A SEMINAR ON IPv4 & IPv6A SEMINAR ON IPv4 & IPv6

Presented byPresented by

Intramantra Global Solution PVT LTD, IndoreIntramantra Global Solution PVT LTD, Indore

http://intramantra.comhttp://intramantra.com

TOPICS OF INTERACTIONTOPICS OF INTERACTION

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION IPv4IPv4 ADDRESSINGADDRESSING IPv6IPv6 COMPARISON OF IPv4 AND IPv6COMPARISON OF IPv4 AND IPv6 CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

IntroductionIntroduction

Network layer protocolNetwork layer protocol IPIP connectionlessconnectionless UnreliableUnreliable Best effort deliveryBest effort delivery DatagramsDatagrams

IP ADDRESSIP ADDRESS

IPv4 has been in use for 20 years.IPv4 has been in use for 20 years. 32 bit hierarchical scheme having 32 bit hierarchical scheme having

class type, network and host id. class type, network and host id. In theory 2^32 or approx. 4.3billion In theory 2^32 or approx. 4.3billion

address.address. In practice only 250 million address In practice only 250 million address

are available.are available. Class A-C are assigned on net size.Class A-C are assigned on net size.

Class A has one byte for class type Class A has one byte for class type and net id and three for host id.and net id and three for host id.

Class B has two byte for class type Class B has two byte for class type and net id and two for host id.and net id and two for host id.

Class C has one byte for class type Class C has one byte for class type and net id and three for host id.and net id and three for host id.

Class D is reserved for multicast Class D is reserved for multicast addresses.addresses.

Class E address is reserved for future Class E address is reserved for future use.use.

Class AddressClass Address

Range of Classes Range of Classes

Representation of classesRepresentation of classes

Decimal Dotted Decimal Dotted RepresentationRepresentation

Decimal RepresentationDecimal Representation

Subnet MaskSubnet Mask

SubnettingSubnetting

Hierarchical SchemeHierarchical Scheme

Improve managebility of network.Improve managebility of network. WastefullWastefull To conserve IP address –To conserve IP address – Classless inter domain routing (CIDR).Classless inter domain routing (CIDR). Single IP address can be used to designate Single IP address can be used to designate

many unique address.many unique address. Reduces the size of routing table and make Reduces the size of routing table and make

more address available within organization.more address available within organization. Network address translation (NAT) allow use Network address translation (NAT) allow use

of a pool of IP’s for external communication.of a pool of IP’s for external communication.

IPv6IPv6Why Change?Why Change?

•New Computer and New Computer and Communication Communication Technologies.Technologies.•New Applications.New Applications.•Increase in size and load.Increase in size and load.•Processor Performance, Memory Processor Performance, Memory size, Network bandwidth.size, Network bandwidth.

THE ROAD TO NEW VERSION THE ROAD TO NEW VERSION OF IPOF IP

IETF formulated new version of IP.IETF formulated new version of IP. SIP becomes the basis for SIPP and SIP becomes the basis for SIPP and

eventually emerged as the design for eventually emerged as the design for new IP.new IP.

IPv5 ST ProtocolIPv5 ST Protocol IAB published IPv7.IAB published IPv7.

FEATURES OF IPv6FEATURES OF IPv6

Larger address space.Larger address space. Extended Address Hierarchy.Extended Address Hierarchy. Flexible Header Format.Flexible Header Format. Improved Options.Improved Options. Provision for Protocol Extension.Provision for Protocol Extension. Support for Auto configuration and Support for Auto configuration and

Renumbering.Renumbering. Resource Allocation.Resource Allocation.

GENERAL FORM OF IPv6 GENERAL FORM OF IPv6 DATAGRAMDATAGRAM

BASE + EXTENSION + BASE + EXTENSION + DATADATA

HEADER HEADERS(IF ANY)HEADER HEADERS(IF ANY)

Less Information in Header!Less Information in Header! Base Header is of fixed length.Base Header is of fixed length. Extension Headers are optional.Extension Headers are optional.

IPv6 HeaderIPv6 Header

VERS TRAFFIC CLS

Hop Limit

Flow Label

Payload Length Next Header

1 byte1 byte 1 byte 1 byte

6 for IPv6

Source Address (128 bits - 16 bytes)

Dest. Address (128 bits - 16 bytes)

IPv6 EXTENSION HEADERSIPv6 EXTENSION HEADERS

Compromise between generality and Compromise between generality and efficiency.efficiency.

Extension Headers are similar to Extension Headers are similar to Options of IPv4.Options of IPv4.

IPv6 ADDRESSINGIPv6 ADDRESSING

Address occupies 16 OctetsAddress occupies 16 Octets Address space is so large that every person on Address space is so large that every person on

the planet can have sufficient addresses to the planet can have sufficient addresses to have their own internet as large as current have their own internet as large as current internet !!!internet !!!

Earth surface = 5.1 * 10Earth surface = 5.1 * 108 8 Km Km22

10102424 addresses per m addresses per m2 2 of earth surfaceof earth surface 16 Octet integer can hold 216 Octet integer can hold 2128128 values values which equals to 3.4 * 1038which equals to 3.4 * 1038 i.e., i.e.,

340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 !!!340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 !!!

it will take 10it will take 102020 years to assign all addresses years to assign all addresses

ADDRESSINGADDRESSING

No ClassNo Class Represented in Hexadecimal Colon Represented in Hexadecimal Colon

Notation.Notation. 128 bit address, each digit 128 bit address, each digit

represents one nibblerepresents one nibble FDEC:BA98:0074:3210:000F:0000:0000:FFFDEC:BA98:0074:3210:000F:0000:0000:FF

FF Unabbreviated Address.FF Unabbreviated Address.

ABBREVIATIONSABBREVIATIONS

Leading zeros of a section can be omitted:Leading zeros of a section can be omitted: Ex:Ex:FDEC:BA98:0074:3210:000F:BBFF:0000:FFFFFDEC:BA98:0074:3210:000F:BBFF:0000:FFFF =>FDEC:BA98:74:3210:F:BBFF:0:FFFF=>FDEC:BA98:74:3210:F:BBFF:0:FFFF Consecutive sections with zeros can be Consecutive sections with zeros can be

replaced by double semicolons:replaced by double semicolons: Ex:FDEC:0:0:0:0:BBFF:0:FFFFEx:FDEC:0:0:0:0:BBFF:0:FFFF =>FDEC::BBFF:0:FFFF=>FDEC::BBFF:0:FFFF Partial Addresses:Partial Addresses: Ex:FDEC:0:0:0:0:BBFF:0:FFFFEx:FDEC:0:0:0:0:BBFF:0:FFFF =>FDEC::BBFF/96=>FDEC::BBFF/96

TYPES OF ADDRESSESTYPES OF ADDRESSES

A Destination address on a A Destination address on a datagram falls under three datagram falls under three categories:categories:

1.1. UnicastUnicast

2.2. AnycastAnycast

3.3. MulticastMulticast

IP Options

IPv4 and IPv6IPv4 and IPv6Vers

4IHL

Type ofService Total Length

Identification Flags Frag Offset

Time toLive Protocol Header Checksum

Source Address

Destination Address

Source Address

Destination Address

Payload Length Hop LimitNext Hdr

Flow LabelTrafficClass

Vers6

v4 Header = 20 Bytes + Optionsv6 Header = 40 Bytes

IPv4 IPv6 IPv4 IPv6

More complex More complex Variable in lengthVariable in length 14 fields14 fields No provision for No provision for

larger packet.larger packet. Have checksum Have checksum

fieldfield Processing time is Processing time is

more.more. S/D add. 32 bitS/D add. 32 bit

Simplified versionSimplified version Fixed in lengthFixed in length 8 field8 field Payload length fieldPayload length field

No checksum fieldNo checksum field Processing time is Processing time is

lessless S/D add. Length 128 S/D add. Length 128

bitbit

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

IPv6 is not IPv6 is not compatible with IPv4.compatible with IPv4.

IPv4 mapped IPv6 IPv4 mapped IPv6 address.address.

• Allows a host that Allows a host that supports both IPv4 and supports both IPv4 and IPv6 to communicate IPv6 to communicate with host that supports with host that supports IPv4 only.IPv4 only.

CONCLUSION CONTD..CONCLUSION CONTD.. 80 bits of 0’s followed by 16 bits of ones, 80 bits of 0’s followed by 16 bits of ones,

followed by a 32 bit IPv4 address:followed by a 32 bit IPv4 address:

VIRTUES OF IPv6VIRTUES OF IPv6

IPv6’s multicast and anycast IPv6’s multicast and anycast messages add flexibility and reduce messages add flexibility and reduce traffic load.traffic load.

Assured services, Enhanced security, Assured services, Enhanced security, Improved reliability.Improved reliability.

Provides QOS.Provides QOS. Reduces packet latency for real time Reduces packet latency for real time

AV.AV.

SHORTCOMINGSSHORTCOMINGS

Use NAT causes much less demand Use NAT causes much less demand on the pool of addresses, so address on the pool of addresses, so address waste is less of an issue.waste is less of an issue.

At the rate that technology moves At the rate that technology moves now, today's raved about IPv6 now, today's raved about IPv6 solutions may just be the problems of solutions may just be the problems of tomorrow.tomorrow.

REFERENCESREFERENCES

Referred Books:Referred Books:• Stallings W.:”Cryptography and Network Security”,PHI,1999.Stallings W.:”Cryptography and Network Security”,PHI,1999.• Peterson L.,Davie B.:”Computer Networks”,MKP,2003.Peterson L.,Davie B.:”Computer Networks”,MKP,2003.• Comer D.:”Internetworking with TCP/IP”,PHI,2000.Comer D.:”Internetworking with TCP/IP”,PHI,2000.

Referred Links:Referred Links:• www.ipv4.orgwww.ipv4.org• www.ipv6.orgwww.ipv6.org

Referred RFC’s:Referred RFC’s:• RFC 791 for IPv4RFC 791 for IPv4• RFC 18883 & RFC 2460 for IPv6RFC 18883 & RFC 2460 for IPv6

ANY ANY

QUESTIONSQUESTIONS