i've ever been to bagan

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အရွင္ဥတၱမာနႏၵ (ေပရာေဒနိယတကၠသိုလ္)၏ လံုးခ်င္းစာစဥ္ အမွတ္ (၇)၊ “ပုဂံကို ေရာက္ခဲ့တယ္”။ ပညာေရး၊ ခရီးသြားႏွင့္ အေတြးအျမင္စာအုပ္။

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Page 1: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan
Page 2: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan
Page 3: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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Page 4: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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Page 6: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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Page 8: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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arwåmjzifh-

t&SifOwårmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)

Sunday, August 04, 2013

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Page 9: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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Page 10: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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Page 11: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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Page 12: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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arwåmjzifh-

t&SifOwårmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)

Thursday, November 28, 2013

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Page 13: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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t&SifOwårmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)

Monday, June 04, 2012

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Page 14: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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Page 15: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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Page 16: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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O,smOfBuD;wdk Y[mvnf; uE´ D Nrd K UeJ Y 8-uDvdkrDwmcef YtuGm

ay&ma'ed,NrdKUrSm &Sdygw,f/ ½Hk;oGm;½Hk;jyefrsm; ausmif;om;

ausmif;olrsm;? EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;rsm;? jynfwGif;rS a'oEÅ&

c&D;oGm;rsm;? taxGaxG A[kokw &SmrDS;olrsm;jzifh O'[dkoGm;vm

tNrJvdk pnf;um;aewwfygw,f/ um;rsm;vnf; vGef;xdk;ovdk

pkefcsnfqefcsnf oGm;vmaeMuygw,f/

ay&ma'ed,eJY uED[m ESpfNrdKUwpfNrdKUvdkY qdk&avmufatmif

wpfqufwpyfwnf; &Sdaeygw,f/ ay&ma'ed, ½ku©aA'O,smOf

BuD;twGif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiHtqufquf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifawG

EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJawG trSwfw& pdkufysKd;xm;wJh txdrf;

trSwfopfyifrsm; &Sdaeygw,f/ tJ'DtxJrSm urÇmhukvor*¾

twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfjzpfcJhol OD;oefYvnf; tygt0if jzpfygw,f/

jrefrmvdkY ajymvdkufwmeJY rif;wdkYEdkifiHu acgif;aqmifBuD;awG

trSwfw& pdkufxm;wJh opfyifawG&Sdw,fvdkY ajymavh&SdMuw,f/

vd kvd kvm;vm;ud k vd kufjyay;avh &S dygw,f/ wd k YE d ki fi Hu

14 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-1 (ed'gef;)

Page 17: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

acgif;aqmifawGvm;vdkY a,mifee ar;rdawmh tif;vdkY tlwlwl

jyefajzwmvnf; awGU&ao;/

2010-ckESpf/ rdrdtwGuf xl;jcm;vSwJh ESpfwpfESpfyg/ xdktwl

tm;vHk;twGufvnf; udk,fhtaMumif;ESifhudk,f xl;jcm;wJh ESpf

wpfESpf jzpfaumif; jzpfEdkifygw,f/ 'DESpfqef;umprSm oD&dvuFm

EdkifiHudk ynmoifatmif a&mufvmcJhygw,f/ b0&JU tajymif;tvJ

wpfckvdkY uifyGef;wyfr,fqdkvnf; wyfEdkifyg&JU/ 'DZifbmv

wwd,ywfxJrSm pmar;yJGrsm;NyD;qHk;oGm;NyD; aemifESpf ausmif;quf

wufr,fh olawGu BudKwifjyifqifp&mawGudk jyifMu qifMu

ygw,f/ tcsKdUuawmh jynfawmfjyefukefMuygw,f/ awGU BuHK qHkuJG

oabmawGygyJ/

2011-ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv yxrywfwGif pwifzGifhNyD; uEDNrdKUrSm

zGifhvSpfoifMum;wJh &ufwdkt*Fvdyfpmoifwef; (3rd Annual

Intensive English Course) udk wufcGifh&cJhygw,f/ BPS-pmtkyf

wdkufBuD;rSm oifwef;udk zGifhvSpfNyD; jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm; tyg

t0if EdkifiHwumrS ausmif;om;&[ef;awmfrsm; wufa&muf

cJhMuygw,f/

*syefvlrsKd; tar&duefEdkifiHzGm; q&mBuD;uifum0gpuD;eJY

ZeD;jzpfol 0domcgum0gpuD; (Ken and Visakha Kawasaki)

wdkYu OD;aqmifNyD; oifwef;udk ydkYcsay;wmyg/ oifwef;aMu; tcrJh

(Free of Charge) yg/ ynm'geoifwef;vdkY emrnfay;vnf;

jzpfygw,f/ q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESHeJYtwl tjcm;tar&duefvlrsKd;

yk*Hra&mufzl;bl;………wJh 15

Page 18: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

tulq&m ESpfa,muf&,f oD&dvuFmom; q&mwpfOD;&,f

apwemh0efxrf;rsm; (Volunteer) tjzpf yg0ifulnDoifMum;ay;

Muygw,f/ (xl;jcm;vSwJh Ak'bmom0if q&mBuD;uifESifh 0domcg

um0gpuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESHtaMumif;udk taMumif;nDnGwf&if

oD;oefYa&;ygOD;r,f/) oifwef;umvtwGif; aeYqGrf;rsm;udk

oD&dvuFmvlrsKd;rsm;ESifh q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESHrS vSL'gef;qufuyf

ygw,f/ pum;qufvdkY ajym&&if q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESH[m

ESpfpOfvdk tdEd,? xdkif;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; Ak'bmom &[ef;awmfrsm;

twGuf ynm'get*Fvdyfpmoifwef;awGudk zGifhay;aeMuyg/

&ufwdkoifwef;jzpfayr,fh tcsdefjynfh em&DjynfhESifh vkyf

aqmif&vdkY tvGefxda&mufNyD; tusKd;rsm;vSwJhoifwef; jzpfyg

w,f/ rGrf;rHoifwef;vdkYqdk&if ydkNyD;oifhawmfr,f xifygw,f/

ta&;-tzwf-tajym-em;axmif (Four Skills) tjyif pum;a&

vkyJG (Debate)rsm;? q&meJY ausmif;om; tjyeftvSef vGwfvGwf

vyfvyf aqG;aEG;jcif; (Open Discussion) rsm; pojzifh pHkvif

vSygw,f/ avhvma&;c&D; (Excursion)tpDpOfrsm;jzifh vufawGU

avhvm&if; oifMum;csufrsm;uvnf; pmayoifMum;rIudk touf

0ifapw,fvdkY xifygw,f/

taxGaxGc&D;pOfrsm;rSm awGUjrifrSwfom;cJh&wmawGudk

udk,fydkiftjrifawGeJY pmwrf;wdk (Short Essay) rsm;udkvnf;

tvGwfoabm (Freely) a&;om;ay;&ygw,f/ q&mawGu

pepfwus ppfaq;ay;NyD; pmoifcsdefrsm;rSm vdktyfcsufrsm;udk

16 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-1 (ed'gef;)

Page 19: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

pmoif&if; jyKjyifay;wmvnf; rSwfom;p&myg/ ordkif;qdkif&meJY

tjcm;A[kokwtjrifawG udk,fydkifcHpm;csufawG oHk;oyfcsufawG

udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;Mu&ygw,f/ wu,fhudk aEG;axG;wJh

pmoifcef;av;yg/ 'Dae&mrSmawmh ta&SUeJY taemuf[m ESpfckrjcm;

wpfom;wnf; usaeygw,f/ Ak'jrwfpGm omoem&JU tusKd;vdkY

ajym&if trSefqHk; toifhqHk; jzpfrSmyg/

avhvma&;rStjyef wpf&ufrSm jzpfygw,f/ q&mBuD;wdkY

ZeD;armifESHu oifwef;om;tm;vHk;udk Ak'bmomqdkif&m ordkif;

aMumif;wpfckeJY qufEG,fNyD; udk,fydkifoHk;oyfcsufrsm;udk a&;cdkif;

ygw,f/ oifwef;om;awG&JU a&;om;csufrsm;udk wpfckpD zwfNyD;

jyifoifhonfrsm;udk jyifay;um csD;rGrf;zG,f&mrsm;udkvnf;

tm;wufoa&m vufckyfMobmay; csD;usL;ygw,f/

'Dwkef;u q&mBuD;vufxJrSm rdrdpm&Gufav;u aemufqHk;

usefaewmyg/ tJ'Daemuf emrnfac:NyD; rwfwyf&yfcdkif;ygava&m/

ta&;tom;eJYrSwfcsufay;wmawG tvGefaumif;aMumif; vufckyf

wD;NyD; todtrSwfjyKygw,f/ wu,fawmfvdkY [kwfcsifrSvnf;

[kwfrSmyg/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh olwdkY[m vlwpfa,muf&JU aumif;

uGufudk r&t&&SmNyD; csD;rGrf;wwfvdkYygyJ/ 'g[m pmoifwJhae&mrSm

xda&mufwJh enf;wpfckvkdY jrifygw,f/ oifwef;om; oli,fcsif;

rsm;vnf; vufckyfMobm ay;Muygw,f/ xl;jcm;wmu q&mBuD;

wdkY ZESD;armifESH[m pmoifwJhtcgwdkif;rSm tNrJyJ ESpfa,mufwJG

oifhavh&Sdwmyg/

yk*Hra&mufzl;bl;………wJh 17

Page 20: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

'DaemufrSm q&mBuD;wdkYZeD;armifESHu pma&;oltwGuf

txl;arwåm&yfcHp&m (Special Request) &SdygaMumif; ajymyg

w,f/ pma&;olu acgif;ndwfNyD; oabmwl[ef trl&m jyefjy

vdkufygw,f/ q&mBuD;u ajymaewmudkMunfhNyD; q&mrBuD;u

vnf; acgif;wndwfndwfeJY axmufcHaeygawmhw,f/ aemuf

wpfaeYrSm uEDNrdKUteD;w0dkufu ordkif;0ifae&m vuFmwdvu

(Lankatilaka) udk oGm;ygr,f-wJh/ tJ'Dae&m&JUxl;jcm;csufu

at'D 11-&mpk0ef;usifrSm wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhwJh e*g;½Hkbk&m;

jzpfNyD; yk*HeJY acwfNydKifjzpfaMumif;? yk*HrSmvnf; 'D&mpkESpfxJrSm

wnfxm;udk;uG,fcJhwJh e*g;½Hkbk&m;&SdaMumif; ajymygw,f/ tqdkyg

acwfNydKif e*g;½Hk bk&m;ESpfqltaMumif;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvmcsuf

taeeJY pmrsufESm tuefYowfr&Sd a&;om;ay;apvdkaMumif;

ajymygw,f/ vuFmordkif;rSwfwrf;awGrSmawmh vuFmwdvuudk

14-&mpk (14th A.D) rSm wnfaqmufxm;w,fvdkY azmfjyxm;

ygw,f/

tar;&Sdawmh tajz&Sd&rSmyif/ tawmif;&Sdawmhvnf;

tay;&Sd&rnfom/ rdrdtaejzifh pma&;om;zdkYu jyóemr&SdaMumif;?

'gayr,hf yk*Hudk wpfacgufrS ra&mufzl;aMumif; jyefajymvdkufrd&m

q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESHrSm “tdk;”qdkNyD; toHxGufwJhtxd

tHhMo[efudk jyygw,f/ NyD;awmh cGufcGufvef &,fygawmhw,f/

(avSmifajymif&,farmjcif;r[kwf? oabmusjcif;aMumifh &,fjcif;

yg/ ½dk;om;wJh t&dyfa,mifawG olwdkYrsufESmrSm txif;om;ay:

18 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-1 (ed'gef;)

Page 21: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

aevdkY 'Dvdkajym&wmyg)/ oifwef;azmfrsm;vnf; 0g;vHk;uJG &,farm

Muygava&m/ udk,fvnf; acsmfvJa&mxdkifum t&Sufajy vdkuf

&,frdygawmhw,f/

q&mBuD;rsm;u &,f&,farmarmeJY udk,fhudk qufajymwm

u “t&Sifbk&m;u jrefrm r[kwfbl;? jrefrmqdk&if yk*Hudk a&mufzl;

&r,f” [lowwf/ olwdkY ZeD;armifESHrSm 88-rwdkifrDuyif jrefrm

EdkifiHodkY a&mufcJhzl;aMumif; NyD;cJhwJh q,fpkESpfumv rwdkifciftxd

ESpfpOfESpfwdkif;vdk jrefrmEdkifiHudk tvnftywf qufa&mufao;

aMumif;? a&mufwJhtcgwdkif; yk*Hajrudkvnf; a&mufcJhaMumif;

ajymygw,f/

q&mBuD;wdkY ZeD;armifESH[m jrefrmvlrsKd;wdkY&JU vlaerIb0eJY

ywf0ef;usifudk tawmfcspfjrwfEdk;aMumif; owdxm;rdygw,f/

olwdkYtdrfrSm bk&m;cef;udk oD;oefYxm;ygw,f/ oefY&Sif; oyf&yfNyD;

us,f0ef;ygw,f/ jrefrmEdkifiHu wefcdk;BuD;bk&m;rsm;? apwD

ykxdk;rsm;&JU "mwfyHkrsm; jyu©'defrsm; tpHkawGU&ygw,f/ emrnfBuD;

q&mawmfBuD;awG&JU yHkrsm;udkvnf; wcrf;wem; ylaZmfxm;

wmudkvnf; awGU&ygw,f/

pmoifcsdefwpfavQmufvHk;rSm jrefrmyHkpH 0wfpm;xm;NyD;

csdwfvHkcsnf? ykqdk;rsm;eJY awGU&avh&Sdygw,f/ tJ'D0wfpHkrsm;udkawmh

jrefrm&[ef;awmfrsm;u pmoifay;vdkY ÓmPfylaZmfwJhtaeeJY

jrefrmEdkifiHudk vlBuHKrSmNyD; vufaqmifay;xm;jcif;yg/

yk*Hra&mufzl;bl;………wJh 19

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oifwef;NyD;qHk;awmh tm;vHk; vrf;cJGMu&ygNyD/ odkYayr,fh

q&mBuD;wdkYZeD;armifESHeJY yk*HyHk&dyfuawmh aysmufysufroGm;ygbl;/

yk*Hudkvnf; ajy;oGm;csifavmufatmifudkyJ pdwfaygufrdygw,f/

taMumif;um;roifh/ aeESifhOD;aygh………yk*Ha&/

jrefrmqdkwm yk*Hu pçwmyJvdkYudk EdkifiHjcm;om;wdkYu yk*Hudk

wifpm;Muw,f/ wdkYuawmh b,fupçw,fqdkwm tjiif;yGm;

wkef; &Sdao;w,fvdkY toHwdwfajymrdao;/ [kwfw,fav/

“jrefrmtp waumif;u”vdkY qdkwJhpum;uvnf; &Sdaew,f

rvm;/ jrefrmvdkY ajymvdkufwmeJY wdkYyk*Hudk a&mufzl;w,fvdkY

qdkMuw,f/ 'DvdkMum;&wdkif; udk,fhpdwfudk,f rvHkjzpf&w,f/ ighES,f

eD;vQufeJYa0; oHk;eJYav; qdkovdkjzpfaeygayhgvdkY awG;rdygw,f/

'geJY “yk*Hwrf;csif;” qdkwJh pmwpfyk'fpDNyD; pdwfajzrdygawmhw,f/

-

20 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-1 (ed'gef;)

Page 23: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

yk*Ha&…….

urÇmhtv,frSm0ifhx,f

rif;twGufaMumifh wdkYvnf;vl&m0ifcJhw,f/

'gayr,fh

qE´eJYb0

xyfwlrusorSs

b0ta&;udkyJ qErJay;cJh&olrdkY

qdk½dk;udkqefYusif

igeJYawmh olpdrf;jyifjyifaygh/

bmyJjzpfjzpf

yk*H&ifcGif

cdkvHIcsifpdwf

&dyf&dyfrSrjy,f

vmjzpfatmifvmcJhr,faemf…………/

Wednesday, June 05, 2013

yk*Hra&mufzl;bl;………wJh 21

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Page 25: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

yk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,f

(2)

'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD

2011-ckESpf? oHk;vydkif; 'kwd,ywfxJrSm ay&ma'ed,

wuúodkvfwGif r[m'óe (Master of Philosophy)wef;twGuf

ausmif;tyf&ef jyifqifonf/ ,if;tcsdefrSm r[mwef; (Master

of Art)\ atmifa*Zufum; rxGufao;/ atmifpm&if;apmifh

(Waiting Result)&if; ausmif;BudKtyfvdkYawmh &avh&Sdonf/ 'gu

vuFmwuúodkvfrsm;&JU oabmaumif;rIvdkY qdk&r,f/

vuFmajrwGif wuúodkvf wpfckESifhwpfck ausmif;tyf&yHkcsif;

rwl/ xdktwl vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;vnf; uJGonf/ ay&ma'ed,

wuúodkvf&JU pnf;urf;t& ausmif;rtyfcif oufqdkif&mXmerSL;

(Head of the Department)? armfuGef;xdef; (Registrar) wdkYESifh

t&ifwdkifyif&onf/ 4if;wdkYESifh vdktyfonfrsm; wdkifyifNyD;aemufrS

oufqdkif&m twef;twGuf azmifrsm;xkwfay;ygonf/ azmifrsm;

jznfhNyD; bJGUvGefXme armfuGef;xdef;½Hk;udkydkYay;&onf/ vdktyfonf

Page 26: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

rsm; ppfaq;NyD; wpfvcefY&SdrS w&m;0ifausmif;tyf&ef ac:pm

(Letter of Registration) udk ydkYygonf/

ac:pmESif htwl ausmif;tyf&onf/ rSwfyH kwifaMu;

(Registration Fees)udk wpfygwnf; oGif;&onf/ oifwef;aMu;

(Academic or Course Fees)udkawmh oGif;&jcif; r&Sdao;/

pmar;yJ Gorm;rsm;twGuf aemufqHk;pmar;yJ G rajzcifESif h

okawoeoD;oefY (Thesis Only) ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf

usrf;rwifciftxd roGif;bJ aevdkY&onf/ rSwfyHkwifaMu;udkrl

ESpfpOfoGif;&onf/

r[m'óewef;wGif ausmif;tyfyHkESpfrsKd;&Sdonf/ wpfrsKd;rSm

oifwef; (Course),ljcif; jzpfNyD; wpfESpfausmif;wuf&onf/

pmar;yJGajz&onf/ aemufwpfrsKd;rSm ausmif;rwufbJ pmwrf;

(Thesis) udk wdkuf½dkufa&;jcif; jzpfonf/ ESpfrsKd;vHk;twGuf

ESpfuefYowfcsufESifh ausmif;p&dwfrsm;rSm twlwljzpfonf/

ausmif;rwufvdkolrsm;onf oufqdkif&m XmerSL;\

BudKwifcGifhjyKcsuf (Prior Permission) &zdkY vdkonf/ ,if;odkY

ausmif;wufvGwf cRif;csuf (Exempt) cGifhtwGuf wuúodkvfrSm

pnf;urf;awG &SdNyD;om;yg/ cGifhjyKcsuf&NyD;aemuf tao;pdyf

okawoe tqdkjyKvTm (Detailed Research Proposal) odkYr[kwf

rdrdvkyfrnfh okawoevkyfief;twGuf tusOf;csKyf (Synopsis)

wdkYudk ausmif;tyf&mwGif wpfygwnf; wifjy&onf/ xdkaemuf

wuúodkvfrS rdrdokawoevkyfief;twGuf Presentation jyKvkyf&ef

24 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-2

Page 27: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

&ufcsdef;ay;ygonf/ ,if;tcrf;em;odkY oufqdkif&m ynm&Sifrsm;

wufa&mufNyD; vdktyfonfrsm;udk tjyeftvSef aqG;aEG;&ygonf/

Presentation jyKvkyfNyD; okawoevkyfcGifh (Approval

Letter)uszdkY yHkrSeftm;jzifh 6-vcefYapmihf&onf/ oufqdkif&mXme

ynm&Sifrsm;\ axmufcHcsuf&rS r[m|merSL; (Dean of the

Faculty of Arts) xH ydkY&onf/ r[mXmerSL;rSwpfqifh tqifhjrifh

bJGUqdkif&maumfrwD (Higher Degree Committee - HDC) odkY

qufvufwifjy&onf/ HDC \ axmufcHcsuf&rS bJGUvGefXme

(Post Graduate Unit) uae okawoevkyfief;udk vkyfEdkifNyD

jzpfaMumif; cGifhjyKpm (Approval Letter)udk pmwdkufuae ydkYay;

onf/ xdktcgusrS w&m;0if okawoeausmif;om; jzpf&onf/

þonfrSm r[m'óewef;udk ausmif;wufolESifh ausmif;

rwufbJ okawoepmwrf; wdkuf½dkufa&;olwdkY ausmif;tyfyHk

uGmjcm;onfhtcsufjzpfonf/

“aornfhESpf ppfxJvdkuf” qdkovdk jzpfonf/ ausmif;tyf

NyD;uwnf;u &ufawG a&wGuf&if; wuúodkvfu ac:pmudk

apmifhonf/ &ufawGukefoGm;onf/ vul;oGm;onf/ r&ao;/

wuúodkvfudk oGm;pHkprf;onf/ wuúodkvftaqmifaMu;awG

wufvdkY ausmif;om;awG qEjyaeonf wuúodkvf tuefYowf

r&Sd ydwfxm;onfwJh/ EdkifiHydkifowif;awGrSmvnf; wuúodkvfudk

&uftuefYowfr&Sd ydwfxm;aMumif; ygvmonf/

'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD 25

Page 28: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

vawG ukefoGm;jyefonf/ ausmif;jyefzGifhaMumif; owif;pm

awGrSm zwf&onf/ oGm;a&muf pHkprf;&jyefonf/ bmrSsrxl;/

vawG ul;oGm;jyefonf/ xyfNyD; pHkprf;&jyefonf/ wuúodkvf

q&m? q&mrawGu vcenf;vdkY tpdk;&udk qE´jyaeonf/

ausmif;awG ydwfxm;jyefonf-wJh/ b,favmufydwfvJqdkawmh

ajyvnfonf txd-wJh/ b,fawmh ajyvnfMurSmvJ/ jrefjref

ajyvnfygapaMumif; qkawmif;&jyefonf/ owif;u raumif;/

tpdk;&u wdk;ray;EdkifwJh/ q&mawGuvnf; pmroifEdkif-wJh/

uJ…wdkYu xdkifae½Hkaygh/

tpdk;&u vcawG wdk;ay;rnf[k owif;awGrSm w&m;0if

azmfjyonf/ 0rf;omoGm;onf/ ausmif;oGm; pHkprf;&jyefonf/

tvSnfhusatmif apmifhyg-wJh/ ausmif;ydwfxm;wJh &ufawGtwGif;

tvkyfawG yHkaevdkY-wJh/ a&S;vlawGNyD;&if ac:ygrnf-wJh/ wpfv

avmufMumawmh q&mawG xyfNyD; qEjyefjyonf-wJh/ tpdk;&

u vcwdk;ay;zdkYudpö uwdrwnfvdkY[k taMumif;jyonf/ rD;cdk;

rqHk; rdk;rqHk; MumavOD;rnf/ acsmif;aygufatmif oGm;&í

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26 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-2

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&Smaerdonf/ Mum;xJrSm r[mwef;ausmif;om;rsm;\ usrf;rsm;udk

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&Smonf/

'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD 27

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ausmif;udpöawGvkyf&vdkY pdwfyef; vlyef;jzpf&onf/ pdwfajy

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tukokdvf rjzpfygapeJY …… /

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'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD 29

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rSmyg/ wpfaeYrSmaygh ……………… /

Saturday, August 03, 2013

'Dwpfcgvnf; vJGjyefNyD 31

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wifvdkuf vkyfjzpfonf/ tysif;awmh ajyom;/ pma&;q&m r[kwf

Page 36: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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34 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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(Language) tm;enf;wmvm;? bmom&yf (Subject) qdkif&m

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wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 35

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36 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 37

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Mum;awmh pdwfylw,fxifh/ udk,fhqDvdk 'kef;'kef; 'uf'uf tkef;tkef;

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38 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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q&mawGuvnf; tcufom;uvm;/ vludkjrifrS pmMunfhwm/

udk,fa&;xm;wm b,fvdkvJaygh/ taMumif;r&Sd taMumif;&Sm

oGm;NyD; ar;&w,f/ olwdkY pmppfwm wpfvausmfavmuf Mum

oGm;w,f/ NyD;awmh jyefay;w,f/ aumif;w,f-wJh/ wu,f

zwfvm; rzwfvm; rodbl;/

ausmif;om;wpfa,mufudk usrf;BuD;MuyfwJholu ESpf

a,muf/ wpfeJY ESpfaygh/ eHygwf-1 NyD;&if tukefNyD;ovdk &Sdw,f/

eHygwf-1 uvnf; udk,fhvdkyJ &[ef;0wfqdkawmh yem&om;/

eHygwf-2 uawmh vl/ 'umaygh/ olvnf; tqdk;BuD; r[kwfyg

bl;/ olYqDudk pmppfzdkY b,fESpfcg ay;ay; aysmufwmyJ/ tJ'g

avmufyg/ olYyHkqdk&if pm&GufxkwfceJY rJG&csnfh/ 'gayr,fh e*dku

bmrS r&Sdwmqdkawmh xl;NyD;rJGp&mawmh r&Sdygbl;/

q&mawG jyifcdkif;wJhtcsufawG jyifqif&if; aemufwpfqifh

ckefzdk Y vHk;yef;&w,f/ jyifcdkif;wm tukefawmh rjyifbl;av/

udk,fhrSmvnf; udk,fhtaMumif;jycsuf ,lqcsufawG a&;xm;wm

rvm;/ jyefawmh n§d&wmaygh/ tqifajyygw,f/ &Sif;jywmawGudk

q&mawGu vufcHygw,f/

jyi fc d ki f ;wmawG jyi f Ny D ; aemufwpfc g q&mawGe J Y

oGm;awGUawmhM.Phil. uae Ph.D. udk tqifhjr§ifh (Upgrade)

csifaMumif; aqG;aEG;&w,f/ oD&dvuFmwuúodkvfrsm;rSm

r[mwef; (MA) NyD;½HkeJY a'gufwmbJGU (Ph.D.) udk wdkuf½dkufvkyf

wJh xHk;pH r&SdMuygbl;/ r[m'óe (M.Phil.) udk t&if vkyfMu

wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 39

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&wmyg/ M.Phil. uaerS wpfqifh owfrSwfxm;wJhESpftwGif;rSm

Ph.D. udk Upgrade vkyfMu&wm/

tJ'DvdkvkyfzdkYu M.Phil. oufwrf; tenf;qHk; wpfESpf

&Sd&r,f/ pmvHk;a& tenf;qHk; oHk;aomif; oHk;aomif;cJGavmuf

a&;NyD;vnf; jzpf&r,f/ vuf&Sdusrf;udk aemufxyfwdk;csJUzdk Y

taMumif;t&m tcsuftvufopfawG tenf;qHk; &Spfcsuf

avmuf jy&w,f/ t"dutcsufawGaygh/ yHkaoawmh r[kwfyg

bl;/ q&m (Supervisor)ESpfa,muf&JU axmufcHcsuf vufrSwf

ygzdkYu ta&;BuD;w,f/ vG,fawmh rvG,fygbl;/ 'DtcsufawG

aMumifhvnf; oD&dvuFmrSm Ph.D. vkyfwJhol enf;wmvdkY wpfcsKdUu

ajymMuw,f/ [kwfcsifrSvnf; [kwfrSmyg/ ESpfawG MumwmaMumifh

vnf; jzpfEdkifygw,f/

vuFmwuúodkvfrsm;rSm Ph.D. oufwrf;udk tenf;qHk;

(Minimum) oHk;ESpfuae trsm;qHk; (Maximum) ig;ESpf?

odkYr[kwf ckESpfESpftxdyg/ ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvfuawmh tenf;

qHk; 3-ESpfuae trsm;qHk; 7-ESpftxd owfrSwfxm;ygw,f/

ausmif;p&dwftjyif tjcm;ukefusp&dwf taxGaxGaMumifh EdkifiH

&yfjcm;rSm ausmif;wpfckwnf; ESpf&SnfwufzdkYqdkwmvnf; tav;

xm; xnfhwGufp&m jzpfygw,f/

usrf;BuD;Muyfq&mawG oabmwl&if avQmufvTm (Apply

Letter) t&ifwif&w,f/ Upgrade vkyfcsifaMumif;eJY vkyf&jcif;

taMumif;&,f topfxnfhoGif;r,fh taMumif;t&mawG&,f

40 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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tusOf;csKyf yg&w,f/ A4 pmrsufESm ESpfrsufESmuae av;rsufESm

twGif;aygh/ pmvHk;a&tm;jzifhawmh wpfaxmifavmuf &Sdr,f

xifw,f/ Apply Letter udk XmerSL; (Head of the Department)

vdyfrlNyD; oufqdkif&mXmeudk ydkY&w,f/ t&ifuawmh r[mXmerSL;

(Dean of the Faculty of Arts) udk wdkuf½dkuf ydkY&wm/ udk,f

tvSnhfa&mufrS ajymif;oGm;w,f/ rydkYcif Apply Letter rSm

udk,fhvufrSwf ausmif;om;eHygwf tjynfhpHk yg&w,f/ NyD;&if

usrf;BuD;Muyfq&mESpfa,muf&JU axmufcHcsuf vufrSwfyg&

w,f/ q&mawG axmufcHcsufray;bJ XmerSL;qD ydkYvdkYr&bl;/

XmerSL;uaewpfqifh r[mXmerSL;qDoGm;/ tJuaewpfqifh

tqifhjrifhbJGUaumfrwD (Higher Degree Committee – HDC)

udk oGm;&w,f/ 'gawGu udk,feJY rqdkifawmhbl;/ olwdkY[m olwdkY

vkyf&wm/ udk,fu Apply Letter udk XmerSL; odkYr[kwf Xmeu

½Hk;vkyfief;qdkif&mawG ausmif;om;udpöawG pDpOfaqmif&Gufol

(Coordinator) qD ydkYay;½HkyJ/ tqifhqifh oabmwlnDcsufawG

vufrSwfawGygrS HDC- u cGifhjyKcsuf ay;wm/ HDC-uvnf;

Xme HDC &,f? r[mXme HDC &,f qdkNyD; ESpfck&Sdygw,f/ wdwd

usus ajym&&if DHDC (The Departmental Higher Degree

Committee) eJ Y FHDC (The Faculty Higher Degree

Committee) wdkY jzpfygw,f/ ESpfckvHk;&JU cGifhjyKcsufvdkw,fqdkwm

udkawmh xl;NyD; ajymp&m rvdkawmhygbl;/ 'gawG NyD;awmhrS

XmerSL;u Presentation vkyfzdkY &uf (Date)owfrSwfay;wm/

wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 41

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'DawmtwGif;rSm udk,fu okawoe tqdkjyKvTm tao;pdyf

(Detailed Research Proposal)? odkYr[kwf usrf;tusOf;csKyf

(Synopsis) udk jyifxm;&w,f/ rsm;aomtm;jzifhawmh ouf

qdkif&mXmeu NyD;w,fqdk&if usefvkyfief;tqifhqifhu NyD;wm

yg/ wuúodkvfBuD;awG&JU xHk;pHawG ½Hk;vkyfief;qdkif&m pnf;urf;awG

aMumifhom tckvdk vkyf&wm xifygw,f/

okawoe tqdkjyKvTmudk a&;csifovdk a&;vdkYr&ygbl;/

EdkifiHwumpHawGeJY vkyf&wm/ ydkta&;BuD;wmu wuúodkvfu

ñTefMum;wJhtwdkif; vkyfzdkY/ ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf&JU pnf;urf;

t& okawoe tqdkjyKvTmudk M.Phil. twGuf A4-qdk'f

av;rsufESmuae ajcmufrsufESmtwGif;? Ph.D. twGuf ajcmuf

rsufESmuae &SpfrsufESmtwGif; okawoe vkyfxHk;awGeJYtnD

jyifqif&ygw,f/ tJ'gudk Presentation rvkyfcif wpfywf

odkYr[kwf oHk;av;&ufcefYBudKNyD; q&mawGudk ay;xm;&ygw,f/

tenf;qHk; rdwåL &Spfapmiful;ay;&wmyg/ ay;xm;NyD;jzpfayr,fh

Presentation vkyfr,fh &ufa&muf&if aemufxyftenf;qHk;

&Spfapmifavmuf rdwåLul;NyD; ,lvm&ygao;w,f/ rsm;aomtm;

jzifh q&mawGu BudKydkYxm;wmawGudk ,lrvmwm jzpfwwfyg

w,f/ q&mawGtjyif Presentation wufvmwJh wjcm;olawG

udkvnf; ay;&ygw,f/

'gawGuawmh rsm;aomtm;jzifh Open Presentation

vkyf&avh&Sdygw,f/ b,folrqdk wufa&mufcGifh&SdwJh oabmyg/

42 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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Presentation vkyf&mrSm ESpfrsKd; &Sdw,f/ wpfcku yHkrSeftwdkif;

½dk;½dk;yg/ aemufwpfckuawmh y½dk*sufwmoHk;NyD; Power-point

Presentation vkyfwmyg/ aemufyHkpHtwGufawmh BudKwif

taMumif;Mum;&NyD; pmzdkifaqmh0J,fudkvnf; BudKwifay;xm;&

wmyg/ usefwmawmh twlwlygyJ/ rJta&wGufeJYyJ qHk;jzwfwmyg/

oufqdkif&m ynm&SifawG&JU xuf0ufausmf axmufcHrI&&if atmif

jrifw,fvdkY qdk&ygr,f/ tenf;qHk;awmh udk,fh&JUusrf;BuD;Muyfol

ESpfa,muf&JU vufrSwfukd &NyD; jzpfaeygNyD/

Presentation NyD;wmeJY q&mawG tpnf;a0;xdkifygw,f/

axmufcHcsuf ta&wGufay:MunfhNyD; XmerSL;vufrSwfeJY r[m

XmerSL;qD;ydkY? tJuae HDC udk oGm;/ yHkrSefvkyf½dk; vkyfpOftwdkif;

oGm;ygw,f/ q&mawG tpnf;a0;Ny D;wmeJ Y tqifajy

rajyqdkwmudk udk,fhq&mawGuaewpfqifh od&ygw,f/ w&m;0if

awmh r[kwfygbl;/ tajcaeaumif;w,f raumif;bl;qdkwJh

oabmavmufyg/

Presentation NyD;oGm;&ifawmh tenf;qHk; ajcmufvcefY

apmifh&ygw,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh HDC tpnf;a0;u wpfESpf

rS ESpfBudrfyJ vkyfwmyg/ 6-vywf wpfBudrfaygh/ 'gu yHkrSefaygh/

a&Smifwcif taMumif;awG (Casual Case) aMumifh pnf;a0;wm

vnf; &Sdwwfygw,f/ tJ'Dtpnf;a0;qHk;jzwfcsuf&rS r[mXme

u armfuGef;xdef;u cGifhjyKcsufpm (Approval Letter) udk

vufrSwfxdk;ay;ygw,f/ 'Dpm udk,fhvufxJa&mufzdkYuvnf;

wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 43

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½Hk;tqifhqifhoGm;&wmrdkY tcsdefawmfMumatmif apmifh&ygao;w,f/

XmerSL;? bJGUvGefXme ponfjzifh pHka&mpda&m qdkygawmh/ 'gaMumifh

ukvm;eJY tvkyfvkyf&mwm cEÅDyg&rDjznfhhNyD;om; jzpfw,fvdkY

wpfcsKdUu ajymavh&Sdw,f/ pdwf&SnfwwfzdkY vdkygw,f/

ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvfrSm Ph.D. vkyfwJh ausmif;om;awG

[m Synopsis udk ESpfBudrf a&;&ygw,f/ M.Phil. rSm wpfcg/

M.Phil. uae Ph.D. udk Upgrade vkyfwJhtcgrSm wpfcgyg/

Presentation NyD;oGm;wmeJY Approval Letter &zdkY apmifhaya&mh/

tenf;qHk;awmh ajcmufvyg/ ydkNyD; wdwdusus ajym&&if r&cif

tcsdefxdaygh/ bmtaMumif;eJYyJjzpfjzpf 6-vywf wpfBudrfrSm udk,fh

usrf;&JU aygufa&mufrI tpD&ifcHpm (Progress Letter) wifzdkY arh

vdkY r&ygbl;/ tpD&ifcHpmrSm 6-vtwGif; udk,fh&JUvkyfaqmifcsuf

rsm;udk tusOf;csKyfa&;NyD; ausmif;om;udk,fa&;qdkif&m tcsuf

tvuf azmifeJYtwl wif&w,f/ NyD;&if BuD;MuyfwJhq&mawG&JU

vufrSwfeJY XmerSL;qDydkY/ usefwJh ½Hk;vkyfief;pOfuawmh yHkrSef

twdkif;yg/

udk,fuawmh tcef;wpfcef;a&;NyD; 2012? Edk0ifbmvukef

rSm Apply Letter wifvdkufw,f/ 'Dwpfcg rapmifh&ygbl;/ yxr

usrf;BuD;Muyfq&meJYtwl udk,fwdkif XmerSL;qDudk oGm;ydkYwm

qdkawmh jrefoGm;w,f/ wdkufqdkifwmvnf; jzpfrSmyg/ XmerSL; u

ar;cGef; av;ig;ajcmufckavmuf ar;NyD; aemufESpfywfrSm

Presentation vkyfzkdY &ufcsdef;ay;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh XmerSL;u

44 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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Synopsis toifhjzpfNyDvm;ar;awmh jzpfNyDvdkY aemufwpfywf

vmay;r,fvdkY ajymvdkufw,f/ &w,fwJh Presentation vkyfwJh

&ufusrS ,lvmvnf; jzpfygw,fwJh/ tr,fav; udk,fawmfacsm

ES,f oabmawG vTwfaumif;aeyga&mvm;/

trSefawmh XmerSL; ar;wJhtcsdefrSm Synopsis udk ra&;&

ao;/ Apply Letter wifNyD; ESpfvoHk;vavmuf apmifh&w,f

qdkvdk Y BudKwifwJhoabmyg/ udk,frSef;wmu wpfESpfjynfhNyD;

ESpfvavmufpGef;atmifaygh/ 2013? azazmf0g&DvxJ &&if uGufwd

aygh/ tcsdefapmNyD; Upgrade awmif;wmuvnf; jyóem&Sdw,f/

Ph.D. vkyfief;awGrSm wm0ef&SdolawGu qDtayguf&Smovdk

jyóem BuHzef&Smwm/ 'gaMumifh tpp t&m&m xnfhwGuf&w,f/

vkyfief;eJY qufpyfwJhtay: avhvmrIpGrf;tm; (Observation

Power) ta&;BuD;w,f/

udk,f&ifi,fb0u pmoifwdkufBuD;wpfwdkufrSm aezdkY oGm;

avQmufw,f/ q&mawmfeJY rawGUcifrSm oli,fcsif;awGu rSm

w,f/ q&mawmf bmar;ar; odw,fvdkYajym-wJh/ rodbl;? r&Sdbl;?

pmr&bl; pojzifh toifhrjzpfao;wmawG ravQmufrdapeJYwJh/

tawGU BuHK&SdwJholawGeJY rdwfaqGjzpf&wmvnf; atmifjrifaMumif;

wpfckyJ/ tvGefpnf;urf;BuD;w,fqdkwJh pmoifwdkufrSm aecGifh&

oGm;w,f/ pmoifcGifh&w,fvdkY qdkvkdwmyg/

tckvnf; XmerSL; oabmawG a&pD;urf;NydKaumif;aewkef;

No vkyfvdkY rjzpfbl;/ cyfwnfwnfyJ Yes vkyfvdkufw,f/ 'geJY

wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 45

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wuúodkvfuae csufcsif;jyefvmNyD; Synopsis a&;zdkY jyifw,f

qdkygawmh/ av;&ufavmuf xdkifa&;vdkufw,f/ NyD;oGm;w,f/

taMumif;t&m tcsufvufawGuvnf; ]]uRJul; a&yg}}qdkovdk

rSwfpk (Note) xkwfxm;wmqdkawmh jrefjrefNyD;wmaygh/ awmfvdkY

r[kwf&wm trSefyg/ a&;NyD;awmh taqmifrSm twlae tcef;csif;

uyf&Sd q&morm;u aocsmppfay;w,f/ olvnf; ay&ma'ed,

rSm vuf&Sd Ph.D. vkyfaew,f/ olu a&TjynfBuD;rSmwkef;u

wuúodkvf 'kwd,ESpfrSm udk,fhq&morm;aygh/

2012? 'DZifbmv 'kwd,tywfxJrSm Presentation NyD;oGm;

w,f/ xHk;pHtwdkif;av/ Approval Letter &zdkYu apmihfaya&mh/

tawGUBuHK &NyD;NyDqdkawmh odyfNyD; aomuyGm;raeawmhbl;/

vkyfp&m&Sdwm vkyf½HkyJ/ vkyfp&mqdkwmu a&TjynfBuD; jyefr,fav/

wpfESpfcJGavmufatmif;NyD; wukyfukyf vkyfxm;xmqdkawmh

NiD;aiGUoGm;NyD/ pdwfajyvufaysmuf c&D;oGm;OD;r,f/ [kwfygh

………/ tckrS owd&w,f/ yk*Hudk oGm;&OD;r,f/

'Dawmh pum;pyfvdkY ajym&&if vuFmwuúodkvfrsm;rSm

omrefbJGU BudKausmif;om; (Undergraduate Student) jzpfjzpf?

bJGUvGefausmif;om; (Postgraduate Student) jzpfjzpf txufrSm

ajymcJhovdkyJ ynma&; vkyfief;pOf wpfavQmufvHk;rSm yHkrSeftm;

jzifhawmh wuúodkvft"dywd(Chancellor)? odk Ywnf;r[kwf

wuúodkvf 'kwd,t"dywd (Vice Chancellor) udk awGUp&m

taMumif; r&Sdygbl;/ udk,fwdkYEdkifiHrSmawmh wuúodkvfawGrSm

46 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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t"dywd (Chancellor) qdkwJhtoHk;tEIef;udk awGU&cJygw,f/

trsm;tm;jzifh ygarmu©csKyf (Rector ) ? 'kwd, ygarmu©csKyfudk

(Pro Rector) vdkY pwJh toHk;awGudk awGU&avh&Sdygw,f/ olwdkY

wpfOD;OD;xHuae axmufcHcsuf wpfckcktwGuf vufrSwfxdk;zdkY

vdkw,f qdkygpdkY/ Oyrm aexdkifcGifhADZm (Residence Visa) twGuf

axmufcHpm vdkwJhtcgrsKd;aygh/ udk,fhwm0efu bJGUvGefXmetxd

oGm;½Hkyg/ usefwmudk olwdkY[molwdkY qufvkyfygw,f/ &ufcsdef;rSm

oGm;,lvdkuf½HkygyJ/ xm;ygawmh/ wuúodkvf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;awGudk

ausmif;om;wpfa,muftaeeJY yHkrSefvkyfief;pOfrsm;rSm awGUp&m

rvdkbl;qdkwJhtaMumif;udk ajymcsifvdkYyg/

jywfoGm;wJh pum;udk jyefquf&&if ESpfvydkif;ukefrSm

a&TjynfBuD; jyefjzpfw,f/ [dk[dk'D'D EdkifiHawG roGm;awmhbl;/

a&TjynfBuD;rSmvnf; tvkyfawGu udk,fhudk,fapmifhaeav&JU/

atmf…… ajym&OD;r,f/ udk,fuvnf; a&TjynfBuD;rSm tBuD;

tuJav/ tNrD;&Snf&SnftaumifawGvdk rjrifvdkufygeJY/ r[kwf

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ausmif;wdkuftwGuf vkyfay;&rSmawG &Sdw,frvm;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf

udk,fvkyfay;EdkifwmawG vkyfay;zdk Y a&TjynfBuD; jyef&r,f/

vlBuD;awGtwGuf w&m;jyay;&r,f/ vli,fawGtwGuf

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rSmav/ 'geJY rjyefcif pmwpfyk'f pDrdw,f/ -

wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 47

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“tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}tarSmifawmrS wdwfqdwfrIyGufoH}}

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pdk;xdwfrIawGwdk;&if;

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wdkY[m tdrfom;awGtwGuf

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0wå&m;&SdolvdkY awG;&if

0wå&m;&Sdolaygh

ay;qyfEdkifpGrf;&SdolvdkY jrif&if

ay;qyfEdkifolaygh

48 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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todw&m;uvJG&if

wdkYtdrftwGuf

b,folrS rawmif;qdkbl;/

rsuf&nfpawGudkokwf

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ayGUzuf&r,fh rdom;pkawGvnf; &Sdw,fav/

(Saturday, January 12, 2013)

'DuAsmav;u a&TjynfBuD;udk jyef&wJh &nf&G,fcsufyHk&dyf

wpfpdwfwpfa'oudk aumufaMumif;qJGvdkufwmyg/ 2013-ckESpf?

arvxkwf wuúodkvf&[ef;ysKd pmapmif? twJG-1? trSwf-9?

rSmvnf; azmfjycJhzl;ygw,f/

trSefvnf; a&TjynfBuD;rSm vkyfp&mawG wpfyHkwpfyifyg/

a&mufw,fqdk&ifyJ &efukefr,f vkyfp&m&SdwmawG wwfEdkif

wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 49

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oavmuf Z,fqwfovdk vkyfypfvdkufygw,f/ wpfywfavmuf

MumNyD; e,fqif;ygw,f/ o&ufNrdKUyg/ rauG;wdkif;a'oBuD;xJu/

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50 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 51

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52 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 53

Page 56: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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54 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

Page 57: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

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wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 55

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56 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-3

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wpfaeYwpfvH yk*Hb,fajy;rvJ 57

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84 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5

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rmefwufaewJh yk*¾dKvfawGudk taMumif;jyKNyD; ajymxm;wmawG

Ak'pmayawGrSm trsm;tjym;awGUEdkifygw,f/

NyD;awmh ynmwwf&JU tEÅ&m,fawGeJY ywfoufNyD; rZÑdr

edum,f? tv*'LyrokwfrSmvnf; twdus rdefYxm;ygao;w,f/

ynmawGwwfvm&if pnf;urf;awG csKd;azmufw,fqdkNyD; Oya'

awG jy|mef;ay;&wmawGudkvnf; 0denf;usrf;awGrSm txif&Sm;

awGUEdkifygw,f/

'Dvdkqdkawmh ynmwwfwmawG[m Ak'bmom ½Iaxmifht&

tjypfvm;vdk Y ar;p&m&Sdvmygw,f/ r[kwfygbl;/ vHk;0udk

r[kwf&ygbl;/ 'DCedum,f? aomP'@okwfrSm bk&m;jrwfpGm

rdefYxm;wmu ynmwwf½HkeJY rvHkavmufygbl;/ udk,fusifhw&m;

(oDv)vnf; &Sd&ygr,f/

ynmwwf½HkeJYqdk aumufuspfwJhol ,kwfrmwJhol jzpfEdkifyg

w,f/ ynm[m udk,fusifhw&m;eJY rxdef;odrf;Edkif&if avmu

twGuf tBuD;rm;qHk; tEÅ&m,fyg/ 'gaMumifh Ak'¨bmomt&

tenf;qHk; oDveJYynm&Sd&ygr,f/ udk,fusifhw&m;eJY xdef;uGyf

xm;wJh ynmvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/ tJ'Dukd,fusifhw&m;qdkwmuvnf;

opömw&m;udk toufeJYvJNyD; xdef;odrf;&r,fqdkwJh b,folrS

rjy|mef;wJh Oya'oawG &Sdygw,f/

ynmwwf jzpf&yfESpfckudk wifjyvdkygao;w,f/ wpfcgu

taemufwdkif;om; c&D;oGm;wpfpk[m ta&SUwdkif;udk c&D;xGuf

vmygw,f/ vl0ifrIBuD;Muyfa&;Xmeudka&mufawmh EdkifiHydkif

udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 85

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owif;uae BudK;rdefYao'Pfay;wJh owif;udk vTifhaewmeJY

BuHK&ygw,f/ ao'Pfusorm;[m ynm&SifvdkY todrSwfjyKjcif;

cHxm;&olyg/ EdkifiHwumtxd aygufa&mufwJholaygh/

'Dowif;MunfhNyD; taemufwdkif;om;awGu tJEdkifiHudk

r0ifawmhbl;/ avqdyfuae vSnhfjyefoGm;w,fwJh/ oufqdkif

&mu bmjzpfvdkYvJar;awmh tajzu rSwfom;p&myg/ rif;wdkY

EdkifiHu ynm&SifawGawmif owfwm? usefwJholawGudkvnf;

owfrSmyJwJh/ 'gaMumifh rif;wdkYEdkifiH rvmawmhbl;wJh/ rSwfom;zl;

wmyg/ b,fEdkifiH&,fvdkYawmh twdus rodygbl;/ r,Hk&if yHkjyif

om rSwfygawmh/

aemufwpfcku jrefrmEdkifiHu xif&Sm;wJh ordkif;ynm&Sif

a'gufwmoef;xGef;eJY qufpyfaewJh taMumif;yg/ 'gvnf;

rSwfom;cJhzl;wmav;yg/ okawoe ausmif;olwpfa,muf&JU

usrf;udk q&mBuD; a'gufwmoef;xGef;u BuD;Muyfay;&w,f-

wJh/ tJ'Dausmif;ol[m ola&;wmawGudk q&mBuD;u pdwfwdkif;

rusbl;? jyifvdkYcsnf;cdkif;aeawmh q&mBuD;a&SUrSm NiD;wGm;ygw,f/

q&mBuD;&,f uRefrawmh aocsifawmhwmygyJvdkY ajymvdkuf&m

q&mBuD;u tem;rSm&SdwJh "m;udk,lNyD; ypfay;vdkufw,f-wJh/

uJav ynmawG ynmwwfawG oabmw&m; ajymcJhNyD/

qHk;jzwfzdkYuawmh udk,fhtydkif;aygh/ t&ifu ajymcJhovdkyJ/ ynm

wwfqkdwJhpum;udk yk*Ha&S;a[mif;ae&mawGeJY qufpyfvdkuf&if

86 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5

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udk,feJYawmh olpdrf;jyifjyif jzpfcJhwm trSefyg/ bGif;bGif;ajym&&if

ynmrwwfbl;ayghAsm/

'gayr,fh r[mwef;wufawmh tJ'DrSm bmom&yfwpfck

qnf;yl;&w,f/ Buddhist Art and Architecture wJh/ Ak'¨

bmomqdkif&m yef;csDyef;ykpwJh tEkynmawG Adokumqdkif&mawG

bmom&yfaygh/ 'DawmhrS tkwfusKd; tkwfyJhawG cyfrSdefrSdef taqmuf

ttHkawG&JU wefzdk;qdkwmudk a&;a&;odvmw,f/ wu,fESpfESpf

umum rodao;wmawmh trSefyJ/ OD;a&Tatmif&JU pum;eJY

ajym&r,fqdk&if omoemqdkwm &ifwGif;rSm wnfatmifvkyf&rSm-

wJh/ taqmufttHkqdkwm aemifwpfcsdefrSm a&S;a[mif; okawoe

twGufyJ toHk;usawmhowJh/

oD&dvuFma&mufpESpfrSm EdkifiHtESY H bk&m;zl;xGuf&if;

a'oEÅ&A[kokwvnf; &SmMuw,f/ a&mufNyD; rMumrDqdkovdk

oGm;Muwmyg/ 'Dwkef;u Buddhist Art and Architecture qdkwJh

bmom&yfudk roif&ao;ygbl;/ ausmif;rS rwuf&ao;wmudk/

tJ' Dr Sm tEk&m"y l& (Anuradhapura) ? aygavmE k½ k0

(Polonnaruwa) qdkwJh a&S;a[mif; NrdKUawmfawGudk a&mufygw,f/

oD&dvuFmEdkifiHhordkif;rSm tEk&m"yl&acwf (Anuradhapura

Period)? aygavme½k0acwf (Polonnaruwa Period)? uEDacwf

(Kandy Period) qdkNyD; tMurf;zsif;tm;jzifh acwfoHk;acwf

&Sdygw,f/

udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 87

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tEk&m"yl&acwf[m tapmqHk;jzpfNyD; oufwrf;vnf;

t&Snf qHk;yg/ ESpfaygif;wpfaxmifausmf&Sdw,fvdkY ordkif;awGrSm

azmfjy xm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh aygavme½k0eJY uEDacwfyg/ uED

acwfrSm udkvdkeDEdkifiHtjzpf a&mufoGm;w,fvdkY rSwfwrf;&Sdygw,f/

tEk&m"yl&acwfqdkwm bDpDav;&mpk (4th BC) upNyD;

at'D 11-&mpk (11th AD) txdyg/ jrefrmhordkif;eJYajym&&if

yk*Haumif;pm;pOftcsdef (Golden Age)rSm tEk&m"[mvnf;

acwfaumif;wkef;&Sdygao;w,f/ NyD;awmh tEk&m"eJY yk*H[m

tqufoG,fawG &Sdw,fqdkwJh taxmufxm;awG rSwfwrf;awG

udk ESpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm awGU&ygw,f/

xl;jcm;wmuawmh t&ifwkef;u tac: oD[dkVf? uaeY

acwftac: oD&dvuFmeJYjrefrmwdkY[m tJ'Davmuf tapmydkif;

umvuaeNyD; ,aeYtcsdefxd bmoma&;t& tjyeftvSef

qufoG,frI qufqHrIawG &Sdaeayr,fh oD[kdVfu apwDawGeJY

jrefrmu apwDwnfyHkawG[m yHkpHcsif; rwlMuygbl;/ jrefrmu

apwDawmfawG ykxdk;awmfawGudk trsKd;rsKd;wnfMuayr,fh oD[dkVf

rSmawmh r[mapwDvdk yHkpHawGcsnf;yg/ enf;enf;&SnfwmeJY

enf;enf;ykwmyJ uGmr,fxifygw,f/ twdusawmh Adokum

ynm&SifawGyJ odrSmyg/

pmoifwkef;uawmh oD[dkVfrSm&SdwJh bk&m;yHkpHawGeJY ywf

oufNyD; acgif;avmif; (Bell Shape) yHk? pyg;yHk (Heap of Paddy

Shape) oP²mef? a&ylaygif; (Bubble Shape) oP²mef pojzifh

88 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5

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6-rsKd;avmuf oifcJh&w,fvdkY rSwfom;rdygw,f/ r[mapwD[m

aemufqHk;ajymcJhwJh yHkpHrsKd;yg/ jrefrmwdkYu r[mapwDvdkY ac:Mu

ayr,fh a'ocHawGuawmh ½k0efa0Vdp, (Ruwanweliseya) vdkY

ac:Muygw,f/ aocsmwmuawmh oD[dkVfu bk&m;awGudk a&Tcs

xm;wm rawGU&wmygyJ/ tNrJvdkom xHk;jzLjzLeJY awGU&avh&Sd

ygw,f/

BuHKvdkY jzwfajym&wmyg/ vdk&if;udk quf&r,fqdk&if tEk&m"

yl&rSm xif&Sm;wJh bmoma&;qdkif&m taqmufttHkysufawG

,aeYwdkif txift&Sm; &Sdaeygw,f/ usrf;jyKtausmf &Sifr[m

Ak'¨aCmowdkY ouf&SdpOftcsdefuyg/ at'D av;&mpk ig;&mpk

(4th, 5th AD) 0ef;usifvdkY qdk&ygr,f/ tJ'DtaqmufttHkysufawG

udk a&S;a[mif; urÇmhtarGESpfrsm; xdef;odrf;a&;tzJGU (UNSCO)

&JU tulnDeJY 'Dtwdkif; apmifha&Smufxm;wmyg/ 'gawGudk udk,f

wdkYu wefzdk;BuD;rSef; tav;eufxm;&rSef; rodcJhwm trSef/

cyfayghayghawG;NyD; a&mufNyD;a&m oabmxm;vdkufw,f/ emrnf

BuD;w,fqdkwJh ae&mqdk ausmay;? *dkuftrsKd;rsKd;ay; "mwfyHk½dkuf

vkdufr,f/ 'gygyJ/

jrefrmEdkifiHuae oD[kdVfudk bk&m;zl;vmMuwJh olawGvnf;

a&Ta&mifw0if;0if; r&SdwmawG tqkwftjywfawGudk odyfNyD;

pdwf0ifpm;[ef r&SdMuygbl;/ bk&m;zl;vmwJholwdkif;vdkY ajymEdkifyg

w,f/ acwftaexm;t& bk&m;zl;vmol trsm;pk[m omrefvl

awG r[kwfMuygbl;/ ynmwwfawG? NyD;awmh pD;yGm;a&;awG

udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 89

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txdkuftavQmuf jynfhpHkwJholawGyg/ 'DvdkjzpfMuwm[m ynma&;

oabmw&m; uGm[wJhtcsufvdkY ajymEdkifygw,f/

EdkifiHtESHYc&D;pOfuae jyefa&mufawmh udk,fwdkY ausmif;awG

pçzGifhygNyD/ vufawGUuae pmawGUudk jyefvmw,fvdkY ajym&rSmyg/

tJ'Dr,f Buddhist Art and Architecture bmom&yfudk

taxmuftxm;yHkawG bmawGeJY avhvm&ygw,f/ 'Dawmh

a&S;a[mif; trSwfom; (Ancient Evidences) awGudk rl&if;

raysmufatmif xdefodrf; (Original Maintain) wmawGeJY olwdkY&JU

wefzdk; (Value) udk em;vnfovdk &Sdvmygw,f/

ajymcJhwJhtwdkif;yg/ wu,fem;vnfwm r[kwfbl;vdkY

udk,fhudk,fudkodw,f/udk,fwdkYvdk omrefvlawGtwGuf omref

odjzpfayr,fh? ynm&SifawG&JUvkyfief;udk em;vnf odjrif vu©H

EdkifwJh todÓmPf&Sd&if vHkavmufw,fvdkY xifygw,f/ wpfrsKd;

ajym&&if b0rSm &SdoifhwJh tajccH todÓmPf (Sense of

Knowledge) wpfrsKd;vdkyg/

udk,fwdkif yk*Ha&mufawmh xif&Sm;wJhae&m apwDykxdk;

awmfawmfrsm;rsm;u jyKjyifNyD;om;awG jzpfaeygNyD/ rl&if;

rysufatmif xdef;odrf;xm;wmrsKd;avmufruawmhygbl;/ 'Dvdk

vkyfwm[m a&S;a[mif;,Ofaus;rI tarGtESpfawGudk apmifha&Smuf

&m ra&mufygbl;/ xm;ygawmh udk,fu ynmwwfr[kwfawmh

'gawG xyfrajymawmhygbl;/ 'gawGu oufqdkif&mynm&SifawG

ajym&r,fh[mawG/ vkyf&r,fhtvkyfawGyg/

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jrefrmpum;rSm ]]'l;ae&m 'l;? awmfae&m awmf}} qdkwm

&Sdygw,f/ 'Dawmh ynmwwfawG ynm&SifawG ynmwwftvkyf

ynm&SiftvkyfawG rvkyfEdkifao;orQ vlrsKd;[m edrfhusaerSmyg/

olwdkY ae&mrSef vlrSef rjzpfao;orQ vlrsKd;[m qkwf,kwfaerSmyg/

vlrsKd; edrfhusw,f? qkwf,kwfw,fqdkwm wdkif;jynf edrhfusw,f

qkwf,kwfw,fvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/ vlwdkif;[m udk,fhudk,fudk odzdkY

udk,fhae&mudk odzdkY udk,fhtvkyfudk vkyfzdkY vdkaeygNyD/

odwJhtwdkif;yg/ usKyfwd k Y[m pmzwfwmudk cH krifwJ h

vlrsKd;r[kwfao;ygbl;/ ZmwfyJGawG ESpfNcdKufqJ? yHkjyifawG pJGvrf;

aeqJyg/ pdwfajyvufaysmuf vkyf&r,fhvkyfief;awGudk b0&JU

ta&;BuD;tpdwfydkif;u@awGtjzpf ,lqaeqJqdk&if ½kyf0w¬KawG

wdk;wufw,f? pdwfydkif; todÓmPfydkif;qdkif&m zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufw,f

qdkwJh pum;awG[m udk,fawGeJY rqdkifao;ovdkyJ/ avnmu

taeomBuD;yg/

'DrSm xyfNyD; ajymp&m &Sdvmygw,f/ yHkjyifawG ZmwfyJG

awGqdkwm trSefw&m;u enf;enf; tHhzG,fo&Ju uJuJ vkyf

xm;wmawGyg/ trSefw&m; rygbl; r[kwfbl;/ ygygw,f/

bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh trSefw&m;awGudk tajccHxm;wmawG

&SdaevdkYygyJ/ tHhzG,fo&JawG xl;qef;axGvmawGudk OD;pm;ay;

xm;w,fvdkY qdkcsifwmyg/ 'grSvnf; y&dowfudk qJGaqmifvdkY

&rSmyg/ zm;av;u vlpum;ajymw,f? yef;yGifhav;u rif;orD;

av; jzpfoGm;a&mwJh pojzifhayghav/ 'DvdkeJY vlawG[m tHhzG,f

udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 91

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jzpf&yfqef;awG pdwf0ifpm;&if; trSefw&m;eJY a0;uGmoGm;wwf

ygw,f/

tHhzG,fo&J[m trSefw&m; jzpfae&ifawmif tm;ay;

xdkufwm r[kwfygbl;/ Ak'pmayawGudk avhvmMunfh&if odEdkifyg

w,f/ t&Sifyda@mvbm&'GgZ rax&f[m &[EÅmt&Sifjrwf

wpfyg;yg/ &mZN*dK[fola|;&JU pE´ul;eDoydwfudk wef;cdk;eJY,lvdkY

bk&m;&Sifu tHhzG,fo&JawG rvkyfjyzdkY wefcdk;rjyzdkY &[ef;awmf

rsm;udk pnf;urf;awG csrSwfcJh&ygw,f/ tHhMobeef;awG jzpfap

wJh wef;cdk£'dyg'fqdkwmawG[m b0vGwfajrmufrIeJY EdIif;,SOf&if

omrefrQomyg/ trSefwu,f opömxdkufwJht&mawG r[kwfygbl;/

tEÅdr vGwfajrmufvrf;twGuf usifhpOfawG r[kwfygbl;/

'ghtjyif r[maAm"dNrdKif q&mawmfBuD;rdefYawmfrlwmvdkY

rSwfom;bl;ygw,f/ &[ef;awmfrsm; b,fbufycHk;udk ouFef;eJY

zHk;xm;NyD; nmbufycHk;udk azmfxm;&w,fqdkwJhtaMumif;yg/

jrwfpGmbk&m;rSm vusfm,H vuf0J,HqdkNyD; t*¾om0u rax&f

ESpfyg; &Sdygw,f/ odMuNyD;jzpfwJh twdkif;yg/

vusfm,Hu t&Sifom&dykwå&m yg/ ynmudk udk,fpm;jyKyg

w,f/ vuf0J,Hu t&Sifarm*¾vmefyg/ wefcdk;udk udk,fpm;jyKyg

w,f/ &[ef;awmfrsm; ouFef;0wf½Hk&mrSm b,fycHk;udkzHk;? nm

ykcHk;udk azmfxm;wm[m tHhzG,fo&JawGudk wm;jrpfw,fqdkwJh

oabmyg-wJh/ t&Sifyda@mv rax&fvdk jzpf&yfawGudkMunfh&if

'g[m usKd;aMumif;qDavsmfrI &Sdw,fvdkY qdkEdkifygw,f/

92 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5

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jzpfcJhwmawGtwGuf aemifw&zdkY rvdkygbl;/ ocFef;pm ,lzdkY

,lwwfzdkYyJ vdkwmyg/ pmvdkajym&if aemifwqdkwm tukodkvfyg/

pGefYypf&r,fh[myg/ qkyfudkifxm;zdkY r[kwfygbl;/ twdwfawG[m

jyefaumufvdkY &wJht&mawGr[kwfawmh vuf&SdtcsdefawG t&m

awGudkyJ tav;eufxm;MuzdkY vdkygw,f/ odwJhtcsdef[m aemuf

usaeNyDvdkY rrSwf,lapvdkygbl;/ tcsdefaumif;vdkYyJ oabmxm;

&rSmyg/

a&SUrSm ajymcJhovdkyJ/ ta&SUeJY taemufqdkwm tawG;ac:

,Ofaus;rIutp ajzmifhajzmif h qefYusifaewmyg/ tm;us

av;pm;p&mawG &Sdayr,fh udk,fhtrsKd;om;a&; vu©PmawG

txdrf;rSwf trSwfom;awG raysmufysufatmif xdef;odrf;

apmifha&Smuf&r,fqdkwmu ydkNyD; t"du usygw,f/ b0rSm

ta&;BuD;qHk;u 'gygyJ/ t"dueJY omrnudk olYae&meJYol xm;&

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todÓmPf&SdzdkY vdkw,f/ ynmwwfzdkYvdkw,f/ ynmwwfawGudk

wefzdk;xm;wwfzdkY vdkw,f/

yk*Hajrudk Munfhvdkuf&if udk,fwdkY bdk;-bGm;-bD-bif tquf

quf[m wm0efausyGefcJhw,fqdkwm ,HkrSm;p&m r&Sdygbl;/ udk,fh

tvSnhfa&mufvdkY wm0efrausbl;qdk&if trsKd;om;a&; vu©Pm

awG pmayawG aysmufuG,foGm;r,f/ trsKd;om;a&; vu©Pm

awG pmayawG aysmuf&if bmomaysmufr,f/ bmomaysmuf&if

udk,fvnf;av avmuDom;ayrdkY 93

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vlrsKd;aysmufr,f/ ,HkrSm;p&m r&Sdygbl;/ ra0;vSwJh urÇmhordkif;

pmrsufESmawGudk jyefMunfh&if awGU&vdrfhr,f/

ykHjyifawGeJY ,Hkxif aMumifxif rjzpfMubJ ordkif;udk

avhvm&r,f/ oif&r,f/ ordkif;ynm&Sif a'gufwmoef;xGef;&JU

pum;udk ,lajym&&if]]ordkif;qdkwm rtçatmif oif&wm}}vdkY

pJGpJGNrJNrJ rSwfom;NyD; vdkufem&ygr,f/ q&matmifoif;&JU pum;udk

iSm;ajym&r,fqdk&ifvnf; ordkif;eJY ywfoufvdkY a&;Mu ajymMuwJh

tcgrSm wpfpHkwpfa,mufudk tm;emae&if tem*wfudk opöm

azmuf&m a&mufw,f-wJh/ ordkif;q&mawG[m t*wdw&m;awG

uif;&r,fvdkY qdkvdkcsifwm xifygw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf vlwdkif;[m

t*wdw&m;av;yg;uif;Edkif&if taumif;qHk;yg/

Wednesday, August 07, 2013

94 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-5

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yk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,fyk*Hudka&mufcJ hw,f

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yk*Hajrudk ajccstNyD; bk&m;awGudk pwifzl;jrifvdkuf&csdefrSm

awmh tHhMo0rf;omrIawG ESpfouf*kPf,lrIawGeJYtwl txufyg

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uAsmav;udk &Gwfqdkrdygawmhw,f/ tBudrfBudrf &Gwfqdkzl; &zl;cJh

ayr,fh b,fola&;wJh uAsmrSef;awmh tckcsdefxd rodao;ygbl;/

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tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 99

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100 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6

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tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 101

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102 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6

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tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 103

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104 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-6

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tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 105

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tnmyk*H bk&m;zl; 107

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yk*HrSm ESpfcgqHkr,f 113

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114 t&SifOwårmeE yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f-7 (ed*Hk;)

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aMomf ….. vlYjynfavmu? vlYb0um;

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(aZmf*sD-1935)

arwåmjzifh-

t&SifOwårmeE (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)

Sunday, August 11, [email protected]://www.thuthayet.com/

yk*HrSm ESpfcgqHkr,f 115

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usrf;udk;pm&if;usrf;udk;pm&if;usrf;udk;pm&if;usrf;udk;pm&if;usrf;udk;pm&if;

(u)

1/ jroef;wifh? ordkif;xJuyk*H yk*HxJuordkif;?yÍ ö*Hpmay?

&efukef? yxrtBudrf? 2012/

2/ oef;aqG? OD;? ordkif;0if yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm;? jr0wDyHkESdyfwdkuf?

&efukef? {um'ortBudrf? 1994/

3/ oef;xGef;? a'gufwm? igajymcsiforQ ig htaMumif;?

Nidrf;Nidrf;csrf;csrf;pmtkyfwdkuf? yxrtBudrf? 2011? &efukef/

4/ oD&dvuFma&muf jrefrmausmif;om; &[ef;awmfrsm;?

vuFmwref r*¾Zif;? wwd,tBudrf (ESpfywfvnf)? 2011/

5/ wifEdkifwdk;? yk*HapwDykxdk;rsm;ordkif;ESifh c&D;oGm;vrf;ñTef?

ndKndKyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef? yxrtBudrf? 2008/

(c)

1. Bischof, Roger, Buddhism in Myanmar A ShortHistory, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, SriLanka, 1995.

2. Jayasuriya, Edmund, A Guide to the Cultural Triangleof Sri Lanka, The Publication Unit of the CentralCultural Fund, 1st Ed., Colombo, Sri Lanka, 2004.

3. Rahula, Walpola, History of Buddhism in Ceylon,Buddhist Cultural Centre, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 3rd

Ed., 1993.

116 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f

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4. Postgraduate Prospectus, Higher Degree Committee,Faculty of Arts, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya,Sri Lanka.

5. The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma,Trans. by PeMaung Tin & G. H. Luce, BurmaResearch Society, Yangon University Press, 2nd Print,1960.

(*)

1. http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%B6 (06-08-2013)

2. http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC (07-08-2013)

3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapura (07-08-2013)

4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonnaruwa (07-08-2013)

5. http://nyaungoo.blogspot.com/ (07-08-2013)6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%

80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%B6 (08-08-2013)7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prome_Kingdom8. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ksetra_Kingdom9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyay10. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/prome11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyu_city-states

usrf;udk;pm&if; 117

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118 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f

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1/ tdEd,EdkifiH q&mBuD;*dktifum\ 0dyóem okawoeXmerS

xkwfa0onfh q|o*Fg,emrl yd#uwfaqmh0J (Version.4)?

2008/

2/ jrefrmhpG,fpHkusrf; tESpfcsKyf (1978-1997)? pdef&wem

"r®mp&d, pmoifwdkuf (&efukef) \ Software rl/

3/ jrefrmtbd"mef? twJG 1-5? pdef&wem "r®mp&d, pmoif

wdkuf (&efukef) \ Software rl/

Page 121: I'Ve Ever Been to Bagan

t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)\

xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;xkwfa0NyD; pmpOfrsm;

1/ pHjyKxdkufaomESvHk;om; 2009

2/ Essential Knowledge of English 2009

(uGefysLwmrl? oifwef;oHk;)

3/ olwdkYavQmufaomvrf; 2010

4/ Exam Guide For MA (uGefysLwmrl? t*Fvdyf) 2010

5/ pepfwusrSm; 2011

6/ 0efESifh*kPf 2012

7/ Ak'¨pmayvmacgif;aqmifrIynmESifh

oabmw&m;rsm; 2013

8/ Ak'¨bmomESifhacwfopfurÇm (vufurf;pmtkyf) 2013

9/ aqG;aEG;tajz&Sm aeYpOfjyóem

("r® okw &o pmpkrsm;) 2013

10/ yk*Ha&mufcJhw,f (,ck) 2014

qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmpOfrsm;

1/ Ak'¨bmomESifhEdkifiHa&;

2/ wwd,&wem (odkYr[kwf) avmu\jynfhpHkjcif;

(vufurf;pmtkyf)

3/ rdk;udkqGwfí EGHrSmepfol (vufurf;pmtkyf)

yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f 119

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t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;t&SifOwårmeE´ (ay&ma'ed,wuúodkvf)tm;

ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;ynmyg&rDjznfhqnf;vSL'gef;Muaomaumif;rI&Sifrsm;

(Edk0ifbmv2013 rS rwfv 2014 txd)

Smile ynmyg&rD? ukodkvfjzpfvkyfief; (SSSF)

2013? Edk0ifbm wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/

2013? 'DZifbm wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/

2014? Zefe0g&D wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/

2014? azazmf0g&D wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/

2014? rwf wpfodef;ig;aomif;usyf/

120 t&SifOwårmeE´ yk*Hudka&mufcJhw,f

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