Islamic Countries South West Asia and North Africa

Islamic Countries South West Asia and North AfricaCh 19 20 and 21Map CountriesIraq- Baghdad Iran- Tehran Afghanistan- Kabul Kuwait- Kuwait City Saudi Arabia- Riyadh Oman- Muscat Yemen- SanaaEgypt- Cairo Tunisia Tunis Libya- Tripoli Algeria- Algiers Morocco- Rabat

Countries United Arab Emigrates- Abu Dhabi Qatar- Doha Bahrain- Manawa Turkey- Ankara Cyprus- Nicosia Syria- Damascus Lebanon- Beirut Jordan- Amman Israel- Jerusalem

r2Map Landforms Sahara Desert Arabian Peninsula Sinai Peninsula Zagros Mtns Hindu Kush Anatolia Atlas Mtns An Nafud Rub Al Khali

Water Euphrates River Tigris RiverNile- White and Blue Jordan River Persian Gulf Gulf of Aden Arabian Sea Red Sea Dead Sea Suez Canal Bosporus Strait Strait of Dardanelles Strait of Hormuz

Cities Alexandria Bethlehem Mecca Medina Giza Istanbul Tel Aviv Casablanca Constantine

Others West Bank Gaza Strip Golan Heights

History1st civilization developed in the fertile crescent Between Tigris and Euphrates River = Mesopotamia (Iraq) 3500 BC 600 BC Great Civilizations Sumerians- developed writing Hittites- developed iron weapons Phoenicians- first major traders and explorers

History 600 BC- 1300 AD many empires ruled 1300 1914 Ottoman Empire ruled area Osman Leader 1973- Arab- Israeli war 1992- Persian Gulf War- NATO (US) vs Iraq over Kuwait 2001 Afghanistan 2003- US invades Iraq get rid of Saddam Why?

Middle East Desert covers most of the region Mtns receive most of the rain Agriculture is the major occupation in SW Asia - Barley, wheat, little life stock - Fruits, olives, figs, nuts and grapes on the Mediterranean Coast - Irrigation first developed in SW Asia (Deep Wells) Israel only country considered to be developed

Oil Richest mineral resource in the region Mainly on the shores of the Persian Gulf and Iraq Economies rise and fall with oil prices OPEC- Origin of Petroleum Exporting Countries Try to control oil prices around the world Include Iraq, Algeria, Iran , Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, U.A.E, Gabon, Indonesia, Nigeria, Venezuela

Religion 3 major religions started in SW Asia

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

Judaism First monotheist (one god) religion Formed in Palestine region Descendants of Abraham s son Isaac Torah Old Testament of the bible Jesus was just a false prophet not the savior

Religions Christianity Spread during Roman era ( Paul and Simon) Founded on the teachings of Jesus Spilt into Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christianity around 1000 BC Protestants- broke away from Roman Catholics 1500sChristianity became the dominant religion of Western Hemisphere

Islam Founded by Muhammad (570- 632) Followers of Islam called Muslims Quran is the Sacred Book Followers of Abrahams God through Ishmael One god called Allah ( Same God ) Split into Shiites (10-15 %) and Sunnis (85-90 %)

12Culture and conflict Arabs dominate the region- mostly Islamic Israel founded 1948- Mostly Jewish Arab- Israel in constant conflict- Palestine - both seek peace Christians in Lebanon- ConflictOthers- Kurds in Northern Iraq

Issues Conflict is constant- Terrorist groups Rising population Conflicts over water rightsOil reserves have become major world interest Women have little rights in Middle East

IraqCapital : Baghdad G.D.P.- $2400Lit. Rate 40%First civilization developed in fertile crescent in Iraq3 landforms-plains, dessert, mtn.1/3 of people in agricultureBaghdad-ancient city of Islamic culture

North Iraq-Kurds-want independenceIrrigation major task- land too salty due to over useGrow of worlds datesMajor oil fields, but little jobs-mechanized

IraqVery aggressive and war like people1980 invaded Iran (10 years)Invaded Kuwait in 1990-lost big time!!!Persian Gulf War 1991- Saddam Hussein Now- still fighting- vs. U.S. troops in- 2002- 2nd Persian Gulf War U.S and Iraq govt. vs. Taliban and terroristUS has pulled out all major operation and handed control back to Iraq Government

Iran Capital TehranGDP- $7000Lit. Rate- 79%Formally known as Persia until1935- one of largest empire in world historyPersian rugs-prized for centuries

Zagros; Elburz and Kopet mtnsSteppe and desert climate1/3 of people farmersLargest producer of Pistachios1951 nationalized oil industry-provide jobs

Iran Speak FarsiMarketplace and mosque (church)-characteristics of Iranian city

Stormy politics- not many allies- recent trouble Threatens to close strait of HormuzTrying to get nuclear weaponsStruggling with redirection of country

AfghanistanCapital Kabul GDP- $700Lit. Rate- 36%Landlocked, dry, mountainous not good landscapeOne of worlds least developed countries Pashtun- largest ethnic groupReligions- Sunni Muslim 84%, Shi'a Muslim 15%, other 1%Women lower life expectancy in Afghanistan- no rights in the 90s

Mtns. possible minerals?? Cant check because they lack money Natural gas provides some moneyLeading exporter of Opium in the world

Afghanistan1980s and early 90s civil war USSR was involvedTaliban- Sunni Muslims- strict laws 1990sU.K. and U.N. forces in 2002

US still fighting in Afghanistan

Kuwait cap. Kuwait City GDP- $15000Lit. Rate-84%Small oil rich countryWealthy Kuwait families ruled the country for yearsOne of the highest per capita in the world

U.S. good relationship with Kuwait- helped kick out Iraq in early 1990s

Saudi ArabiaCapital- Riyadh GDP- 10,500 Lit. Rate- 79%On Arabian Peninsula- desert, desert, desert!!!People live near water and oil. Mecca- Islams most important city, also MedinaNow put Taxes on pilgrims visiting Mecca- tourism?

Oil along Persian gulf of remaining oil. Most desalinized seawater plants in the world

Saudi Arabia Cold nights 30 degrees, 114 degrees days.Deserts-An Nafud & Rub Al Khali,Rub Al Khali- aka- Empty Quarter- 4 of rain/year- Active sand dunesred soil

Can influence oil prices worldwide! How?Theocracy Govt.- Islamic law U.S. alliesAid poor countries by them

Oman Capital Muscat GDP-$8,300Lit. Rate- 78%Formerly Muscat and Oman Ruled by sultanate Muslim monarch Sultan Long been isolated from world Oil improving living conditions

Yemencapital SanaaGDP- $840Lit. Rate-38%Until 1990 2 countries North Yemen and South Yemen One of the worlds largest per capita, BUT 60% of people are illiterate oil helped make Yemen financially independent

Agriculture and sheep missing Coffee first cultivated in Yemen In recent years trouble with terrorists groups

Gulf StatesU.A.E./ Qatar/ BahrainAll oil rich countries and small desertOil, rapid economic growthPopular to tourist from Saudi and Kuwait

United Arab Emirates cap. Abu Dhabi GDP- $ 22,000 Lit. Rate-85%Slightly smaller than Maine (seven emirates or territories)Religions Muslim 96% Dubai- most modern Emirate- very modern- host golf and tennis tourney

Qatarcap. DohaGDP- $21,500Lit. Rate-79% Slightly smaller than ConnecticutReligions Muslim 95%Al Jazeera- popular and controversial Arabic satellite television network.

Bahraincap. ManawaGDP- 14,000Lit. Rate- 89%Religions Shi'a Muslim 70%, Sunni Muslim 30%Home to U.S. military base- close ties to U.S.Becoming a very modern country

Turkey cap. Ankara GDP-17,000Lit. Rate- 87% Small part of Country in Europe, But mostly in S.W. AsiaBosporus and Dardanelles- Straits that dived Europe and S.W. Asia

Mostly rolling plains and hills Mts: Taurus, Pontic -earthquakesMed. Steppe climateLess that suitable for farmingWheat, barely, tobacco, hazelnuts, cotton, livestock Buildings dams = progressSome oil & mineral ores

30Turkey Foods- shish kebab, pilaf, borekRoads + R.R. developingIstanbul (Constantinople) largest cityModernizing since 1920 Allies with USA

Womens rights recognized - democratic ideas Issues Conflict over Cyprus with GreeksCooperation with new Central Asia- Slow

Cypruscap- Nicosia GDP $ Greek area: $16,000- Turkish area: $5,300 Lit. Rate- 94%Rock, mountainous island are Greek & are Turks.Set up two republics and two govt.Greek rep. 3 times the per capita as Turk sideReligion- Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%

Syriacapital Damascus GDP $3500Lit. Rate-77% Grow citrus fruits. Cotton. Wheat, barley, livestockMajor water problem dams helping- Some oil

Leader in opposition vs. Israel (Arab country) May be housing terroristsSyria wants aid from U.S. and Europe Bashar Al-Assad current leader not good

LebanonCapital Beirut GDP $ 5400 Lit. Rate- 86%1/3 are Christians Used to be called Paris of the Middle EastVery modern and westernized country great trees for early explorers

Civil wars between Christians and Muslims- in the 1980sUN and NATO helped resolve conflict 1990s developed stable government rebuildingReligion- Muslim 70% & Christian 30%

Jordan Capital Amman GDP $4300 Lit. Rate-68% Independence 1946 conflict with Israel Most food must be imported

Arab Israeli conflict throughout 1900s - Peace treaty 1994Desert not much oilOnly recently has there been peace in this area mostly due to religion

IsraelCapital Jerusalem GDP $19,000 Lit. Rate- 95%Once ancient land of Palestine Dead Sea lowest point on earth (continent)

Less than 5% of people in agriculture Kibbutz efficient collective farms Sophisticated water management systems

Israel No coal or hydro electricity and few mineralsHigh tech industry computers, weapons, engineersLarge diamond industry.Tourism major industry- Jerusalem

History Jews started kingdom 3000 years agoJews forced to leave- called Zionist Movement (1800s)Want Palestine region back- JewsAfter World War II Palestine divided Jews and ArabsWar followed 1948 Israeli defeats Palestinian and Arab allies 1956,1967 and 1973 warsIsrael won all three conflicts

1978 (Camp David) President Carter (Sadat) Egypt and (Begin) Israel sign peace treaty Now modern urban nation 85% Jewish Tel Aviv largest city West bank and Gaza strip area still and issue Muslim controlled

PLO Palestinian Liberation Organization Muslim terrorist group Attacked Israeli citizens, planes but now want peace 1993 PLO and state of Israel peace treaty

Has a seat in UN

North Africa Region dominated by Sahara Desert- Sahara means desert in Arabic 2 causes 1) High Pressure 2) No Moist Air Characteristics- few plants , few animals and people The Nile River- delta and Valley had very rich soil Longest River- 4,187 Miles Long White and Blue Nile Combine Ancient Civilization developed along the Nile

Egypt Capital Cairo Lit Rate 51 % GDP $ 2,900 Most usable land relies on the Nile River Aswan Dam- irrigates 2 million acres and creates 10 billion KWH of electricity Suez Canal- 1869 connected the Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Oceans- 100 miles long Great Pyramids at Giza

Egypt Imports more than 1/2 its food because the soil is less fertile- too salty Cotton is main cash crop Cairo- fastest growing city Alexandria founded by Alexander the Great (332 BC) and has been a main trade center of Egypt Oil is main export- no forest and little coal Lack of Skilled WorkersHollywood of Arab World Recent Revolution Overthrew Government Spring of 2011- Hosni Mubarak Social Media played a huge role

Libya Capital Tripoli Literacy Rate- 76 % GDP $6570 Gained Independence from Italy 1951 Located on most desolated shore of Mediterranean

1959 found oil 75% of population lives near the Mediterranean Farming hard because of heat and wind Oil improved development Muammar al-Qaddafi- Overthrown in recent revolution- Spring of 2012 violent overthrow

Tunisia Capital Tunis Lit Rate- 67% GDP $4800 Independence from France in 1956 Center of Mediterranean culture for thousands of years Carthage was a major trade center- Taken over by Rome

Mediterranean Climate- has very nice beaches Grows wheat and olives only 20% of land farmable Olive oil major export Good transportation and industrial infrastructure Ties to France still Problems- Not enough jobs- Center of recent revolution in Spring of 2012

Algeria Capital Algiers Literacy Rate 62 % GDP $4000 Independent from France in 1962 Oil and natural gas is a major export and most of income 3 Major Industrial Cities 1) Algiers 2) Oran 3) Constantine Problems- of food is imported Twice as many graduates as jobs available

Morocco Capital Rabat Literacy Rate- 44 % GDP $ 3260 Independent from France 1956 Islamic Kingdom on Mediterranean and AtlanticStrait of Gibraltar Europe and Africa 8 miles apart Atlas Mtns- wettest climate in Arab Nations Have 3/4 of the worlds phosphate which is used in fertilizer Casablanca Largest city also a movie Tangier port on Strait of Gibraltar Standard of Living is low for most of country Allies with the US King descendant of Muhammad