Is the government taking away your incandescent light bulbs?

• Provision in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 – signed in to law by president George Bush

• Set energy efficiency standards for light bulbs that many incandescent light bulbs to not meet –it does not “ban” current generation of light bulbs, simply sets energy efficiency standards for light bulbs sold and used in the US which will phase out use of the current generation of incandescent light bulbs.

• Incandescent light bulbs currently exist that are affordable ($2.99 for a two pack) and meet the new energy standards-so you don’t have to buy the CFLB.

LED (light emitting diodes)• Based on semi-conductor physics(more later)• First practical use was in 1962

– Early LEDs were dim and expensive ($200 per “bulb”)– Mostly used as indicator lights and in calculators

• A standard 40W incandescent bulb that lasts about 1000 hours can be replaced by a 6W LED that lasts 50,000 hours.– 6 W LED costs about $9.00. A 40W incandescent bulb costs 1.00. Since

the LED lasts 50 times longer, the initial cost is recovered by the bulb’s lifetime. By 2015, that same LED should cost about $1.00.

• Still some issues with the technology, but LEDs are well on their way to replacing CFB and they do not have the hazardous waste issue.

Types of Energy:kinetic and potential EnergyKinetic energy - energy of a moving object KE=1/2mv2

Potential Energy – Energy stored in a system, for example an object of mass m, a distance h above the surface of the earth has a potential energy given by mgh. g is the acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s2

More examples of potential energyAnother example is a spring, compressed a distance x from its equilibrium point has a potential energy 1/2kx2, where k is the spring constant, a property of the spring.

Chemical Energy

Energy that is released via chemical reactions.Often times release is through combustion such as energy generation via coalAnother example is a battery

Batteries• 3 Parts: Cathode (positive charge), anode

(negative charge) and an electrolyte (substance with free ions (atoms with a net charge)

• Reactions occur at the anode which release electrons, they want to flow toward the cathode.

• But the electrolyte keeps the electrons from flowing to the cathode.

• If you create a closed circuit, and provide the electrons an alternate path to flow to the cathode, then they will follow that path.

• Now the chemical reactions at the anode change the anode and the electrolyte chemical composition, and eventually they can no longer occur. So the battery no longer produces electrons and current.

• When you recharge a battery ,you reverse the flow of electrons through the battery and reverse the the chemical process, restoring the battery to almost its original chemical state.

Earliest batteries-Baghdad battery• Also called the Parthian Battery• Artifacts discovered in 1936 near Baghdad.• Terracotta jar 5 inches tall, containing a copper

rolled up copper sheet housing a single iron rod.

• If it were filled with an acidic liquid, it could produce a current• Use as a battery is uncertain, many different interpretations

exist.

Leyden Jars

• Device that stores static electricity• Earliest form of what we now call a capacitor• Glass jar with metal foil coating the inner and

outer surfaces. A rod is connected to the inner foil and sticks out of the mouth of the jar.

• Need to be initially charged

Galvanic Cells

• First attempt to derive energy from chemical reactions

• Consists of two metals (often copper and zinc) in a solution of a salt of the metal, connected by a salt bridge (really just a porous plate)

• Also called voltaic cells or electrochemical cells

Voltaic pile

• First true electric battery• Alessandra Volta first showed

that when copper and zinc discs are separated by cardboard soaked in brine, they act as a galvanic cell.

• He further showed that if you stack several pairs of these, you get a current to flow.

Inside a modern battery

Leaky batteries• Alkaline batteries-popular form of battery for

many devices• Uses potassium hydroxide, which is an

alkaline as the electrolyte, instead of ammonium chloride or zinc chloride.

• All three are acids and can corrode the outer steel shell and leak.

• In addition, as a battery is discharged, Hydrogen as is formed, which increases the pressure inside the battery. This can rupture the seals on the ends of the battery or the battery canister itself.

• They create a crystalline structure on the outside of the battery. It can cause oxidation on copper leads and damages circuits.

• A solution of water and baking soda or vinegar can be used to attempt to clean corroded contacts.

Lithium ion batteries• In these batteries, lithium

ions are extracted from the anode and inserted into the cathode to create a current.

• The electrolyte is often a lithium salt in a solution of ethylene carbonate

• Note: a lithium battery is a different battery, it has a lithium anode-these have a longer lifetime and can produce higher currents and voltages.

Sodium sulfide (NaS) battery• Require high operating

temperatures (300-350 C)• Molten sodium is the anode• Electrolyte membrane is a

solid form of aluminum oxide – does not allow electrons to flow through it

• Cathode is molten sulfur• Only useful for storage on

energy grids. • 89% efficent

NaS Batteries

Heat Energy • Temperature Scales:• Fahrenheit – based on the

height of liquid (often mercury or alcohol) in a glass tube.

• Celsius – another scale using height of liquid in a tube

• Kelvin-absolute scale– True measure of energy

Energy associated with the random motions of the molecules in a medium.Measured by temperature

Fahrenheit temperature scale

• Freezing point of water set at 32 and boiling point set at 212, so there is 180 degrees between them and each degree is 1/180 of the difference between these two points.

Celsius temperature scale

• Freezing point of water set at 0 and boiling point set at 100, so there is 100 degrees between them and each degree is 1/100 of the difference between these two points.

Kelvin temperature scale

• O K is absolute zero. All molecular motion stops.

• Interval set so that Δ1 K = Δ1 C

• So to convert from C to K K=C+273

• To convert from F to K: K =(F - 32) * 5/9 + 273

Mass Energy

• E = mc2

• Energy and mass are equivalent

• C = 3 x 108 m/s.• C is a big number and its

squared! So even if m is small, E is big.

• A small mass, converted to energy, gives a lot of energy!

Example

Electromagnetic energy•Light displays properties of both waves and particles.•Light is an electromagnetic wave-a wave created by alternating electric and magnetic fields.•“Light” is more than just visible light, it covers wavelengths from radio thru Gamma rays•Light is also a “particle” called a photon.•Photons have energy given by E=hν or E=hc/λ. H is constant, c is the speed of light , ν is the frequency of light and λ is the wavelength of the light.