ispor 5th asia-pacific conference disclosure information for research presentations

3
ISPOR 5 TH ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE DISCLOSURE INFORMATION FOR RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research asked all abstract contributors to disclose financial support for their research. The following financial support was declared: Reference Code Financial Support Reference Code Financial Support CE1 Pfizer Limited, Taiwan, New Taipei City, Taiwan CE2 Taiwan Blood Services Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan CE3 Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, Australia CE4 None CL1 None CL2 None CL3 None CL4 DOH100-TD-C-111-002, Taipei, Taiwan CN1 None CN2 DOH100-TD-C-111-002, Taipei, Taiwan CN3 None CN4 Sino-American Shanghai Squibb Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Shanghai, China CV1 Pfizer, Melbourne, Australia CV2 None CV3 Novartis, Basel, Switzerland CV4 None DB1 Boehringer Ingelheim Shanghai PharmaceuticalsCo. Ltd., Shanghai, China DB2 None DB3 Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia DB4 Hong Kong SAR Government Health and Health Services Research Fund, Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Azalea (1972) Endowment Fund, Hong Kong, Hong Kong EX1 Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Program, Bangkok, Thailand EX2 Department of Health Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan EX3 None EX4 National Health Insurance Corporate, Seoul, South Korea; Korean Pharmaceutical Association, Seoul, South Korea HC1 None HC2 None HC3 Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taipei, Taiwan HC4 None HT2 Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong City, South Korea HT3 None HT4 Quintiles, Hoofddorp, Netherlands ME1 National Medical Research Council, Singapore, Singapore ME2 None ME3 None ME4 National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant, Canberra, Australia PCN1 None PCN2 None PCN3 None PCN4 DOH100-TD-C-111-002, Taipei, Taiwan PCN5 None PCN6 Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USA PCN7 None PCN8 None PCN9 None PCN10 None PCN11 None PCN12 None PCN13 None PCN14 None PCN16 Celgene, Summit, NJ, USA PCN17 None PCN18 American Medical Devices and Diagnostics Manufacturers’ Association, Tokyo, Japan PCN19 None PCN20 None PCN21 Roche Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong, Hong Kong PCN22 None PCN23 Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan; The University of Chicago Cancer Research Foundation Women’s Board, Chicago, IL, USA PCN24 Roche Products Ltd, Taipei, Taiwan PCN25 None PCN26 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA PCN27 None PCN28 None PCN29 Japanese Foundation for Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer, Tokyo, PCN30 None PCN31 None PCN32 Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Meaung, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand PCN33 Bayer Korea, Seoul, South Korea PCV1 National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan PCV2 None PCV3 None PCV4 None PCV5 None PCV6 Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taipei, Taiwan PCV7 None PCV8 None PCV9 None PCV10 None PCV11 None PCV12 Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taipei, Taiwan PCV13 University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia PCV15 Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USA PCV16 None PCV19 None PCV21 Lilly, Seoul, South Korea PCV22 None PCV23 MSD (Thailand) Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand PCV24 None PCV25 None PCV26 Astra-Zeneca, Singapore, Singapore PCV27 None PCV28 HTA Agency UK, Southampton, UK PCV29 AstraZeneca Thailand Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand PCV30 The National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Program, London, UK PCV31 Pfizer Pharmaceutical Korea Ltd, Seoul, South Korea; BMS Pharmaceutical Korea, Seoul, South Korea PCV32 None PCV33 National Science Council, Taipei , Taiwan PCV34 None PCV35 Ministry of Health Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia PCV36 None PDB1 None PDB2 None PDB3 None PDB4 None PDB5 None PDB6 Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USA PDB7 None PDB8 Johnson & Johnson, Singapore, Singapore PDB10 None PDB11 None PDB12 None PDB13 Johnson & Johnson, Singapore, Singapore PDB14 Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany PDB15 None PDB16 None PDB17 Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL, USA PDB18 None PDB19 Novo Nordisk, Zurich, Switzerland PDB20 Novo Nordisk, Zurich, Switzerland PDB21 Novo Nordisk, Zurich, Switzerland PDB22 None PDB23 None PDB24 National Institute of Health, Tehran, Iran PDB25 None PDB26 Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council, Canberra, Australia PDB27 None PDB28 Novartis China, Beijing, China PDB29 NIHR UK, London, UK PDB30 None PDB31 None PDB32 None PDB33 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN, USA PDB34 None PDB35 National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore PDB36 None PGI1 None PGI2 None A682 VALUE IN HEALTH 15 (2012) A682-A684 Copyright © 2012, International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Published by Elsevier Inc.

Post on 30-Dec-2016

226 views

Category:

Documents


2 download

TRANSCRIPT

ISPOR 5TH ASIA-PACIFIC CONFERENCE DISCLOSURE INFORMATION FOR RESEARCH PRESENTATIONS

The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research asked all abstract contributors to disclose financial support for their research.The following financial support was declared:

ReferenceCode Financial Support

ReferenceCode Financial Support

CE1 Pfizer Limited, Taiwan, New Taipei City, TaiwanCE2 Taiwan Blood Services Foundation, Taipei, TaiwanCE3 Australian Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra, AustraliaCE4 NoneCL1 NoneCL2 NoneCL3 NoneCL4 DOH100-TD-C-111-002, Taipei, TaiwanCN1 NoneCN2 DOH100-TD-C-111-002, Taipei, TaiwanCN3 NoneCN4 Sino-American Shanghai Squibb Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Shanghai, ChinaCV1 Pfizer, Melbourne, AustraliaCV2 NoneCV3 Novartis, Basel, SwitzerlandCV4 NoneDB1 Boehringer Ingelheim Shanghai PharmaceuticalsCo. Ltd., Shanghai, ChinaDB2 NoneDB3 Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council,

Canberra, AustraliaDB4 Hong Kong SAR Government Health and Health Services Research Fund,

Hong Kong, Hong Kong; Azalea (1972) Endowment Fund, Hong Kong, HongKong

EX1 Thailand Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Program,Bangkok, Thailand

EX2 Department of Health Taipei City Government, Taipei, TaiwanEX3 NoneEX4 National Health Insurance Corporate, Seoul, South Korea; Korean

Pharmaceutical Association, Seoul, South KoreaHC1 NoneHC2 NoneHC3 Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taipei, TaiwanHC4 NoneHT2 Korea Center for Disease Control, Osong City, South KoreaHT3 NoneHT4 Quintiles, Hoofddorp, NetherlandsME1 National Medical Research Council, Singapore, SingaporeME2 NoneME3 NoneME4 National Health and Medical Research Council Project Grant, Canberra,

AustraliaPCN1 NonePCN2 NonePCN3 NonePCN4 DOH100-TD-C-111-002, Taipei, TaiwanPCN5 NonePCN6 Celgene Corporation, Summit, NJ, USAPCN7 NonePCN8 NonePCN9 NonePCN10 NonePCN11 NonePCN12 NonePCN13 NonePCN14 NonePCN16 Celgene, Summit, NJ, USAPCN17 NonePCN18 American Medical Devices and Diagnostics Manufacturers’ Association,

Tokyo, JapanPCN19 NonePCN20 NonePCN21 Roche Hong Kong Limited, Hong Kong, Hong KongPCN22 NonePCN23 Department of Health, Taipei, Taiwan; The University of Chicago Cancer

Research Foundation Women’s Board, Chicago, IL, USAPCN24 Roche Products Ltd, Taipei, TaiwanPCN25 NonePCN26 Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USAPCN27 NonePCN28 NonePCN29 Japanese Foundation for Multidisciplinary Treatment of Cancer, Tokyo,PCN30 NonePCN31 NonePCN32 Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Meaung, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand

PCN33 Bayer Korea, Seoul, South KoreaPCV1 National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, TaiwanPCV2 NonePCV3 NonePCV4 NonePCV5 NonePCV6 Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taipei, TaiwanPCV7 NonePCV8 NonePCV9 NonePCV10 NonePCV11 NonePCV12 Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Health,

Executive Yuan, Taipei, TaiwanPCV13 University of Queensland, Brisbane, AustraliaPCV15 Pfizer Inc., New York, NY, USAPCV16 NonePCV19 NonePCV21 Lilly, Seoul, South KoreaPCV22 NonePCV23 MSD (Thailand) Ltd., Bangkok, ThailandPCV24 NonePCV25 NonePCV26 Astra-Zeneca, Singapore, SingaporePCV27 NonePCV28 HTA Agency UK, Southampton, UKPCV29 AstraZeneca Thailand Ltd., Bangkok, ThailandPCV30 The National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology

Assessment (HTA) Program, London, UKPCV31 Pfizer Pharmaceutical Korea Ltd, Seoul, South Korea; BMS Pharmaceutical

Korea, Seoul, South KoreaPCV32 NonePCV33 National Science Council, Taipei , TaiwanPCV34 NonePCV35 Ministry of Health Indonesia, Jakarta, IndonesiaPCV36 NonePDB1 NonePDB2 NonePDB3 NonePDB4 NonePDB5 NonePDB6 Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Deerfield, IL, USAPDB7 NonePDB8 Johnson & Johnson, Singapore, SingaporePDB10 NonePDB11 NonePDB12 NonePDB13 Johnson & Johnson, Singapore, SingaporePDB14 Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH, Ingelheim, GermanyPDB15 NonePDB16 NonePDB17 Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Deerfield, IL, USAPDB18 NonePDB19 Novo Nordisk, Zurich, SwitzerlandPDB20 Novo Nordisk, Zurich, SwitzerlandPDB21 Novo Nordisk, Zurich, SwitzerlandPDB22 NonePDB23 NonePDB24 National Institute of Health, Tehran, IranPDB25 NonePDB26 Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council,

Canberra, AustraliaPDB27 NonePDB28 Novartis China, Beijing, ChinaPDB29 NIHR UK, London, UKPDB30 NonePDB31 NonePDB32 NonePDB33 Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN, USAPDB34 NonePDB35 National University of Singapore, Singapore, SingaporePDB36 NonePGI1 NonePGI2 None

A682 V A L U E I N H E A L T H 1 5 ( 2 0 1 2 ) A 6 8 2 - A 6 8 4

Copyright © 2012, International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR). Published by Elsevier Inc.

PGI3 NonePGI4 Johnson & Johnson Medical, Singapore, SingaporePGI5 Astellas Pharma Taiwan, Inc., Taipei, TaiwanPGI6 Shire Development LLC, Wayne, PA, USAPGI7 NonePGI8 NonePGI9 Shire Development LLC, Wayne, PA, USAPGI10 Shire Development LLC, Wayne, PA, USAPGI11 NonePGI12 NonePGI13 NonePGI14 NonePGI15 NonePGI16 Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Beijing, ChinaPHP1 NonePHP2 GE Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, UKPHP3 NonePHP4 NonePHP6 Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, ThailandPHP7 Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USAPHP8 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD, USAPHP9 Medtronic International Ltd, Singapore, SingaporePHP10 NonePHP11 NonePHP12 NonePHP13 NonePHP14 NonePHP15 NonePHP16 NonePHP17 NonePHP18 Double Helix Consulting, London, UKPHP19 Ministry of Education and Science, Belgrade, Serbia and MontenegroPHP20 Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taipei, TaiwanPHP21 NonePHP22 Drug and Food Administration, Taiwan, TaiwanPHP24 Bureau of NHI, Taipei, TaiwanPHP25 NonePHP26 Ministry of Education and Science, Belgrade, Serbia and MontenegroPHP27 NonePHP28 National Health Insurance Fund, Khartoum, SudanPHP29 Ministry of Education and Science, Belgrade, Serbia and MontenegroPHP30 Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taipei, TaiwanPHP31 NonePHP32 NonePHP33 NonePHP34 NonePHP35 NonePHP36 Shire Development LLC, Wayne, PA, USAPHP37 NonePHP38 NonePHP39 NonePHP40 Janssen, Beerse, BelgiumPHP41 NonePHP42 NonePHP43 NonePHP44 NonePHP45 Janssen Pharmaceutical KK, Tokyo, JapanPHP46 GSK, Seoul, South KoreaPHP47 IHS, Eddystone, PA, USAPHP48 University of Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaPHP49 NonePHP50 Nippon Becton Dickinson Company, Ltd., Tokyo, JapanPHP51 NonePHP53 NonePHP54 Beijing Novartis Pharma Co., Ltd., Beijing, ChinaPHP55 NonePHP56 Agency for Health Technology Assessment, Warsaw, PolandPHP57 NonePHP58 NonePHP60 Behestan Darou Pharmaceutical Company, Tehran, IranPHP61 NonePHP62 NonePHP63 Chei-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, TaiwanPHP64 NonePHP65 NonePHP67 Ministry of Health, Singapore, SingaporePHP69 NonePHP70 Bristol-Myers Squibb, Taipei City, TaiwanPHP72 NonePHP74 Department of Health, Taipei, TaiwanPHP76 Millennium, Cambridge, MA, USA

PHP77 NonePHP78 NonePHP79 NonePHP80 Thai Health Foundation, Bangkok, ThailandPHP81 American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education, Rockville, MD, USAPHP82 NonePHP83 NonePHP84 NonePHP85 Costello Medical Consulting Ltd, Cambridge, UKPHP86 NonePHP87 NonePHP88 Pfizer Pte Ltd., Singapore, SingaporePHP89 Manipal University, Manipal, IndiaPHP90 NonePHP91 National Pharmaceutical Company, Washington, DC, USA; Patient-Centered

Outcomes Research Institute, Washington, DC, USAPHP92 NonePHP93 NonePHP94 NonePHP95 NonePHP96 Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taipei, TaiwanPHP97 Savient, East Brunswick, NJ, USAPHP98 NonePHP99 Institute of Mental Health, Singapore, Singapore; National Skin Centre,

Singapore, Singapore; National Healthcare Group Polyclinics, Singapore,Singapore; National University Hospital , Singapore, Singapore; Tan TockSeng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore

PHP104 NonePHP105 NonePHP106 NonePHP107 Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USAPHP108 NonePHP109 NonePHP110 Vifor Pharma Ltd., Glattbrugg, SwitzerlandPHP111 NonePHP112 Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, GermanyPHP113 Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, GermanyPHP114 Double Helix Consulting, London, UKPHP115 NonePHP116 National Institute for Health Research, London, UKPHP117 NonePHP118 National Institute for Health Research, London, UKPIH1 Wellbeing of Women, London, UK; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi,

TaiwanPIH2 NonePIH3 NonePIH4 NonePIH5 University of Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaPIH6 NonePIH7 NonePIH8 Pfizer, Seoul, South KoreaPIH9 NonePIH10 NHMRC, Canberra, AustraliaPIH11 NonePIH12 NonePIN1 Gilead Sciences, Warsaw, PolandPIN2 Viiv Healthcare, Melbourne, AustraliaPIN3 NonePIN4 NonePIN5 NonePIN6 NonePIN7 NonePIN8 Janssen, Raritan, NJ, USAPIN9 Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USAPIN10 Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, USAPIN11 Pfizer China, Beijing, ChinaPIN12 Pfizer China, Beijing, ChinaPIN13 Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Meuang, ThailandPIN14 University of Indonesia, Depok, IndonesiaPIN15 NonePIN16 Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of National Education of

Republic Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia; Research Institute for HealthResearch (SHARE), University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands

PIN17 NonePIN18 The Royal Golden Jubilee PhD Program, Bangkok, ThailandPMH1 NonePMH2 NonePMH3 Pfizer, New York, NY, USAPMH4 NonePMH5 Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, IN, USAPMH6 Ministry of Health and Walfare, Seoul, South Korea

ReferenceCode Financial Support

ReferenceCode Financial Support

A683V A L U E I N H E A L T H 1 5 ( 2 0 1 2 ) A 6 8 2 - A 6 8 4

PMH8 Xian-janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Beijing, ChinaPMH9 Xian-janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Beijing, ChinaPMH10 NonePMH11 Xian-janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Beijing, ChinaPMH12 National Health Research Institutes, Jhu-Nan, TaiwanPMH13 Pfizer, New York, NY, USAPMH14 NonePMS1 NonePMS2 National Science Council, Taipei, TaiwanPMS4 Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IranPMS5 Natural Remedies Pvt Ltd., Bangalore, IndiaPMS6 Pfizer China, Beijing, ChinaPMS7 National Science Council, Taipei, TaiwanPMS8 NonePMS10 NonePMS11 NonePMS12 NonePMS13 NonePMS14 Pfizer China, Beijing, ChinaPMS15 NonePMS16 Bureau of National Health Insurance, Taipei, TaiwanPMS17 Pfizer, New York, NY, USAPMS18 Pfizer Inc, Collegeville, PA, USAPMS19 NonePMS20 Janssen Global Services LLC, Malvern, PA, USAPMS21 NonePMS22 NonePMS23 Xian-Janssen Pharmaceutical Ltd., Johnson & Johnson, Beijing, ChinaPMS24 NonePND1 NonePND3 Biogen Idec, Weston, MA, USAPND5 Biogen Idec, Weston, MA, USAPND6 Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, MalaysiaPND7 NonePND8 Allergan, Sydney, Australia; Allergan, Irvine, CA, USAPND9 Bayer Healthcare Pharmaceuticals. Inc., Montvile, NJ, USAPND10 shahid beheshti medical university, Tehran, IranPND11 UCB, Melbourne, AustraliaPND12 NonePND13 NonePND14 Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USAPND16 Allergan, Singapore, Singapore; Allergan, Sydney, AustraliaPRM1 Johnson and Johnson Medical Asia-Pacific, Singapore, SingaporePRM2 A Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) from the Ministry of Education,

Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan; Pfizer HealthResearch Foundation, Tokyo, Japan

PRM3 HITAP, Nonthaburi, ThailandPRM4 NonePRM5 NonePRM6 NonePRM8 NonePRM9 NonePRM10 NonePRM11 NonePRM12 NonePRM13 NonePRM14 Department of Health, Taipei, TaiwanPRM15 NonePRM16 Oncotyrol, Innsbruck, AustriaPRM17 Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai, ThailandPRM18 Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma America (MTPA), Inc., Warren, NJ, USAPRM19 University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, AustraliaPRM20 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan, Tokyo, JapanPRM21 NonePRM22 Ministry of Health, Singapore, SingaporePRM23 NonePRM24 NonePRM25 NonePRM26 NonePRM27 Health Promotion Fund of Ministry of Health & Welfare, Seoul, South Korea

PRM28 South Dakota State University, Sioux Falls, SD, USAPRM29 Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USAPRM30 F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd , Basel, SwitzerlandPRM31 Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, ChinaPRM32 NonePRM33 NonePRM34 NonePRM35 NonePRM36 Guangzhou Pharmaceutical Holdings Limited, Guangzhou, ChinaPRM37 Pfizer Animal Health, Madison, NJ, USAPRM38 National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USAPRM39 NonePRM40 NonePRM42 NICE Decision Support Unit, Sheffield, UKPRM43 Department of Health, Taipei, TaiwanPRM44 NonePRM45 NonePRS1 Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, SwedenPRS2 NonePRS4 National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Bangkok,

ThailandPRS5 NonePRS6 NonePRS7 NonePRS8 NonePRS9 NonePRS10 NonePRS11 NonePRS12 NonePRS13 GSK, London, UKPR1 NonePR2 NonePR3 NonePR4 NonePSS1 NonePSS2 Novartis, Taipei, TaiwanPSS3 ALCON, Singapore, SingaporePSS4 ALCON, Singapore, SingaporePSS5 ALCON, Singapore, SingaporePSS6 Merck Sharp & Dohme (Australia) Pty Limited, North Ryde, AustraliaPSS7 NZAID Commonwealth Scholarship, Auckland, New ZealandPSS8 NonePSY1 Johnson & Johnson, PA, PA, USAPSY2 NonePSY3 Health Research Council of New Zealand, Auckland, New ZealandPSY4 Higher Education Commission, Islamabad, PakistanPSY5 Pfizer (Thailand) LTD, Bangkok, ThailandPSY6 Pfizer, Beijing, ChinaPSY7 Bristol Myers Squibb, Taipei, TaiwanPSY8 Janssen-Cilag, Bangkok, ThailandPSY9 GlaxoSmithKline, Taipei, TaiwanPSY11 NonePSY12 Pfizer, Beijing, ChinaPSY13 Johnson and Johnson Medical Asia-Pacific, Singapore, SingaporePSY14 National Institute of Health, Tehran, IranPSY15 NonePSY16 National Research Council of Thailand , Bangkok, Thailand; Thailand

Research Fund through the Royal Golden Jubilee PhD program , Bangkok,Thailand

PSY17 Shahid Beheshti Medical University, Tehran, IranPSY18 Novo Nordisk, Søborg, DenmarkPSY19 Baxter, Los Angeles, CA, USAPSY20 NonePSY21 Johnson & Johnson, USAPUK1 NonePUK2 NonePUK3 Allergan, Mapletree Business, SingaporePUK4 Roche Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, ChinaPUK5 NonePUK6 None

ReferenceCode Financial Support

ReferenceCode Financial Support

A684 V A L U E I N H E A L T H 1 5 ( 2 0 1 2 ) A 6 8 2 - A 6 8 4