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Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponics

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Page 1: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponics

Page 2: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Irrigation control involves the determination of both the timing and quantity of water appliedthe timing and quantity of water applied.

Page 3: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Hydroponics & Soilless media culture

I i i & F ili i F i iIrrigation & Fertilization = Fertigation

Management of water and nutrient supply to avoid excesses or deficiencies

Management for increasing:Fruit yield and fruit quality

and decreasing:Water and fertilizer use Fruit disordersDiseasesPests

Page 4: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Daily water consumption depends on:Transpiration rate

– Crop– Stage of growthStage of growth– Day of the year– Hour of the day

Tomato (fully grown plant) transpires in a summer day:Tomato (fully grown plant) transpires in a summer day:

mm m3/ha Per plant at 3 pl/m2

Northern Europe 3-5 30-50 1-1.7 L/plant

Mediterranean 6-9 60-90 2-3 L/plant

Page 5: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Productivity (kg/m2) of various vegetables in theProductivity (kg/m2) of various vegetables in the greenhouse and in the field

Crop Almería, Spain

The Netherlands FL, greenhouse FL, field

Tomato 10-12 42 8-20 4.0Pepper 6-7 26 7-14 3.3Cucumber 8-9 58 7-28 3.0

Page 6: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Hydroponics, soilless cultureNFT: Nutrient Film Technique

Drip irrigation, roots in substrate orDrip irrigation, roots in substrate or media (no soil)

Mist of nutrient solution roots in air

Floating, roots in aerated

Mist of nutrient solution, roots in air

in aerated nutrient solution

Page 7: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Irrigation system design

Crop water demand

Crop season

Water treatment

Crop season

No. irrigation events/day

Time of irrigation Water treatmentTime of irrigation

Drainage

Required water flow

Irrigation sectors

Water source (quantity and quality)

Capacity of the irrigation equipment: adapted to the transpiration of a fully grown crop on a hot summer day.

Page 8: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Approaches used to estimate irrigation needspp g

• 1) Use of potential ET according to an existing climatic• 1) Use of potential ET according to an existing climatic model,

• 2) Use of one of several sensors to report the amount of water in the substrate,

• 3) Use of one of several plant response parameters,

• 4) Any combinations of the above.

Page 9: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Ad 1995Adams, 1995

Page 10: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Response of the time intervals of irrigation events to different integrated solar radiation set points that started each irrigation event

250 2:09Solar Radiation3 KW i / 2

200

ts/m

2 )

1:26

1:40

1:55

:Min

ute)

3 KW min/ m25 KW min/ m27 KW min/m29 KW min/m211 KW i / 2

100

150

Rad

iatio

n (W

att

0:57

1:12

Inte

rval

(Hou

r:11 KW min/m2

50

100

Sola

r R

0 14

0:28

0:43

Irrig

atio

n I

00:00 2:24 4:48 7:12 9:36 12:00 14:24 16:48 19:12 21:36 0:00

Day Time (Hour:Minute)

0:00

0:14

Day Time (Hour:Minute)

Page 11: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Irrigation schedulingIrrigation scheduling

Savvas and Passam, 2002

Page 12: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Monitoring station

Why surplus of water and fertilizers?

• Uneven deliver of nutrient solution to the plants• Temperature variation within the greenhouse

Why surplus of water and fertilizers?

• Salt accumulation in the substrate• Genetic differences between plants

Page 13: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Savvas and Passam, 2002

Page 14: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Irrigation interval regulated by water content in the slabIrrigation interval regulated by water content in the slab

Page 15: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Cucumber in a rockwool slab.

W i h t ti t ti tWeigh station to estimate moisture in the rockwool slab.

Fertilizer injectors and stock solutions

Page 16: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Fertigation Information

Cucumber crop Spring 2002

transplant harvest 15Element Date 31-Jan 1-Feb 2-Feb 3-Feb 12-Apr 13-AprN 130 130 130 130 156 156P 50 50 50 50 50 50K 148 148 148 148 206 206Ca 158 158 158 158 174 174Mg 48 48 48 48 48 48S 66 66 66 66 66 66Fe 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8Cu 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2Cu 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2Mn 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8Zn 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

B 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7Mo 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.006

EC 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5pH 6.14 6.14 6.14 6.14 5.9 5.9

irrigation 31-Jan 1-Feb 2-Feb 3-Feb 12-Apr 13-Aprt t (d ti ) 8 00 8 00 8 00 8 00 6 30 6 30starts (day time) 8:00 8:00 8:00 8:00 6:30 6:30

ends (day time) 19:30 19:30 19:30 19:30 19:30 19:30delay (min) 90 90 90 90 20 20event duration (min) 1.17 1.17 1.17 1.17 2.67 2.67

day hs with irrigation 11:30 11:30 11:30 11:30 13:00 13:00y gnumber of events/day 8 8 8 8 30 30ml/event 59 59 59 59 134 134L/day 0.443 0.443 0.443 0.443 4.063 4.063

Page 17: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Slicing cucumberBeit alpha cucumber

Page 18: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Fresh cucumbers crop seasons i th h d fi ldin the greenhouse and field

Beit Alpha SlicingBeit Alpha SlicingUNITS

Crop Period days 105 70Planting date End Jan. Jan.1st Harvest Mid. Mar. Mid. Mar.Time Seeding to 1st harv days 60 40 65Time Seeding to 1st harv. days 60 40-65Last Harvest Mid. May Mar.Plant density plants/ha 30,000 53,820No. harvests no. 27 10-15

Page 19: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Greenhouse FieldBeit Alpha Slicing

Maketable yield kg/ha 270 000 31 197

Cucumber production for fresh consumption. Central FL. Spring crops.

Maketable yield kg/ha 270,000 31,197 no./ha 2,310,000 135,639 g/fruit 115 230

Fruit price $/kg 1.54 0.40

Gross income $/ha 415,800 12,479 Irrigation m3/ha 8,190 1,406Water use efficiency L/kg fruit 30 45

g fruit/L 33 22g fruit/L 33 22 L/no. fruit 4 10 no. fruit/L 0.3 0.1

N applied kg N/ha 1,260 203 N ffi i N/k f it 4 7 6 5N use efficiency g N/kg fruit 4.7 6.5

kg fruit/kg N 214 154 mg N/no. fruit 545 1,495 no. fruit/kg N 1,833 669

K applied kg K/ha 1,620 243K use efficiency g K/kg fruit 6.0 7.8

kg fruit/kg K 167 129 mg K/no fr it 701 1 789mg K/no. fruit 701 1,789no. fruit/kg K 1,426 559

Field K20: 260 lb/a, N: 180 lb/a

Page 20: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Nutrient concentration levels in the solution

Varies with:C iCrop speciesCrop seasonPlant growth developmental stagePlant growth developmental stageGrowing system

Characteristics of the nutrient solutionConcentration of nutrientsRelation of concentration among nutrientspHECEC

Page 21: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

N % P %FRUIT

Galia melon

N % P %LEAF

STEM

K % Ca %K % Ca %

Mg %Mg %

Page 22: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station
Page 23: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station
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Nutrient solution pH: 5 5-6 5Nutrient solution pH: 5.5 6.5

pH correction:

• Phosphoric, nitric, chlorhydric acid.

• Potassium/sodium bi b ibicarbonate, potassium hydroxide.

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Nutrients S li d Nutrient Source Nutrient Content

f S (%) Nutrient Source Nutrient Content f S (%)

Nutrients S li dSupplied Nutrient Source of Source (%)

Nitrogen (N) Ammonium nitrate 33.5Calcium nitrate 15.5Calcium nitratez 7Potassium nitrate 13

Nutrient Source of Source (%)Boron (B) Sodium borate 20

Boric acid 17Copper (Cu) Cupric chloride 17

Copper sulfate 25

Supplied

Potassium nitrate 13Nitric acid varies

Phosphorus (P) Monopotassium phosphate 23Phosphoric acid varies

Potassium (K) Potassium chloride 50

Copper sulfate 25Copper nitratez 17

Zinc (Zn) Zinc sulfate 36Zinc nitrate z 17

Iron (Fe) Chelated iron 5-12(EDTA, DTPA)Potassium (K) Potassium chloride 50Potassium nitrate 36.5

18.3Monopotassium phosphate 28Potassium sulfate 43

Potassium magnesium sulfate

Iron (Fe) Chelated iron 5 12Manganese (Mn) Manganese chloride 44

Manganese sulfate 28Manganese nitrate z 15

Molybdenum (Mo) Ammonium molybdate 54

( , )

Calcium (Ca) Calcium nitrate 19Calcium chloride 36Calcium nitrate z 11

Magnesium (Mg) Magnesium sulfate 10

Sodium molybdate 39Chloride (Cl) Potassium chloride 52

Calcium chloride 64z Liquid formulation

22Sulfuric acid variesP t i lf t 18

11Sulfur (S) Magnesium sulfate 14

Potassium magnesium sulfate

Potassium magnesium sulfate

Potassium sulfate 18

Hochmuth, 2001. Florida Greenhouse Vegetable Production Handbook- Volume 3.

Page 26: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Evolution of irrigation equipment used in hydroponics

A & B stock solutions made

from solid fertilizers

Individual liquid fertilizers

O li i l tifertilizers

mixing tank

Online ion selective sensors and EC & pH

adjustment

EC & pH adjustment

Drain to

Disinfection, nutrient and pH adjustment, and reuse of

drained solution

Drain to waste

systems

Waste of water & pollution of ground- and surface water

ith f tiliRecycle into the same greenhouse cropwith fertilizers

Option: Recycle into another (field) crop

greenhouse crop

“Greenhouse horticulture: safe, sustainable, and competitive.”

Page 27: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Fertilizers: A/B dilutor systemyDirect injection

Dilutor A Dilutor BDilutor A Dilutor B

Water

Irrigation l i

C ++

P2O4----

solution

SamplingCa++

NO3-

Fe

SO4--

NO3-

Mg++

K+

EC: 1.5-3 dS m-1

pH: 5.5-6.5

Tank A Tank B

Micro

(Acid)

EC: total salt content

Individual nutrient concentration?

Concentrated solutions

Tank A Tank BNO3- & K+ ion meters

Laboratory samples

Page 28: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Irrigation solution – Pepper cropg pp p

6

7

225

250 ECpH

O

4

5

S cm

-1)

150

175

200

(mg

L-1)

NO3-NK

3

4

or E

C (d

S

100

125

3-N

or K

(

1

2pH

25

50

75

NO

3

0Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May June

Month

0

Month

Page 29: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station
Page 30: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

N: 40 ppmN: 165 ppm pppp

Page 31: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Cucumber fruit yields in 9 harvests from plants irrigated with high and low N levels in the nutrient solution (N: 165 and 40 ppm, respectively)

Pl t d it 3 3 l t / 2Plant density 3.3 plants/m2

100

High N10

12

High Nm2 )

ber/m

2 )

87

5340

60

80 Low N 10.8

7.06

8

10Low N

ve y

ield

(kg/

m

eld

(frui

t num

b

0

20

40

0

2

4

Cum

mul

ativ

umm

ulat

ive

yie

23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug 17-Aug 22-Aug

Harvest date23-Jul 28-Jul 2-Aug 7-Aug 12-Aug 17-Aug 22-Aug

Harvest date

Cu

Page 32: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Nitrate-nitrogen in the petiole sap of melon, cucumber, and pepper plants irrigated with nutrient solution with 165 or 40 ppm of N.

High N Low NIrrig. Solution NO3-N ppm 165 41Melon

Fresh weight g 23.860 14.690Leaf area cm2 374.6 310.1 Dry weight g 2.086 1.915 % D wt 8.7 13.0 Petiole NO3-N ppm 5,050 230 Cucumber Fresh weight g 4.550 2.070 Leaf area cm2 144.5 103.8 Dry weight g 0.532 0.383% D wt 11.7 18.5 Petiole NO3-N ppm 5,650 235 PepperppFresh weight g 3.720 2.130 Leaf area cm2 85.3 72.6 Dry weight g 0.423 0.318 % D wt 11.4 14.9

Petiole NO3-N ppm 14,500 1,700

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Closed growing systemNutrients

EC

Supply water

pH

Mixing supply water

DisinfectionDisinfection

StorageStorageDrain collection Storage disinfected water

Storage drain water

Drain collection

Adapted from van Os et al., 2002

Page 35: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Fertimix® system for crops grown in soilless media

PC

soilless media

Weather infoAlarm

SensorsWaterController

Sensors

Mixing tank

PumpPumpValves

& injectors

Fertilizers Acid

Page 36: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Simple element stock solutions

Source: van Os et al., 2002

Page 37: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Frequency of irrigation. 250-day old pepper plants

Mean 9121662 26irrigation events /day

9121662 26

Page 38: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

34 L/ t

74

Mean irrig. events/day 1662 26

mL/event

2 m

912

Page 39: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Fruit physiological disorders Fruit physiological disorders that can be related to that can be related to fertigation managementfertigation management

Color spotsColor spots BlossomBlossom end rotend rotColor spotsColor spots BlossomBlossom--end rotend rot

RussetingRusseting Radial crackingRadial cracking

Page 40: Irrigation and fertilization in hydroponicshos.ufl.edu/protectedag/pdf/Irrigation2.pdf ·  · 2008-02-20Irrigation control involves the determination of both ... Monitoring station

Effects of the irrigation schedule and volume of nutrient solution per irrigation event on the marketable fruit yield, nutrient solution and fertilizer amounts used per unit of marketable fruit yield harvested and percentage of fruits with

russeting and blossom-end radial cracking.