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IPA-based VLACH
IPA-based VLACH as of March 25th 2017
VLACH uses IPA principles, respecting dialectological traditions of several countries and their standard languages. This might provoke confusion for those familiary with
IPA, but will help readers with reading experience in those varieties. By this, VLACH hopes to wighten the circle of readers and to contribute to the knowledge and
acceptance of vanishing languages and varieties. The main differences between IPA and IPA-based VLACH are:
As the English IPA usually uses [r] instead of phonetically correct [ɹ] when transcribing English ([rɛst] vs. [ɹɛst]), VLACH prefers to use symbols of the respective
language when they are wellknown, e.g. widespread Slavic [ž] instead of [ʒ] when transcribing Slavic varieties, Romanian [ș] instead of [ʃ] when transcribing
Romanian varietes.
For esthetic reasons, VLACH uses capital letters for the beginning of proper names ( [Tʰɔm] instead of [tʰɔm]) and sentences where this is possible and does not allow
confusions with other symbols.
Where it is possible, VLACH prefers ligature [ʦ, ʣ, ʧ, ʤ, ʨ, ʥ] instead of tie bar [t s, dz, t ʃ, dʒ, t ɕ, dʑ]. When technically not possible or unusual, it uses ligatures [t ɬ,
kp, ɡb, ŋm, sf, zv].
Acute and gravis arer used for primary [´] and secondary [`] accent instead of IPA [ˈ] and [ˌ], e.g. IPA: [ˈvasɐˌpfaɪfə], VLACH: [vásɐpfàɪfə].
Phonetic value is not indicated in this table.
The following concordance follows the Latin alphabetical order of IPA, adding the VLACH characters only when different.
1. Characters
2. Diacritics
3. Online help
1. Characters
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
A
aA á a Open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg
fre: avoir (have) [avwá:ʁ]
ger: Kamm (comb) [kʰam]
gre: κάργα (jackdaw) [kárɣa]
rum: mac (poppy) [mak]
rumBoyash: – (this) [ahásta]
rus: я (I) [ja]
kal: авх (to take) [avhə]
ɐ a Near-open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg
bul: дума (word) [dumɐ]
ger: besser (better) [bɛsɐ]
por: para (for) [pɐɾɐ]
ɑ a a a Open_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg
bulRhod: карат (they drive) [kɑrat]
dut: bad (bath) [bɑt]
eng: calm (=) [kʰɑːm]
fre: âme (soul) [ɑm]
per: دار (gallows) [dɑɾ]
ɒ Open_back_rounded_vowel.ogg
engUK: flop (flop) [flɒp]
hun: kalap (hat) [kɒlɒp]
æÆ ęĘ ęĘ ęĘ - ä Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg
aroFarsh: pani (bread) [pęni], feati
(girls) [fęti], bagam (we put) [băgęm],
landzit (sick) [lęnʣut], dzasi (he said)
[ʣęsɪ]
bulPom: – (month) [mæsec]
eng: cat (=) [kʰæt]
fin: pää (head; end) [pæː]
gerCH: Estrich (attic) [æʃtrɪx]
per: ابر (cloud) [æbɾ]
rumBoyash: – (goes) [męrźẹ]
rumArdeal: feati (girls) [fęti]
rumMegl: – (girls) [fęti], – (says)
[zęʦi], (evening) [sęră]
kal: нәр (fest; party) [när]
ʌɅ å Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg
engUA: butter (=) [bʌtʰə]
rumIstro: – (head) [cåp]
rus: молодой (young) [məɫʌdój]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
B
bB b Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg
eng: bulb (=) [bʌlb]
fre: abri (protection) [abʁí]
ger: Ball (ball) [bal]
rum: barbă (beard) [bárbă], búnă
(good) [búnă]
kal: бу (riffle) [bu]
ɓƁ Voiced_bilabial_implosive.ogg
hau: ɓara (peel) [ɓaːɽàː]
sna: bapu (lung) [ɓápu] vs. bhasi (bus)
[bási]
snd: ٻار (child) [ɓarʊ]
ʙ Bilabial_trill.ogg
Kélé: – (face) [mʙulim]
Kom: – (believe) [ʙɨmɨ]
β Voiced_bilabial_fricative.ogg
Binongko: awa (receive) [áβa]
spa: labio (lip) [láβjo], haber (have)
[haβér]
C
cC see
t', k'
see
t', k'
see
t', k'
see
t', k'
Voiceless_palatal_plosive.ogg
cze: tělo (body) [cɛlo], lať (lath) [lac]
gre: κιόλας (already) [k'ɔlas] vs. [cɔlas]
hun: kutya (dog) [kúcɒ], ágytól (bed to)
[actól]
ice: Reykjavík (=) [réiːcaviːk]
lav: ķemme (comb) [céme]
çÇ h' h' h' h' Voiceless_palatal_fricative.ogg
aro: her (iron) [h'εr]
ger: ich (I) [ʔɪç]
gle: chiall (senso) [çialˠ]
gre: όχι (no) [ɔiçi]
ɕ → see under s
ɔƆ → see under O
D
dD d Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg
engUK: wand (=) [wɒnd]
fre: dans (in) [dɑ]
ger: dann (then) [dan]
rumBoyash: – (tooth) [dínte]
kal: дун (song) [dun]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
ɗ Ɗ Voiced_alveolar_implosive.ogg
hau: ɗana (measure) [ɗaːnàː]
sna: dende (jug) [ɗénɗe]
snd: – (festival) [ɗɪnu]
ɖ Voiced_retroflex_stop.oga
hin: डडड (branch) [ɖɑl]
snd: – (fear) [ɖəpʊ]
swe: bord (table) [buːɖ]
ð Voiced_dental_fricative.ogg
aro: dhala (sour milk) [ðálă]
bak: ҡыҙ (girl) [qɯð]
engUK: there (dort) [ðɛə]
gre: δέντρο (Baum) [ðɛndrɔ]
dz
Dz
ʣ
Dz
ʣ
Dz
ʣ
Dz
Voiced_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga
alb: xixëllonja (glowworm) [ʣiʣəɫɔɲa]
aro: – (licks) [línʣă]
aroFarsh: – (says) [ʣęc]
gre: τζατζίκι (Tzatziki) [ʣaʣík'i]
ita: zero (zero) [ʣɛːro]
rumBoyash: – (I say) [ʣîc]
dʒ
DƷ ĝĜ ĝĜ ĝĜ ĝĜ
ʤD
ʒ ǧ
Voiced_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg
eng: judge (=) [ʤʌʤ]
ger: Dschungel [ʤʊŋəl]
rumBoyash: – (he/she sat) [șîĝέ]
rumMegl: – (glass) [ĝam]
kal: җирһл (happiness) [ǧirγɪl]
d ʑ
D ʑ dʑ dʑ dʑ
Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate.ogg
aroFarshInd: – (says) [dźęc]
greInd: τζατζίκι (Tzatziki) [dʑadʑík'i]
pol: dźwięk (sound) [dʑv'ɛŋk]
ɖʐ
Ɖʐ pol: dżem (jam) [dʐɛm]
E
eE e Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg
fre: été (summer) [eté]
ger: Beet (bed) [beːtʰ]
ger: telefonieren (phone) [tʰèləfoníːʁən]
ita: pane (Brot) [páːne]
rumBoyash: – (you go) [merźẹ]
rumMegl: – (months) [meș]
kal: дегтр (book) [dektɪr]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
əƏ ăĂ ăĂ ăĂ ăĂ aA ə Schwa.ogg
bul: дали (if) [dəlí]
eng: about (=) [əbáʊt]
fre: je (I) [ʒə]
ger: Falle (trap) [fálə]
rumMegl: – (wool) [lắnă]
rumBoyash: – (Boyash) [băĭáșu]
kal: ут (long) [utə]
ęĘ → see under æ
ɘ Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg
ltz. Mëschung (mix) [mɘʃʊŋ]
ɛ e e e e Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg
engUS: gender (=) [ʣɛndɚ]
fre: père (father) [pɛʁ]
ger: kess (cheeky) [kʰɛs]
ita: era (era) [ɛːra]
pol: jeden (one) [jɛdɛn]
rum: merge (goes) [mέrĝɛ]
rumBoyash: – (wood) [lεmn, lemn]
ɜ Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg
engUK: bird (bird) [bɜːd]
vie. vâng (obey) [vɜŋ]
F
fF Voiceless_labiodental_fricative.ogg
engUK: cough (cough) [kʰɒf]
fre: feu (fire) [fø]
ger: Haft (custody) [haftʰ]
rumBoyash: – (wheat) [făínă]
rumMegl: – (finds) [áflu]
ɸΦ
bulRhod: – (petticoats) [фústi]
hau: fara (begin) [ɸaːɽàː]
jpn. ふた (cover) [ɸɯta], 富士山 (Fuji-
san) [ɸuʥisaɴ]
G
ɡG g Voiced_velar_plosive.ogg
dut: goal (goal) [goːɫ]
engUK: dog (dog) [dɒɡ]
fre: guerre (war) [ɡɛʁ]
ger: Gott (god) [ɡɔtʰ]
rumBoyash: – (slave) [slúgă]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
rumMegl: – (whole) [gúvă]
kal: гиигн (light) [giigɪn]
ɠƓ ɠ Voiced_velar_implosive.ogg
snd: – (heavy) [ɠəro]
kal: һанз (tobacco pipe) [ɠanzə]
ɢ Voiced_uvular_stop.oga
per: غار (cave) [ɢar]
ʛ ɠ Voiced_uvular_implosive.ogg
Mam: q'a (fire) [ʛa]
kal: һанз (tobacco pipe) [ɠanzə]
ɣƔ γ Voiced_velar_fricative.ogg
ara: غرب (West) [ɣarb]
aro: yrambo (groom) [ɣrambó]
gre: γάλα (milk) [ɣála]
spa: paga (wage) [páɣa]
kal: цаһан (white) [caγan]
ɤ → see under O
H
hH h Voiceless_glottal_fricative.ogg
eng: have (=) [hæv]
ger: Halle (hall) [hálə]
ice: löpp (foot) [lœhp]
rumBoyash: – (clothes) [háină]
rumMegl: – (food) [hránă]
kal: хавр (spring) [havyr]
h → see under Diacritics
ħĦ Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative.ogg
ara: حج (pilgrimage) [ħadːʒ], hummus
heb: חר (whole) [ħor]
ɦ ɦ Voiced_glottal_fricative.ogg
dut: hoed (hat) [ɦut]
ibo: áhà (name) [áɦà]
ukr. гуска (goose) [ɦúskɑ]
kal: ага (parazit word from russian
language) [aɦa]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
ɧ Voiceless_dorso-palatal_velar_fricative.ogg
swe: sjal (scarf) [ɧɑːl]
ʜ Voiceless_epiglottal_fricative.ogg
ava: – (odor) [maʜ]
ɥ → see under Y
I
iI i Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg
eng: evening (=) [íːvnɪŋ]
fre: cri (cry) [kʁi]
ger: Miete (rental fee) [míːtʰə]
rumBoyash: – (tongue) [l'ímbă]
rumMegl: – (shame) [rușíni]
kal: иткл (faith) [itkɪl]
ɨƗ îÎ îÎ îÎ y Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg
bulDial: – (grain) [žɨtutu]
pol: syn (son) [sɨn]
rum: cântă (sing) [kɨnta], mâne
(tomorrow) [mɨi.ne], câine (dog) [cɨi.ne]
rumBoyash: – (river) [rîu]
rus: вы (you) [vɨɪ]
kal: тавн (five) [tavyn]
ɪ ɪ Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg
cze: mile (pleasant) [mɪlɛ]
eng: ink (=) [ɪŋk]
ger: Mitte (middle) [mɪtə]
rumBoyash: – (he/she sees) [védɪ]
rumMegl: – (Archangelos) [Oșɪń]
kal: үрн (child) [ürɪn]
ĭĬ j jodation (slight voiced palatal glide)
Balkanrom: ești (you are) [ĭeșt]
grePont: – (women) [ĭinéka]
greSarak: – (joghurt) [ðĭaúrti]
rum: creioane (crayons) [kreĭoáne], rai
(paradise) [raĭ], noi (we) [noĭ], iepure
(rabbit) [ĭépure], văi (valleys) [văĭ], mii
(thousand) [miĭ], trei (three) treĭ, mi-a
zis (told me) [mĭ-a-zís]
rumBoyash: – (life) [vĭáță], – (they)
[ĭi], – (Boyash) [băĭáșu]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
rumMegl: – (neighbor) [cumșíĭă]
kal: яман (goat) [jaman]
ɯ
Ɯ
Close_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg
kor. 음식/飮食 (Essen) [ɯːmɕik]
por: peixe (fich) [pɐiʃɯ]
tur: kalın (thick) [kalɯn]
bulPomak: – (the time) [vakɯt], – (the
house) [kɯštana]
J
jJ ỉ y j Palatal_approximant.ogg
bul: приятно (nice) [prijátno]
eng: onion (=) [ʌnjən]
fre: taille (size) [tɑj]
ger: jäh (suddenly) [jɛː]
gre: γυναίκα (women) [jinέka], ποιος
(who) [pjɔs]
rus: я (I) [ja]
kal: яман (goat) [jaman]
ʲ → see under Diacritics
ʝʝ ʝʝ ʝʝ ʝʝ ʝʝ Voiced_palatal_fricative.ogg
aro: yeatru (doctor) [ʝátru]
gre: γιατρός (doctor) [ʝatrós], γη (earth)
[ʝi]
spa: yo (I) [ʝo]
swe: jord (earth) [ʝuːɖ]
ɟɟ see
d'g'
see
d'g'
see
d'g'
see
d'g'
Voiced_palatal_plosive.ogg
alb: Gjirokastër (=) [ɟiɾokástəɾ]
cze: ďábel (devil) [ɟaːbɛl]
gle: giall (hostage) [ɟialˠ]
gre: άγγελος (angel) [áŋg'εlɔs]
hun: agy (brain) [ɒɟ]
rumBoyash: – (ice) [g'έță]
rumBoyash: – (where) [húnd'e]
srp: đak/ђак (pupil) [ɟak]
ʄʄ Voiced_palatal_implosive.ogg
ger: Matjes (=) [máʄəs]
snd: – (not educated) [ʄətu]
K
kK c c c k Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg
eng: skull (=) [skʌɫ]
fre: coq (cockle) [kɔk]
ger: kalt (cold) [kʰalt]
rum: casă (house) [cásă]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
rumBoyash: – (face) [kip]
kal: кемр (if) [kemɪr]
L
lL Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg
fre: salle (hall) [sal]
ger: Latte (bar) [latʰə]
gre: λουλούδι (flower) [lulúði]
rum: lapte (milk) [lápte]
rumBoyash: – (proud) [lótru]
rumMegl: – (wolve) [lup]
ɫⱢ l Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg
aroFarsh: lup (wolve) [ɫup]
eng: well (=) [wɛɫ]
gerAT: Meidling (Meidling) [Máidɫiŋ]
por: fácil (easy) [fásiɫ]
rumBoyash: – (wolve) [łup] p
rus: лук (onion) [ɫuk]
kal: долан (seven) [dolan]
ɬ Voiceless_lateral_fricative.ogg
wln: llan (church) [ɬan]
ɭɭ
ḷḶ
Retroflex_lateral_approximant.ogg
swe: pärla (pearl) [pæːɭa]
tam: डडडड (day) [naːɭ]
ʟ Velar_lateral_approximant.ogg
Middle-Waghi aglagle (dizzy) [aʟaʟe]
ɮ Voiced_lateral_fricative.ogg
zul: dlala (game) [ɮálà]
ʎ Palatal_lateral_approximant.ogg
aroFarsh: – (Aromanians) [ʀimęn'ʎę]
gre: ελιά (olive) [eʎá], indiv./reg. [eliá]
ita: foglio (sheet) [fɔʎːo]
por: vermelho (red) [ferméʎɔ]
rumBoyash: – (hut) [cuʎibă]
slv: Ljubljana (=) [ʎúbʎana]
spa: llave (key) [ʎáβe]
srp: биље (herbs) [bíʎe]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
M
m
M m
Bilabial_nasal.ogg
eng: milk (=) [mɪɫk]
fre: femme (woman) [fam]
ger: Matte (mat) [mátʰə]
rumBoyash: – (cemetery) [mărmînće]
rumMegl: – (big) [mári]
kal: мана (our) [mana]
ɱ Labiodental_nasal.ogg
engUS: comfort (solace) [kʰʌɱfɚt]
ger: Anfang [áɱfaŋ] vs. [ánfaŋ]
gre: συμβουλή (advice) [siɱvulí]
ɯ
Ɯ → see under I
ɰ → see under W
N
nN n Alveolar_nasal.ogg
eng: tin (=) [tʰɪn]
fre: noir (black) [nwaːʁ]
ger: nass (wet) [nas]
rumBoyash: (good) [búnă]
rumMegl: (nose) [nári]
kal: нарн (sun) [naryn]
ɲƝ Palatal_nasal.ogg
alb. xixëllonja (glowworm) [ʣiʣəɫɔɲa]
aro: njel (lamb) [ɲel], anjeia (me)
[aɲéa], vinj (I came) [viɲ]
cat: any (year) [aɲ]
cze: kůň (horse) [kuːɲ]
fre: digne (worthy) [diɲ]
hun: anya (mother) [ɒɲɒ]
ita: gnocchi (=) [ɲɔkːi]
alb: një (one) [ɲə]
gre: πρωτοχρονιά (New Year)
[protoxroɲɐ]
mak: чешање (itching) [čɛšaɲɛ]
pol: Poznań (Posen) [Poznaɲ]
por: caminho (way) [kɐmíɲu]
rumArd: câine (dog) [kɨɲe] (more
often: kɨn'e)
srp: коњ (horse) [koɲ]
spa: niño (child) [niɲo]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
ŋŊ Velar_nasal.ogg
dut: vangen (catch) [vɑŋə(n)]
eng: sing (=) [sɪŋ]
ger: Hang (hill) [haŋ]
gre: εγκώμιo (vaunt) [εŋgómio]
ita: angolo (corner) [áŋgolo]
rum: înca (still) [îŋca], lung (long)
[luŋ]
rumBoyash: – (still) [íŋca]
tha: งาน (to work) [ŋāːn]
ɳ Retroflex_nasal.ogg
mal: – (chain link) [kɐɳːi]
snd: Diamant (diamant) [məɳi]
swe: barn (child) [bɑːɳ]
ɴ ŋ Uvular_nasal.ogg
iku: – (his bones) [saːɴːi]
jpn: 三/参 (さん) (three) [saɴ]
kal: моңһл (mongol) [moŋγyl]
O
oO o Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg
fre: mot (word) [mo]
ger: Boot (boat) [boːtʰ]
ita: giorno (day) [dʒórno]
rumBoyash: – (was) [fost]
spa: obra (work) [óβɾa]
kal: олх (to find) [olhə]
ɵƟ Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg
ice: vinur (friend) [véːnөr]
swe: full (full) [fɵl]
øØ ö Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg
dut: keuken (kitchen) [køːkə(n)]
fre: feu (fire) [fø]
ger: Bö (squall) [bøː]
swe: öl (beer) [øːl]
kal: бө (shaman) [bö]
ɞ Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel.ogg
gle: tomhail (consume!) [tɞːʎ]
ice: þö (however) [θɞ]
IP
A rom aro
me
g ist gre bul ban
ma
k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
œ
Œ ö
Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel.ogg
fin: mökki (hut) [mœkːi]
fre: œuf (egg) [œf]
ger: Hölle (hell) [hœlə]
kal: бө (shaman) [bö]
ɶ Open_front_rounded_vowel.ogg
gerAT: Seil (rope) [sɶː]
gerMeckle: sæven (selve) [sɶːvn]
ɔƆ ǫǪ ǫǪ ǫǪ ǫǪ Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg
bulRhod: – (look) [gl'ɔdaj], (the
church) [č'ɔrkvətə]
dut: uitlokken (provoke) [œytˌlɔkə(n)]
eng: saw (saw) [sɔː]
ger: toll (cool) [tʰɔl]
ita: notte (night) [nɔtːe]
rumBoyash: – (rain) [plɔve] [plǫve], –
(beautiful) [frumǫsă]
rumMegl: – (dog) [cǫini], – (bread)
[pǫini], – (shame) [rușǫni], – (old
women) [bitǫrnă], – (wool) [lǫnă], –
(cried) [plǫns]
ɤ Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel.ogg
bul: кът (angle) [kɤt]
bulReg: – (by stone) [kámɤni], –
(church) [crɤkvətə]
bulRhod: – (lamb) [agɤnce], – (what
kind) [kɤkvi]
chi: hē (drink) [χɤ]
est: sõna (word) [sɤna]
tha: เงน (silver) [ŋɤn]
vie: tơ (silk) [tɤ]
ʊƱ → see under U
ʘ → see under Sonstige
P
pP p Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg
engUK: spear (spear) [spɪə]
fre: nappe (tablecloth) [nap]
ger: Pass (passport) [pʰas]
rumBoyash: – (doll) [păpúșă]
rumMegl: – (wolve) [lup]
kal: патьр (appartment) [patˈir]
IP
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language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
pfP
F
Voiceless_labiodental_affricate.ogg
ger: Pflicht [pflɪçtʰ]
ɸΦ → see under F
Q
qQ Voiceless_uvular_plosive.ogg
ara: قلب (heart) [qalb], Qatar
iku: imiq (water) [imiq]
que: quri (gold) [qɔɾɪ]
R
rR r Alveolar_trill.ogg
hun: virág (flower) [víraːg]
rumBoyash: – (women) [muĭére]
rumMegl: – (cold) [ráți]
rus: рыба (fish) [rɨbɐ]
spa: perro (dog) [péro]
kal: хар (black) [harə]
ɾ Alveolar_tap.ogg
dut: rat (rat) [ɾɑt]
engUS: water (=) [wɑɾɚ]
gerPlatt: Vadder (father) [fáɾɚ]
por: dar (give) [daɾ]
spa: pero (but) [péɾo]
ɺ Alveolar_lateral_flap.ogg
ger: Bapperl (=) [báphəɺl]
jpn. 心 (heart) [kokoɺo]
ɽⱤ ṛ Retroflex_flap.ogg
urd: بڑا (big) [bəɽa]
ɹ Alveolar_approximant.ogg
eng: rest (pause) [ɹɛst]
ibo. rí (eat) [ɹí]
ɻ Retroflex_approximant.ogg
engUS: wrap (envelop) [ɻæp]
tam: வவவ (way) [ʋaɻi]
IP
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language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
ʀƦ Uvular_trill.ogg
arm: տղա (boy) [tʀa]
aroFarsh: – (goat) [cápʀă]
fre: frère (brother) [fʀɛːʀ]
ger: Ratte (rat) [ʀátʰə]
oci: cabra (goat) [cábʀa]
ʁ Voiced_uvular_fricative.ogg
fre: rate (spleen) [ʁat]
ger: Ratte (rat) [ʁatʰə]
por: rato (mouse) [ʁátu]
S
sS s Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg
eng: sea (=) [siː]
fre: sous (under) [su]
ger: Nuss (nut) [nʊs], Fuß (foot) [fuːs]
gre: πράσο (leek) [práso], αξία (value)
[aksía]
ita: sempre (always) [sɛmpre]
rumBoyash: – (impish) [drăcɔsă]
rumMegl: – (salt) [sári]
kal: сәәхн (beautiful) [säähɪn]
ʂ š Voiced_retroflex_sibilant.ogg
chi: shān (mountain) [ʂan]
spa: este (this) [ɛʂtɛ]
snd: – (thing) [ʂɛ]
swe: först (first) [fœʂt]
kal: шарх (to fry, to roast) [šarhə]
ɕ ś ś ś ś Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_sibilant.ogg
aroAsprop: acshâ (so) [akśî]
chi: xué (learn) [ɕyɛ]
gre: ind. πράσο (leek) [práɕo], αξία
(value) [akɕía]
gre: ind. τσιγγούνης (skinflint)
[ʨiŋgúniɕ]
grePont: ψύ'μ (my soul) [pɕim]
pol: siedem (seven) [ɕέdɛm]
rumBoyash: fáśe (do)
rus: счастьe (luck) [ɕːæs't'jə]
swe: kjol (skirt) [ɕuːl]
ʃƩ ș ș ș ș š š š š Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg
cze: šalvěj (sage) [šálvεj]
eng: dish (plate) [dɪʃ]
fre: cacher (hide) [kaʃé]
ger: schnell [ʃnɛl]
grePont: ψύ'μ (my soul) [pʃim]
IP
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k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
ita: sci + a/o/u , sc + e/i
kal: шин (new) [šine]
rum: aşa (so) [aşá]
rumBoyash: – (Boyash) [băĭáș]
rumMegl: – (door) [úșă]
tur: şahin (falcon) [ʃáhin]
T
tT t Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg
eng: time (time) [tʰaɪm]
fre: toucher (touch) [tuʃé]
ger: alt (old) [altʰ]
rumBoyash: – (violin, lute) [lăútă]
rumMegl: – (strong) [tári]
kal: түлкүр (key) [tülkür]
ʈƮ ṭ Voiceless_retroflex_stop.oga
hin: வவவவவ (tomato) [ʈʌmáʈʌr]
swe: kort (short) [kɔʈ]
θΘ Voiceless_dental_fricative.ogg
ara: ثمر (fruit) [θámar]
bak: төҫ (colour) [tʏθ]
eng: theft (theft) [θɛft]
gre: θέατρο (theatre) [θέatrɔ]
ice: þing (council) [θiŋg]
spa: paz (pace) [paθ]
t sT
s ʦ ʦ ʦ ʦ c
Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga
ger: Ziel (aim) [ʦiːl]
gre: τσιγγούνης (skinflint) [ʦiŋgúnis]
rumBoyash: – (little) [oʦîră]
rumMegl. tsap (he-goat) [ʦap], tser
(sky) [ʦer]
rus: Царь (tsar) [tsarʲ] [ʦar']
kal: цаасн (snow) [caasyn]
t ɕT
ɕ ć ć ć ć ʨ ć ć ć č
Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg
chi: ji
greInd: τσιγγούνης (skinflint)
[ʨiŋgúniɕ]
pol: ćma [ʨma]
rumBoyash: fraće (brother) [fráʨe]
rus: чуть (hardly) [ʨʉtˈ]
srp: Milošević (Milošević) [Milɔšɛvić]
kal: чичрх (to shake) [čičɪrhe]
IP
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k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
ʈ ʂ
Ʈʂ ĉ ĉ ĉ ĉ ĉ ĉ ĉ
Voiceless_retroflex_affricate.ogg
chi: zhi
pol: czas (Zeit) [ʈʂas]
rumBoyash: ĉáptăn (comb) [ĉáptăn]
rus: лучше (besser) [ɫúʈʂɨ]
t ʃ č č č č ʧ č Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg
bul: чак (right) [čak], чукаше
(knocked) [čúkəše]
bulRho: – (energetic) [inɪrgični]
eng: Chin (chin) [tʃɪn]
ger: Tschüss [tʃʏs] (bye), Matsch
grePont: – (gave) [éðotʃe]
kal: чичрх (to shake) [čičɪrhe]
U
uU u Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg
fre: fou (crazy) [fu]
ger: Stuhl (chair) [ʃtuːl]
ita: buio (dark) [búːjo]
rumBoyash: cum (how) [cum]
rumMegl: – (Koupa) [Cúpa]
kal: уульх (to cry) [uulˈhə]
ʉɄ Close_central_rounded_vowel.ogg
engAUS: hoof (court) [hʉːf]
nob. gutt (boy) [gʉt]
swe: ful (ugly) [fʉːl]
ʊƱ Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel.ogg
eng: book (book) [bʊk]
ger: und (and) [ʔʊnt], Haus (house)
[háʊs]
swe: buss (bus) [bʊsː]
V
vV v Voiced_labiodental_fricative.ogg
eng: have (have) [hæv]
fre: veau (calf) [vo]
ger: Welt (world) [vɛltʰ]
rumBoyash: – (seen) [văzît]
rumMegl: – (valley) [váli]
kal: арвн (ten) [arvyn]
vV Halb-stimmhafter labiodentaler Frikativ dut: veld (field) [vɛlt]
dut: vrij (free) [vʀɛi]
ʋƲ Labiodental_approximant.ogg
dut: wijn (Wein) [ʋɛin]
hrv: vaza (Vase) [ʋǎːza]
slv: veter (Wind) [ʋéːtəɾ]
tam: வவவவவ (eins) [ʋɔndrɯ]
IP
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k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
ѵѴ Labiodental_flap.ogg
Sika: voter (stick) [ѵoːtɛr]
ʌɅ → see under A
W
w
W ŭ ŭ ŭ ŭ
Voiced_labio-velar_approximant.ogg
aro: dzua (day) [ʣúŭă], – (here) [aŭá]
eng: wind (wind) [wɪnd]
fre: coin (corner) [kwɛ]
ger: Bauer (farmer) [báwɐ]
ita: uomo (man) [wɔːmo]
pol: łódka (boat) [wútka], lɛx vawɛsa,
Suwałki (=) [Suváwki]
rum: cafeaua (coffee) [kafeaŭă],
[cafeáŭa], ziua (day) [zíŭa], râu (river)
[rîŭ], sau [sáŭ], greu [greŭ], sau (or)
[saŭ], continuu (continuous) [contínuŭ]
rumMegl: – (snow) [neáuă]
ʍ Voiceless_labio-velar_fricative.ogg
engSchott: whether (ob) [ʍɛðɚ]
ɰ Voiced_velar_approximant.ogg
jpn. 庭 (にわ, garden) [níɰa]
X
xX h Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg
cze: v Čechách (in Boemia) [f tʃɛxaːx]
gerWestf:grout (big) [xrɔut]
rus: хлеб (bread) [xl'ep]
spa: jabón (sope) [xaβon]
kal: хавр (spring) [havyr]
χ h Voiceless_uvular_fricative.ogg
dut: vraag (question) [vʀaːχ]
ger: Bach (creek) [baχ]
ger: hoch (high) [hoːχ]
kal: хавр (spring) [havyr]
Y
IP
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k kal Phonetic description and sound
language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
yY ü Close_front_rounded_vowel.ogg
dut: duren (stand) [dyrə(n)]
fre: tu (you) [ty]
ger: Güte (goodness) [gyːtʰə]
swe: lyda (hear) [lyːda]
kal: күсл (desire) [küsɪl]
ʏ ü Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel.ogg
dut: vullen (fill) [vʏlə(n)]
ger: Nüsse (nuts) [nʏsə]
kal: күсл (desire) [küsɪl]
ɥ Labial-palatal_approximant.ogg
fre: huit (eight) [ɥit]
ʎ → see under L
Z
zZ z Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg
eng: zoo (zoo) [zuː]
fre: rose (rose) [ʁoz]
ger: Sahne (cream) [záːnə]
gre: ζητώ (I ask for) [zitó]
ita: tesoro (treasure) [tezɔːro]
rumBoyash: – (day) [zbéra]
rumMegl: – (says) [zắʦi]
srp: казан (cadron) [kázan]
kal: заян (fate) [zajan]
ʑ zZ zZ zZ zZ Voiced_alveolo-palatal_sibilant.ogg
greRegInd: ζητώ (I ask for) [ʑitó]
pol: ziarno (grain) [ʑárnɔ]
rumBoyash: jos (down) [źoś]
ʐ ž Voiced_retroflex_sibilant.ogg
chi: rénmín (people) [ʐənmin]
tam: வவவவ (fruit) [pʌʐʌm]
kal: жуульг (rogue, borrowing from
rus.) [žuulik]
ʒƷ ẑ ẑ ẑ ẑ Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg
cze:/slowak./slv:/kroat./lita:/lav: ž, pol:
ż und rz, alban: zh, rus/srp/bul: ж
engUS: pleasure (=) [plέʒɚ]
fre: rouge (read) [ʁuːʒ]; je (ich) [ʒə]
ger: Genie (genious) [ʒeníː]
rum: jar (glow) [ʒar] = [ẑar]
rumBoyash: – (rice) [ríẑă]
rumMegl: – (xxx) [peážă]
IP
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language acc. ISO 639, country,
examples www
ung: zs
2. Diacritics
´ primary stress
ger: Kasse (cash) [kʰásə]
engUS: because (because) [bɪkɒːz]
ita: mangiare (eat) [mandʒaːre]
` secondary stress (on words with three or more syllables)
ger: Wasserpfeife (water pipe) [vásɐpfàɪfə]
eng: influenza (flu) [ɪnfluɛnzə]
fre: ignorance (ignorance) [iɲɔʀɑs]
˝ on stressed vowels with special emphasis ger: auf keinen Fall (by no means) [ʔáʊf
kʰaɪnən fal]
ː previous symbol pronounced longer
ger: Naht (seam) [naːtʰ]
eng: yeast (yeast) [jiːst]
ita: canna (pipe) [kánːa]
rum: copiii (the children) [kɔpíː]
ˑ previous symbol pronounced longer eng: beat [biˑt]
previous symbol extra short eng: police [pʰəlíˑs]
ʼ ejective pronunciation: The preceding sign is not
produced by pulmonary, but by movement of larynx geo: სააკაშვილი [sáːkʼaʃvɪlɪ]
pronounced spirantized heb: ḇ, ḏ, ḡ, p, ṯ
◌‿◌
◌-◌
Liaison (arc or line) between two words denotes fluent
transition to the next word
aro: mpadi (down) [m-pádi]
fre: mon amie (my friend) [mɔn‿ami] = [mɔn-
amí]
rum: fata mea (my girl) [fáta‿meà] = [fáta-meà]
◌◌ denotes a double articulation Idoma – (bridge) [akpa], – (lower jaw) [agpa]
. separation of syllabes
ger: Karte [kʰáʁtʰə]
engUK: labour (=) [léɪ.bə]
fre: abbaye (abbey) [a.be.í]
pronunciation voiceless
ger: klar (clear) [klaːɐ]
ice: jökull (glacier) [jœːkʏtl], stelpa (girl)
[stélpa]
eng: price (price) [pɹáɪs]
fre: médecin (doctor) [medsɛ]
pronunciation voiced eng: back of (back of) [bækʰəv]
fre: chaque jour (every day) [ʃakʒúʁ]
pronounced laminal gle: Taoiseach (-) [tˠiːʃɒx]
ʰ pronounced aspirated (followed with a puff of breath that
is clearly audible before the next sound begins)
ger: Pass (passport) [pʰas]
que: qhari (man) [qʰáɾɪ]
aym: thakhi (way) [tʰákʰɪ]
ˈ pronounced palatalized (pronounced while a part of the
tongue is moved close to the hard palate)
aro: armanjlji (Aromanians) [armîn'l'i]
bul: Гергьовден (George’s day) [g'έrg'ɔvdεn],
[g'érg'ovden], неговата (his) [n'éguvətə],
голямa (big) [gul'ámə]
bulPomak: – (peace) [sel'ám]
greIslreg: νησί (island) [n'isí]
mak: куќа (house) [kúk'a]
rum: bani (money) [ban'], dormi (you sleep)
[dɔrm'], roți (wheels) [rɔʦ'], rupi (you break)
[rup'], ochi (eyes) [ɔk'], chiuvetă (sink)
[k'uvétə], Miercuri (Wednesday) [miérkur'],
rânduri (rows) [rîndur']
rumBoyash: – (wood) [l'εmn], – (shirt)
[k'imέșă], – (we speak) [sfăt'ín']
rumMegl. – (loses) [k'ári]
rus: цепь (chain) [ʦɛp']
ʷ pronounced labialized (rounded, involving the lips) eng: red (=) [ɹʷɛd]
more rounded (lips) fre: secret (secret) [səkʁɛ]
less rounded (lips) engUS: good (=) [gʊd]
pronounced in front eng: key (=) [kʰiː]
pronounced back eng: tree (=) [tɹiː]
pronounced central / in the mid fre: force (power) [fɔʁs]
pronounced centralized engUK: November (November) [novɛmbə]
forming the syllable
bulDial: trgnale (gone) [trgnale]
ger: beten (pray) [béːtn]
srp: врба (willow) [vrba]
monKal:
Kennzeichnung eines (a) Vokals, der nicht den
Silbenkern bildet, z.B. bei Diphthongen (b) Konsonanten,
der zugunsten des folgenden weniger hörbar ist
ger: Studie [ʃtúːdiə], Haus (house) [háʊs], Hai
[háɪ], Reim [ráɪm], Häuser [hɔʏzɐ], treu [trɔʏ],
pfui [pfʊɪ]
aro: feata (girl) [fiátă] [feátă], doilji (the two)
[dóil'i], rau (river) [rắu], spunia (said) [spuneá],
spunia (could) [puteá], luari (taking) [luári]
aroFarsh: spunia (said) [spuniá], spunia (could)
[putiá]
greReg: αμπέλι (vineyard) [ambέli] vs. [ambέli]
vs. [abέli]; πέντε (five) [pέndε] vs. [pέndε] vs.
[pέdε]; άντε (come on) [ánde], μπράτσο (upper
arm) [mbráʦo]
rum: Ceaușescu (=) [Čaușéscu, găoace (shell)
[ɡăoače], foarte (very) [foárte], ceainic (tea pot)
[čeájnic], [čájnic], leoaică (lioness) [leoáĭcă],
pleoape (eyelids) [pleoápe]
rumMegl: – (man) uóm, – (boy) fičuór, – (the
girl) feáta, – (fat) groása, – (the two) duóilę, –
(slept) durmíi
˞ pronounced rhotic engUS: center (=) [sɛnɚ]
engUK: butter (=) [bʌtʰɚ]
pronounced nasal
- ɑ: fre: ignorance (ignorance) [iɲɔʁɑ s],
chant (singing) [ʃɑ ]
- ɛ: fre: main (hand) [mɛ], plein (full) [plɛ],
pol: pęseta (tweezers) [pɛsέta]
- ĩ: por: sim (yes) [sĩ]
- õ: fre: bon (goot) [bõ]
- œ: freBE: brun (brown) [bʀœ]
- ɔ: fre: montagne (mountain) [mɔtáɲ], long
(=) [lɔ], pol: Śląsk (Silesia) [ɕlɔsk]
- ũ: por: um (one) [ũ]
- w: gerIndiv: Augenblick (moment)
[áwblɪk], por: São (Sankt) [sɐw]
pronounced glottalized
ˠ pronounced velarized gle: naoi (nine) [nˠiː]
ˤ pronounced pharyngealized
raised tongue
cze: řeč (language) [rɛt∫]
cze: Dvořák (Dvořák) [dvɔra:k]
cze: hřbitov (cemetary) [ɦrbɪtof]
bul: земат (they take) [z'emat], ходят (they
go) [hod'ət]
lowered tongue
[ ] in consonants, indicates incomplete closure
[ ] in consonants, indicates incomplete closure
< > or - beginning (and end) of speech
[?] the element could not be deciphered
[...] omission of segments which are not relevant for
illustrating a certain aspect
[ˈ ˈ]
includes the translation in standard variety (only those
words and sentences have been translated which differ
considerably from the standard variety and which were
considered key for understanding the text)
3. Online help
Symbol lists
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_IPA-Zeichen
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs#/T
http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#/overview
IPA Converters
https://easypronunciation.com/en/
o Chinese: https://easypronunciation.com/en/chinese-pinyin-phonetic-transcription-converter
o English: https://easypronunciation.com/en/english-phonetic-transcription-converter
o French: https://easypronunciation.com/en/french-phonetic-transcription-converter
o Italian: https://easypronunciation.com/en/italian-phonetic-transcription-converter
o Japanese: https://easypronunciation.com/en/japanese-kanji-to-romaji-converter
o Russian: https://easypronunciation.com/en/russian-phonetic-transcription-converter
o Spanish: https://easypronunciation.com/en/spanish-phonetic-transcription-converter
Belarussian, Avar, Abchaz: http://baltoslav.eu/ipa/
Danish, English, German: http://tom.brondsted.dk/text2phoneme/
English: http://lingorado.com/ipa/
Greek: http://project-modelino.com/online-resources-category.php?site_language=english&learn_language=greek&category=text_converters
IPA help for different varieties presented in VLACH
Aromanian
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/aromanian.htm
Albanian
o IPA help Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Albanian
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/albanian.htm
Bosnian: see Serbian
Bulgarian and Macedonian
o IPA help Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Bulgarian_and_Macedonian
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bulgarian.htm
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/macedonian.htm
o phonetic text examples
different dialects www.bulgariandialectology.org and http://bulgariandialectology.org/how-use-site#textpages
Pomak http://ct-audiolink.gr/
Croatian: see Serbian
English
o IPA course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8KppNXfx2k
German
o IPA course: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzrLZi6fipA
Greek
o IPA help Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Greek and Modern Greek https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology
o http://www.webtopos.gr/eng/languages/greek/gre_ipa_3.htm#ks
o http://www.foundalis.com/lan/grphdetl.htm
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/greek.htm
o phonetic text examples
http://www.romeyka.org/
http://www.enl.auth.gr/staff/topintzi/papers/baltazani&topintzi_NW%20Greek%20glides_2010.pdf
Hungarian
o IPA help Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Hungarian
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/hungarian.htm
Icelandic
o IPA help Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Icelandic
Mongolian
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Mongolian
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/mongolian.htm
Romanes
o http://romaniprojekt.uni-graz.at/romani-phonology.de.html
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romani.htm
Romanian
o IPA help Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Romanian
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_phonology
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/romanian.htm
Serbian
o IPA help Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Serbo-Croatian
o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tDwW-gJnZ1w
Turkish
o IPA help Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_Turkic_dialects
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/serbian.htm
o https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_phonology
o http://www.omniglot.com/writing/turkish.htm
IPA training
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2bCM9RnDBZw&list=PL790D33882C5EF41A
http://www.birkenbihl-uni.ch/downloads/vfb-texte-26a-ipa_texte_ergaenzung_zu_falschsc.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o8KppNXfx2k&t=311s
http://www-01.sil.org/computing/ipahelp/