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Israelite Religion. Cult of the Dead in the Bible. Cult of the Dead in the Bible. Dead as elohim Gen 28:22 I Sam. 28 Isaiah 8:19. Cult of the Dead in the Bible. Food/ tithe sacrifice Gen 28:17-18: food offered to dead at burial marker Gen 31:53-54: food offered to dead on hilltop - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Israelite Religion

Israelite ReligionIsraelite Religion

Page 2: Israelite Religion

Cult of the Dead in the Cult of the Dead in the BibleBible

Page 3: Israelite Religion

Cult of the Dead in the Cult of the Dead in the BibleBible

Dead as Dead as elohimelohim

Gen 28:22Gen 28:22

I Sam. 28I Sam. 28

Isaiah 8:19Isaiah 8:19

Page 4: Israelite Religion

Cult of the Dead in the Cult of the Dead in the BibleBible

Food/ tithe sacrificeFood/ tithe sacrifice

Gen 28:17-18: food offered to dead at burial markerGen 28:17-18: food offered to dead at burial marker

Gen 31:53-54: food offered to dead on hilltopGen 31:53-54: food offered to dead on hilltop

Deut. 26:14: “I have not deposited any of it with the Deut. 26:14: “I have not deposited any of it with the dead.” dead.”

I Sam. 1:21, 2:19, 20:29: food offered to dead at I Sam. 1:21, 2:19, 20:29: food offered to dead at shrines shrines

I Chron. 16:14, 32:33: food offered to dead in I Chron. 16:14, 32:33: food offered to dead in tombs tombs

Isaiah 53:9: food offered to dead at Isaiah 53:9: food offered to dead at bamotbamot

Page 5: Israelite Religion

Cult of the Dead in the Cult of the Dead in the BibleBible

Paqidum or “pqd” ritualPaqidum or “pqd” ritual

Mesopotamian ritual where one Mesopotamian ritual where one offered food and drink to a deceased offered food and drink to a deceased relation. relation.

2 Kings. 9:34: Jezebel’s remains were 2 Kings. 9:34: Jezebel’s remains were piqdupiqdu..

Page 6: Israelite Religion

What Can the Dead Do?What Can the Dead Do?

Tell future eventsTell future events

Bring people to life Bring people to life

Benefit you or wreak vengeance on Benefit you or wreak vengeance on you. you.

The dead are also seen as a source The dead are also seen as a source of knowledge.of knowledge.

Biblical laws regulated the cult of Biblical laws regulated the cult of the dead, they did not abolish it. the dead, they did not abolish it.

Page 7: Israelite Religion

David’s Rise to David’s Rise to KingshipKingship

Page 8: Israelite Religion

An Eternal An Eternal Covenant?Covenant?

2 Samuel 72 Samuel 7

Page 9: Israelite Religion

David Rises as David Rises as Saul FallsSaul Falls

. . . One last nail in Saul’s . . . One last nail in Saul’s coffincoffin

Page 10: Israelite Religion

OnomastaconOnomastacon

Page 11: Israelite Religion

Israelite ReligionIsraelite Religion

Page 12: Israelite Religion

Israelite ReligionIsraelite Religion

God of the Fathers God of the Fathers Gen 46:3, 29:25Gen 46:3, 29:25

God of AbrahamGod of AbrahamGenesis 31:51-53 Genesis 31:51-53

God of Abraham and IsaacGod of Abraham and IsaacGenesis 32:10: Genesis 32:10:

God of Abraham Isaac and JacobGod of Abraham Isaac and JacobExodus 6:3Exodus 6:3

Page 13: Israelite Religion

Origins of MonotheismOrigins of Monotheism

Baal: Baal: Storm GodStorm GodRider on the CloudsRider on the CloudsWarriorWarrior

I Sam. 7:3-4I Sam. 7:3-4I Kings 18I Kings 18

Names: Names: Jerubaal (Jud 6-7)Jerubaal (Jud 6-7)Ishboshet (2 Sam. 2)Ishboshet (2 Sam. 2)

Page 14: Israelite Religion

Origins of MonotheismOrigins of Monotheism

The GoddessThe Goddess

AsheraAshera

(2 Kings 23)(2 Kings 23)

Queen of Heaven Queen of Heaven

(Jeremiah 44)(Jeremiah 44)

Page 15: Israelite Religion

Origins of MonotheismOrigins of Monotheism

CentralizationCentralization1)1) national deitynational deity

2) Centralized cult: Jerusalem/ Dan and 2) Centralized cult: Jerusalem/ Dan and BethelBethel

3) Centralized Government 3) Centralized Government

4) Role of writing4) Role of writing

Page 16: Israelite Religion

Origins of MonotheismOrigins of Monotheism

11stst Isaiah: Isaiah:

“ “ YHWH is the patron deity of the YHWH is the patron deity of the monarchy” monarchy” (Smith, (Smith, The Early History of God,The Early History of God, 187). 187).

Page 17: Israelite Religion

Origins of MonotheismOrigins of Monotheism

YHWH has a lady friendYHWH has a lady friend

"Blessed be Uriyahu by "Blessed be Uriyahu by YahwehYahweh and by his and by his Asherah; from his enemies he saved him!“Asherah; from his enemies he saved him!“

(Khirbet el-Kom near Hebron)(Khirbet el-Kom near Hebron)

בירכתי אתכם ליהוה שומרון ולאשרתובירכתי אתכם ליהוה שומרון ולאשרתו““Blessed are you by YHWH of Samaria Blessed are you by YHWH of Samaria

and his asherah”and his asherah”(Kuntillet Ajrud)(Kuntillet Ajrud)

Page 18: Israelite Religion

Origins of MonotheismOrigins of MonotheismStage Two (Monolatry)Stage Two (Monolatry)

YHWH of Samaria YHWH of Samaria andand YHWH of Teman YHWH of TemanIs YHWH schizophrenic?Is YHWH schizophrenic?

brktk.lyhwh tmn wl’šrth. brktk.lyhwh tmn wl’šrth. I bless you to/by YHWH of Teman and his ashera. I bless you to/by YHWH of Teman and his ashera.

‘‘mr X ‘mr wlyw’sh w[l-z] brky ‘tkm lyhwh mr X ‘mr wlyw’sh w[l-z] brky ‘tkm lyhwh shmrn wlshrthshmrn wlshrth

X says: Say to Y and Yau’asah and [to Z]: I bless you to X says: Say to Y and Yau’asah and [to Z]: I bless you to YHWH of Samaia, and to his asherahYHWH of Samaia, and to his asherah

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Page 20: Israelite Religion

Origins of MonotheismOrigins of MonotheismStage Two (Monolatry)Stage Two (Monolatry)

YHWH is not alone . . . YHWH is not alone . . .

The Divine Council (Isaiah 6)The Divine Council (Isaiah 6)Hos 12:1, Zech 14:5, Hos 12:1, Zech 14:5,

Ps 29:1, 82:1, 89:7 Ps 29:1, 82:1, 89:7

Isa.14:13, Jer 23:18, 22, Isa.14:13, Jer 23:18, 22,

Zech 3, I Kg 22:19Zech 3, I Kg 22:19

Gen 1:26-28, Gen 3:22, 11:7Gen 1:26-28, Gen 3:22, 11:7

Page 21: Israelite Religion

Origins of MonotheismOrigins of MonotheismStage Three MonotheismStage Three Monotheism

God and God AloneGod and God Alone

Deutro-IsaiahDeutro-Isaiah

Page 22: Israelite Religion

Divine Warrior Divine Warrior and his marchand his march

The Baal CycleThe Baal Cycle

Page 23: Israelite Religion

YHWH as the Divine YHWH as the Divine WarriorWarrior

Battle with Yam Battle with Yam

Exodus 15: waters manipulatedExodus 15: waters manipulated

Exodus 14:21-27, Josh 2:9, Neh 9:11, Exodus 14:21-27, Josh 2:9, Neh 9:11,

Ps 78:13, 136:14-15, 66:6, 106:9, 77, 114: Ps 78:13, 136:14-15, 66:6, 106:9, 77, 114:

the splitting of the sea highlighted.the splitting of the sea highlighted.

Ps: 77: trembling watersPs: 77: trembling waters

Page 24: Israelite Religion

YHWH as the Divine YHWH as the Divine WarriorWarrior

Ps 24:7-10: Ps 24:7-10:

Yam is conqueredYam is conquered

The gates lift their headsThe gates lift their heads

Page 25: Israelite Religion

YHWH as the Divine YHWH as the Divine WarriorWarrior

March to/from the holy mountain . . . March to/from the holy mountain . . .

But where is it?But where is it?

Ex. 15:13, 17Ex. 15:13, 17

Deut 33:1-3Deut 33:1-3

Judges 5:4-5//Ps 68:8-9Judges 5:4-5//Ps 68:8-9

Habbakuk 3:-7Habbakuk 3:-7

Page 26: Israelite Religion

YHWH as the Divine YHWH as the Divine WarriorWarriorTheophanyTheophany

Psalm 29Psalm 29

andand

Exodus 19Exodus 19

Page 27: Israelite Religion

Fox’s ArticleFox’s Article

Page 28: Israelite Religion

Images of Gods,Images of Gods, Goddesses, and Goddesses, and other cultic stuffother cultic stuff

Page 29: Israelite Religion
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Bull Site: Open ShrineBull Site: Open Shrine

Page 31: Israelite Religion
Page 32: Israelite Religion

Tel DanTel Dan

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Symbol of the goddessSymbol of the goddess

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ShapshuShapshu

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AnatAnat

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AsherahAsherah

Page 37: Israelite Religion

Kuntillet AjrudKuntillet Ajrud

Page 38: Israelite Religion

Kuntillet AjrudKuntillet Ajrud

lywhw w’šrthlywhw w’šrth

YHWH and (his?) AsherahYHWH and (his?) Asherah

YHWH and AsherahatYHWH and Asherahat

Page 39: Israelite Religion

IshtarIshtar

Page 40: Israelite Religion

IshtarIshtar

Page 41: Israelite Religion

AstarteAstarte

Page 42: Israelite Religion
Page 43: Israelite Religion

Where did Where did Monotheism Monotheism Come From?Come From?

Page 44: Israelite Religion

Let’s Start at the very Let’s Start at the very beginning, the very best beginning, the very best

place to start . . . place to start . . .

Page 45: Israelite Religion

A. The Canaanite/ Ugaritic A. The Canaanite/ Ugaritic PatternPattern

1. Father/ Mother head of the 1. Father/ Mother head of the pantheonpantheon

2. Royal Children2. Royal Children

3. Servants of the royal house3. Servants of the royal house

4. Messengers4. Messengers

Page 46: Israelite Religion

Moving towards Moving towards MonotheismMonotheism

In the bible we see a tri-In the bible we see a tri-part collapse part collapse

of the Ugaritic pantheonof the Ugaritic pantheon

Page 47: Israelite Religion

A. PolytheismA. Polytheism

Tier One: ‘El/ Elyon Tier One: ‘El/ Elyon (god of the fathers (god of the fathers and the Exodus)and the Exodus)

Tier Two: his Tier Two: his sonssons, , including YHWH including YHWH (Psalm 82 and (Psalm 82 and Deut. 32:8-9) Deut. 32:8-9)

Tier Three: ?Tier Three: ?

Tier Four: AngelsTier Four: Angels

1. Father/ Mother 1. Father/ Mother head of the head of the pantheonpantheon

2. Royal Children2. Royal Children

3. Servants of the 3. Servants of the royal houseroyal house

4. Messengers4. Messengers

Page 48: Israelite Religion

B. MonalatryB. MonalatryTier One: YWHW (ousts Tier One: YWHW (ousts

‘El the head of the ‘El the head of the council) and Asherah council) and Asherah as his consortas his consort

Tier Two: A heavenly Tier Two: A heavenly host surrounding him host surrounding him (I Kgs 22:19, Isa 6, (I Kgs 22:19, Isa 6, Dan 7, Ex. 15:11)Dan 7, Ex. 15:11)

Tier Three: Reshep/ Tier Three: Reshep/ Deber/ other gods?Deber/ other gods?

Tier Four: AngelsTier Four: Angels

1. Father/ Mother head 1. Father/ Mother head of the pantheonof the pantheon

2. Royal Children2. Royal Children

3. Servants of the royal 3. Servants of the royal househouse

4. Messengers4. Messengers

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C. Move to Monotheism. C. Move to Monotheism. Everything is Everything is

demythologizeddemythologizedTier One: YWHW stands Tier One: YWHW stands

alone. (“edited” version alone. (“edited” version of Deut. 32 and of Deut. 32 and Deuteronomy and Deuteronomy and Deutro-Isaiah)Deutro-Isaiah)

Tier Four: angels would Tier Four: angels would not be seen as divine, not be seen as divine, but as celestial beings but as celestial beings of an “ungodly” of an “ungodly”

nature. nature.

1. Father/ Mother head 1. Father/ Mother head of the pantheonof the pantheon

2. Royal Children2. Royal Children3. Servants of the royal 3. Servants of the royal

househouse

4. Messengers4. Messengers

Page 50: Israelite Religion

Stage Three: Stage Three: MonotheismMonotheism

God and God ALONEGod and God ALONE