZdu apwDawmf jzpfyg
tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 103
w,f/ olYrSm tm½HkcHrk'f ig;ck&Sdygw,f/ 0ifayguf ig;ckvdkY ajymvnf;
&ygw,f/ wpfcsKdUu þb'urÇmrSm yGifhawmfrlrnfh bk&m;ig;qludk
&nfrSef;NyD; rk'fig;ck vkyfxm;wmvdkY t"dyÜg,f aumufMuygw,f/
aemufwpfqluawmh oHawmfMum;bk&m;vdkY qdkygw,f/ twGif;
rSm taemufbuf rsufESmrl ÓmPfawmftjrifhay 20-cefY&SdwJh Ak'
½kyfyGm;awmfBuD; &Sdygw,f/
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rsm;rSm ta&SUbufrk'f[m wjcm;rk'fawGxuf <uaew,fvdkY qdk
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'g[m ta&SUt&yfyJvdkY rSwfom;&ygw,f-wJh/ bmyJajymajym
qkawmif;pmawGxJu usdefpmawG[mvnf; yk*H&JU xl;jcm;csuf
awGyg/ wjcm;xl;jcm;rIawGvnf; &SdOD;rSmyg/ owdrxm;rdvdkYom
jzpfygvdrfhr,f/
vltawmfrsm;rsm; owdxm;rdwJh tcsufawGvnf; &Sdyg
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xkx,ftBuD;rm;qHk;u "r®&Hbk&m;? ÓmPfawmftjrifhqHk;u
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½Icif;tomqHk;u Al;bk&m; pçwmwdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/
udk,fwdkY zl;ajrmfcJhwJh txkduftavsmuf avhvmrSwfom;
cJhwJh bk&m;awGudk ajymcsifygao;w,f/ tpOfwdkif;awmh uscsifrS
usrSmyg/ bk&m;ordkif;awG ajymrSmr[kwfygbl;/ 'gawGu bk&m;zl;
104 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6
vrf;ñTefpmtkyfawG ordkif;pmtkyfawGrSm azmfjyNyD;om;awG &SdNyD;
om;awGyg/ tckajymrSmu udk,fa&mufcJhwJh ae&mrSwfwrf;
tusOf;csKyfyg/ bk&m;awGrS rrSwfrdwmudk bk&m;ordkif; a&;r,f
ajymr,fqdk&if &,fp&mBuD;av/
wnf;wmu anmifOD;rSm qdkawmh bk&m;zl;c&D;pOf pçNyD
qdkwmeJY anmifOD;u pçygw,f/ yxrqHk;uawmh a&Tpnf;cHkyg/
tpqHk;eJY aemufqHk; a&mufwmawGudkawmh aocsmrSwfxm;yg
w,f/ ajymvdkY&atmifvdkYyg/ usefwmawGuawmh ae&mawG
avmufyJ rSwfrdNyD; b,fuae b,fudkoGm;w,f twdus rod
awmhygbl;/ tpOfwdkif;vnf; rodawmhygbl;/
a&Tpnf;cHkbk&m;upNyD; aeYvnfpm pm;csdefrSty um;eJY
wpfaeukef ywfwmyg/ um;orm;a&mrS oHk;OD;xJqdkawmh c&D;
wGifygw,f/ udk,fhoabmtwdkif;qdkawmh tazmfygoluvnf;
udk,fa&TUqdka&TU aeqdkaeyg/ at;at;aq;aq; Munfhp&m&Sd&if
tJ'Dbk&m;rSm enf;enf;MumwwfNyD; r&Sdbl;vdkY udk,fjrifwJhae&m
awGrSmawmh odyfrMumygbl;/ aeuvnf; odyfylawmh £a`E&&
roGm;Edkifwm trSefyJ/
yk*H-anmifOD;wpf0dkuf ESpf&ufaeukef vnfvdkufwJh ae&m
awG zl;ajrmfcJhwJh bk&m;awGuawmh a&Tpnf;cHkbk&m;? usefppfom;
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tvdkawmfjynfh? uefawmhyv’if? iuRJem;awmif;? xD;vdkrif;vdk?
"r®&HBuD;? Al;bk&m;? r[maAm"d? r*FvmapwD? a&TqHawmf?
tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 105
o&ygwHcg;? oAÁnK? tmeEm? tmeEmtkwfausmif;? oHawmfMum;
odkYr[kwf a'otac: uyfausmfbk&m; (uyfuyfNyD; ausmfoGm;vdkYeJY
wlyg&JU)? a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkufeJY wk&ifawmifapwDwdkYyg/
a&S;a[mif;okawoejywdkufeJY tmeEmbk&m;wdkY[m tMum
qHk; aecJhwJhae&mawGyg/ tmeEbk&m;uawmh yk*HtEkynmvuf&m
awG pka0;wJhae&mvdkY wifpm;Muygw,f/ wk&ifawmifudkawmh
ykyÜg;oGm;wJhaeYusrS a&mufwmyg/
tJ'Daemuf "r®&mZdubk&m;? jymóm'fBuD;? plVmrPd?
bk&m;oHk;ql? av;rsufESm? jrif;uyg*lajymufBuD;? eef;bk&m;?
jrapwD? *lajymufBuD;? avmueEm bk&m;awGvnf; zl;jzpfygw,f/
wcsKdUa&mufcJhwJh ae&mawGudk rrSwfrdawmhygbl;/ udk,fhtwGuf
awmh bk&m;awGu wpfyHkpHwnf;vdk jzpfaewm&,faMumifh "mwfyHk
awGMunfhvnf; rrSwfrdawmhygbl;/ aemufqHk;a&mufcJhwmuawmh
jrapwDbk&m;yg/
yk*H0ef;usif bk&m;awGu cufcJvSwJh 0rf;pm&Sm b0awGeJY
twl rSwfrSwfom;om; &SdcJhwJhtxJrSmawmh rEl[mbk&m;vnf;
wpfcktyg0ifaygh/ tusOf;pHb0&JU rGef;MuyfwJhyHk&dyfudk bmom
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&ifom &Sdr,f/ b0wdkif;rSmawmh tcufcJawG tMuyftwnf;awG
&SdaeMuygw,f/
b0jzpf&wmudku 'ku©vdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u a[mawmfrlyg
w,f/ 'gayr,fh vlawGodwJh 'ku©uawmh tay:,Hyg/ pm;0wf
106 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6
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om 'ku©tjzpfjrifNyD; bk&m;qdkvdkawmfrlwJh b0'ku©qdkwmudk
ololigig rjrifEdkifao;wm trSefyg/
yk*Hbk&m;zl; c&D;pOf[m avhvmoif,lp&mawG? rSwfom;
p&mawGeJY jynfhaeygw,f/ xdktwl eef;awmfxJu tajcjrifh
oavmuf taecufwJh b0awGudk oHa0*jzpfp&mawGeJY vQH
wufaew,fvdkY ½kyf<uif;awGudkMunfh&if; rSef;qvdkY jrifrdygw,f/
olwdkYvnf; vlxJu vlawGyg/ 'gaMumifh vlYavmbawG[m
aMumufp&maumif;vSygw,f/ teEÅol&d,trwfBuD;&JU oHa0*
vuFmxJuvdk ]]ork'´&m? a&rsufESmxuf? cPwufonfh?
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b0awGtwGuf tcsif;csif; tEdkif,lMu owfMu jzwfMueJY
aMuuJGp&m twdyg/
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aumif;wmyJjzpfjzpf qdk;wmyJjzpfjzpf tESpfwpf&m rNrJomygbl;/
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raumif;owif;awGuom avxJrSm ysHUvGifhaeOD;rSmyg/ olwdkY
csefcJhwJh trSwfom;awGeJYtwl usef&pfaeNrJygyJ/ 'gu avmu
obm0yg/
tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 107
b,fvdkyJjzpfygap pepfqdk;&JU om;aumifawG? b0tusOf;
om;awG jzpf&ayr,fh ppfrSefwJh bmomw&m;t&dyfatmufrSm
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vSwJh b0awGtwGuf &yfwnfp&mwpfcktjzpf txif&Sm;awGU
cJh&ygw,f/
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a&mufjzpf vnfjzpfOD;rSmyg/
yk*Hbk&m;zl;c&D;pOfwpfavQmufvHk; armfawmf,mOfcrsm;udk
uomq&mawmf&JU trawmfrsm;u vSL'gef;ygw,f/ uom
108 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6
q&mawmfeJY trawmfrsm;&JUrdwfaqG um;q&muvnf; pdwf&Snf
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armfawmf,mOfcudkvnf; avsmhaygh,lcJhw,f Mum;od&vdkY om"k
ac:rdygw,f/ udk,fwdkYc&D; ajzmifhjzL;om,mcJhovdk tvSL&Sifrsm;
tm;vHk;wdkY b0c&D;vnf; ajzmifhjzL;om,mygapaMumif; qE´
jyKygw,f/
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buf c&D;qufcJhygw,f/ rauG;uaewpfqifh rif;vSNrdKU? NyD;awmh
Zmwd&yf&Gm a&mufygw,f/ aemufawmh o&ufNrdKUudk wpfywf
ajcOD;vSnfhrdjyefygw,f/
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rsm;wm&,feJY Zmwdajr rjyefjzpfavmufawmhbl;vdkY ajymcJhayr,fh
jyefa&mufoGm;ygw,f/ b0oHoo&m vnfovdkygyJvm;vdkY
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udk a&mufatmif rBudK;pm;Edkifao;orSs oHo&mrqHk;Edkif usifvnf
ae&OD;rSmygyJav/
Friday, August 09, 2013
tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 109
yk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,f
(7)
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112 t&SifOwårmeE yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-7 (ed*Hk;)
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yk*HrSm ESpfcgqHkr,f 113
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114 t&SifOwårmeE yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-7 (ed*Hk;)
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(aZmf*sD-1935)
arwåmjzifh-
t&SifOwårmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)
Sunday, August 11, [email protected]://www.thuthayet.com/
yk*HrSm ESpfcgqHkr,f 115
usrf;udk;pm&if;usrf;udk;pm&if;usrf;udk;pm&if;usrf;udk;pm&if;usrf;udk;pm&if;
(u)
1/ jroef;wifh? ordkif;xJuyk*H yk*HxJuordkif;?yÍ ö*Hpmay?
&efukef? yxrtBudrf? 2012/
2/ oef;aqG? OD;? ordkif;0if yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm;? jr0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf?
&efukef? {um'ortBudrf? 1994/
3/ oef;xGef;? a'gufwm? igajymcsiforQ ig htaMumif;?
Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf;pmtkyfwdkuf? yxrtBudrf? 2011? &efukef/
4/ oD&dvuFma&muf jrefrmausmif;om; &[ef;awmfrsm;?
vuFmwref r*¾Zif;? wwd,tBudrf (ESpfywfvnf)? 2011/
5/ wifEdkifwdk;? yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm;ordkif;ESifh c&D;oGm;vrf;ñTef?
ndKndKyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? yxrtBudrf? 2008/
(c)
1. Bischof, Roger, Buddhism in Myanmar A ShortHistory, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, SriLanka, 1995.
2. Jayasuriya, Edmund, A Guide to the Cultural Triangleof Sri Lanka, The Publication Unit of the CentralCultural Fund, 1st Ed., Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2004.
3. Rahula, Walpola, History of Buddhism in Ceylon,Buddhist Cultural Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3rd
Ed., 1993.
116 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f
4. Postgraduate Prospectus, Higher Degree Committee,Faculty of Arts, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya,Sri Lanka.
5. The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma,Trans. by PeMaung Tin & G. H. Luce, BurmaResearch Society, Yangon University Press, 2nd Print,1960.
(*)
1. http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%B6 (06-08-2013)
2. http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC (07-08-2013)
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapura (07-08-2013)
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonnaruwa (07-08-2013)
5. http://nyaungoo.blogspot.com/ (07-08-2013)6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%
80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%B6 (08-08-2013)7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prome_Kingdom8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ksetra_Kingdom9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyay10. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prome11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_city-states
usrf;udk;pm&if; 117
118 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f
(C)
1/ tdEd,EdkifiH q&mBuD;*dktifum\ 0dyóem okawoeXmerS
xkwfa0onfh q|o*Fg,emrl yd#uwfaqmh0J (Version.4)?
2008/
2/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; tESpfcsKyf (1978-1997)? pdef&wem
"r®mp&d, pmoifwdkuf (&efukef) \ Software rl/
3/ jrefrmtbd"mef? twJG 1-5? pdef&wem "r®mp&d, pmoif
wdkuf (&efukef) \ Software rl/
t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\
xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;
1/ pHjyKxdkufaomESvHk;om; 2009
2/ Essential Knowledge of English 2009
(uGefysLwmrl? oifwef;oHk;)
3/ olwdkYavQmufaomvrf; 2010
4/ Exam Guide For MA (uGefysLwmrl? t*Fvdyf) 2010
5/ pepfwusrSm; 2011
6/ 0efESifh*kPf 2012
7/ Ak'¨pmayvmacgif;aqmifrIynmESifh
oabmw&m;rsm; 2013
8/ Ak'¨bmomESifhacwfopfurÇm (vufurf;pmtkyf) 2013
9/ aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm aeYpOfjyóem
("r® okw &o pmpkrsm;) 2013
10/ yk*Ha&mufcJhw,f (,ck) 2014
qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;
1/ Ak'¨bmomESifhEdkifiHa&;
2/ wwd,&wem (odkYr[kwf) avmu\jynfhpHkjcif;
(vufurf;pmtkyf)
3/ rdk;udkqGwfí EGHrSmepfol (vufurf;pmtkyf)
yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f 119
t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;
ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;
(Edk0ifbmv2013 rS rwfv 2014 txd)
Smile ynmyg&rD? ukodkvfjzpfvkyfief; (SSSF)
2013? Edk0ifbm wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/
2013? 'DZifbm wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/
2014? Zefe0g&D wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/
2014? azazmf0g&D wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/
2014? rwf wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/
120 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f