issues and implications of world englishes for teachers
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Presentation on research and pedagogy of teaching world Englishes presented at Sunshine State TESOL Conference 2011 in Jacksonville, FloridaTRANSCRIPT
Issues and Implications of World Englishes
for Teachers
Melanie C. Gonzalez & Alison YoungbloodSunshine State TESOL Convention
Jacksonville, FL May 13, 2011
English?
Objectives
1. Background in how English became an international language
2. Issues/attitudes/perceptions surrounding the role of English
3. Pedagogical implications: EFL vs. ESL
4. Further research
3-Circle Model of World English
Created by Braj B. Kachru (1989) & cited in almost all the major studies of EIL
Details the use of English in other countries
Numbers in this circle are dated as of 2003 (Crystal).
Key Terms
English as an International Language (EIL): the umbrella term to discuss the global status and role of English; mostly associate
International English (IE): inner-circle English as purveyed by the field of ELT
World Englishes (WE): all varieties of English, but often really targets the new Englishes
English as a Lingua Franca (ELF): English used in the expanding circles as a common tongue
Pakir, (2009)
How did English achieve this status?
Global advancements in technology, business, science, culture, media
Not an elite language
Does not replace other languages
Acquired in local settings
Brutt-Griffler (2001); Kachru (1989); Seidlehofer (2004; 2009)
Attitudes & Perceptions
Expanding circle Englishes not on par with inner and outer circle varieties (Jenkins, 2009)
Seen as norm-dependent, interlanguages
ELF seen as “anything goes”
English is in demand and desired (Pakir, 2009)
Students “paid good money” (Quirk, as cited in Pakir, 2009)
Attitudes & Perceptions
IE spread is a form of linguistic imperialism (Pennycook, 1994)
Each emergent variety has potential to become standardized (Pakir, 2009)
More interactions occur between NNS than between NS (Seidlehofer, 2009)
Expanding circle users creatively use English & do not mimic NS (Pakir, 2009; Seidlehofer, 2009)
Implications for ELT
New varieties of English include Changes in lexicon Changes in grammar Changes in phonology
EFL vs. ESL
Jenkins (2000; 2006); Kachru (2009); Pakir (2009)
Examples of WE
Lexicon Grammar Phonology
Importancy; smoothfully
She think…He buy…
Fren = friend
It was a cake. The book is on shelf.I would like bottle of water.
b/v; r/l
I back to Korea next week.
The accident was happened last night.
Actually = currently Informations, homeworks, vocabularies
It’s up yours. / NATO Black color dress
Jenkins (2002; 2009); Matsuda (2003)
Examples of WE
Singlish – great example of a World English from the Outer-circle; mix of English, Mandarin, Malay
Singapore has two official languages: Mandarin & English
Speaking Singlish (via YouTube)
English Instruction by ICE/IE/BANA
From Pakir, A. (2009). English as a lingua franca: Analyzing research frameworks in international English, world Englishes, and ELF. World Englishes, 28(2), 224-235.
English Instruction by OCE/WE
From Pakir, A. (2009). English as a lingua franca: Analyzing research frameworks in international English, world Englishes, and ELF. World Englishes, 28(2), 224-235.
English Instruction by ELF
From Pakir, A. (2009). English as a lingua franca: Analyzing research frameworks in international English, world Englishes, and ELF. World Englishes, 28(2), 224-235.
Implications for EFL
Awareness of local varieties of English important for teaching in outer and expanding circle countries (Seidlhofer, 2004; Vitanova, 2007; Pakir, 2009)
Intelligibility vs. correctness debate (Jenkins, 2002 & 2009; Seidlhofer, 2004)
Inner-circle English is becoming out-dated & native-speaker judge of proficiency is only suitable in ESL (inner circle) contexts (Matsuda, 2003)
Implications for ESL
Intelligibility vs. correctness debate (Jenkins, 2002 & 2009; Seidlhofer, 2004)
Error correction
Validity of debate (Quirk vs. Kachru in the 1990’s)
Motivations
Future of ELT
Further Research
Creating a WE corpora & ELF corpus in response to critics The ELFA Project: a 1 million word corpus of Academic ELF at the
Universiy of Helsinki (Mauranen, Hynninen, & Ranta, 2010) VOICE Project: corpus of English used in China, Japan, Korea, &
throughout SE Asia www.ied.hk/rcleams/research_projects.htm Jenkins’ research: books regarding phonology & morphology of ELF
More research into what variety expanding students want to learn; many studies report desire for American & British varieties (Evans, 2010; Hino, 2009)
Singapore’s Speak Good English movement
Lamb’s research
WE & ELF in reading and writing…most research seems focused on oral communication only
Last words, lah
Important considerations for teachers:Local context: EFL vs. ESL?Pluralistic view of English?Intelligibility vs. correctnessMore NNS of English than NS
References Crystal, D. (2003). English as a global language (2nd
Ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Evans, B. (2010). Chinese perceptions of inner circle varieties of English. World Englishes, 29(2), 270-280.
Jenkins, J. (2002). A sociolinguistically-based, empirically-researched pronunciation syllabus for English as an international language. Applied Linguistics, 23(1), 83-103.
Jenkins, J. (2006). Current perspectives on teaching world Englishes and English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly, 40(1), 157-181.
Jenkins, J. (2009). English as a lingua franca: Interpretations and attitudes. World Englishes, 28(2), 200-207.
Kachru, B. (1989). Teaching world Englishes. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 15(1), 85-93.
Kachru, B. (1990). World Englishes and applied linguistics. World Englishes, 9(1), 3-20.
Lamb, M. (2003). Integrative motivation in a globalizing world. System, 32(1), 3-19.
Mauranen, A., Hynninen, N., & Ranta, E. (2009). English as an academic lingua franca: The ELFA project. English for Specific Purposes, 29(1), 183-190. doi: 10.1016/j.esp.2009.10.001
Matsuda, A. (2003). Incorporating world Englishes in teaching English as an international language. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 719-729
Pakir, A. (2009). English as a lingua franca: Analyzing research frameworks in international English, world Englishes, and ELF. World Englishes, 28(2), 224-235.
Pennycook, A.D. 1994, The Cultural Politics of English as in International Language, 1, Longman, London, New York.
Seidlhofer, B. (2004). Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 24(1), 209-239.
Seidlehofer, B. (2009). Common ground and different realities: World Englishes and English as a lingua franca. World Englishes, 28(2), 236-245.
Vitanova, G. (2007). English as an international language pedagogy: What teachers’ voices tell us. TESL Reporter, 40(1), 1-16.