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BSTRACTS

obacteria, as probiotics, are dominant flora in gastrointestinal tractGI) of newborn, and their development is stimulated by food

substrate, what is called bifidogenic effect. Infant formulae aresubstitutes’ for breast milk.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is and whatre the differences in the bifidogenic effects and gut microflora ofreast-fed and formula-fed newborns (younger than 6 months andhildren age from 6 to 12 months).

Healthy, term born infants were enrolled in a four-week studyn four groups — formula-fed group (FF1 — infants younger thanmonths and FF2 — children 6—12 months old) and breast milk

control) group (BM1 — infants younger than 6 months and BM2children 6—12 months old). Fecal samples were obtained before

ormula administration (0 day) and during formula administration14 and 28 day). At study day 0, 14 and 28 stool specimens wereuantitatively cultured and evaluated count of Bifidobacteria.

Before (0 day) and after 14 days of formula administration, theedian number of Bifidobacteria did not differ among the group

nfants younger than six months as in between the groups of olderhildren. At the end of the 28-day feeding period, the number ofifidobacteria significantly increased in both FF group versus BMroup.

These data indicate that supplemented term infant’s formulaith inuline has a stimulating effect on the growth of Bifidobacteria

n the intestine as on children younger than 6 months, that as onhildren 6—12 months old. We conclude that infant formula withnuline has similar effect on the intestine of new born as humanreast milk.

oi:10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.920

.0.17

reatment of oily sludges in soil — a field study

.P. de Franca1,∗ , L.J. da Silva1, F.J.S. de Oliveira2

Escola de Química, Departamento de Engenharia Bioquímica, Universidadeederal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão, CEP-21941-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ,razilPetróleo Brasileiro S/A, Gerência de Meio Ambiente, Centro, CEP-20031-004,io de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

arious activities of the oil industry such as, drilling, production,rocessing and distribution generate significant volumes of solidaste, containing various classes of hydrocarbons. Alternatives of

reatment are varied processes including physical, chemical andiological agents to remove organic pollutants at concentrationshat are undetectable or, if detectable, the concentrations belowhe limits established as well as acceptable by the laws. Amongiotechnologies, process of landfarming presents a considerablemphasis on the basis of the low operational cost, and availabil-ty of treatment of large volumes of oily wastes. Landfarming isased on the potential of organizations and/or their products tossist in the removal of hydrocarbons, reactive layer in the pre-

ared soil. This work aims the treatment of oily wastes at an areaf 1000 m2. Methodologies were used for this operational biostim-lation through humidification and homogenization. Along sideas an isolated area known as ground control. To evaluate the per-

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374 www.elsevier.com/locate/nbt

New Biotechnology · Volume 25S · September 2009

ormance of the bioprocess were monitored relevant parametersuch as pH, humidity, levels of total organic carbon, phosphorus,itrogen, metals, total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), polycyclicromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), total heterotrophic aerobic bacteriaTHAB), filamentous fungi and total heterotrophic anaerobic bac-eria (THANB) for seven months. Results of work were promisingy considering the time and initial concentration of contami-ants. Content of TPH decreased 89.6% in the treated soil, while

he control soil was negligible degradation of the order of 22.4%.he concentration of PAH decreased 88.7% in the treated soil andontrol the degradation reached 25.1%. Thus, the techniques ofiostimulation that is humidification and homogenization weressential for increasing biodegradation of hydrocarbons. Popu-ation of THAB, fungi and THANB showed the average valuef 1.42 × 107 CFU g−1, 2.67 × 105 CFU g−1 and 2.24 × 106 cells g−1,espectively. Test of ecotoxicity in treated soil was an indication offficiency of the process.

oi:10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.921

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odide for the phytoextraction of mercury contaminatedoil

. Smolinska ∗ , K. Cedzynska

Technical University of Lodz, Institute of General Food Chemistry, Lodz, Poland

ercury is a highly toxic element that is found both naturally ands an introduced contaminant in the environment. Although itsotential for toxicity in highly contaminated areas is well docu-ented, research has shown that mercury can be a threat to the

ealth of people and wildlife in many environments that are notbviously polluted. Its exposure, its form and the geochemical andcological factors that influence how mercury moves and changesorm in the environment determine the risk.

Contamination of the soil with mercury has often resulted fromuman activities, especially those related to mining, industrialmission, disposal or leakage of industrial wastes and applicationf sewage sludge to agricultural soils. Many remediation tech-iques have been used for the removal of Hg from contaminatedoil, like chemical extraction or electroremediation, but they areelatively expensive and they interfere with the natural environ-ent, so their applications are limited. An alternative method,hich is viewed as environmentally friendly, is phytoremediation.

Low bioavailability of Hg in soil is a restricting factor inhytoextraction of mercury contaminated soil. To enhance thehytoextraction potassium iodide (KI) has been used. The phy-oextraction was carried out with the use of Lepidium sativum plant.he process was run under laboratory conditions, in a model soil.norganic forms of mercury (HgCl2, HgSO4 and Hg(NO3)2) weresed to contaminate the soil. The phytoextraction for differentercury salt used for soil contamination was conducted before and

fter potassium iodide application to the soil. Iodide was applied in

ifferent amounts. In all variants of the process the total mercuryoncentrations in roots, stems and leaves were determined.

The result showed that L. sativum accumulated mercury fromoil. The overall maximum concentration of mercury in its com-

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ew Biotechnology · Volume 25S · September 2009

ounds was found in roots of the plants. The translocation andistribution of mercury in the plant tissues during the processithout soil amendment were limited. However, KI application

o the soil caused mercury mobilisation and thereby increased theioavailability of Hg in soil. Even the smallest KI concentrationn the soil increased the total accumulation of Hg in L. sativum.ffective accumulation by whole plant and by shoots was higherompared to the process, which was carried out without iodideddition.

oi:10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.922

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egeneration of biomass used in the biosorption of cad-ium

. Kordialik-Bogacka ∗ , B. Smolinska, K. Cedzynska, W. Ambroziak

Technical University of Lodz, Department of Biotechnology and Food Science,odz, Poland

eavy metal contamination is a serious environmental problem.iosorption is believed to be alternative method to conventionalechniques for heavy metal wastewater treatment. Brewery’s wasteeast collected in a large volume from commercial productionsan be used as favourable biomaterials for heavy metal adsorptionrom industrial effluents.

The application of yeast as biosorbents depends not only on theiosorptive capacity, but also on the ease with which biomass cane regenerated and re-used. The cell surface-bound metal might beasily removed by the use of elutants, but they have to be carefullyelected. They should be capable of desorbing bound metal quicklynd almost completely and should not decrease the metal sorptionapacity of biomass during successive cycles of metal sorption.

In this work feasibility of the application of various elutants forecovery of cadmium from brewery’s waste Saccharomyces biomassave been investigated. Moreover, the possibility of reusing of. pastorianus yeast was assessed. Biosorption experiments wereerformed with shaking at 150 rpm for 30 min using 100 ml of5.5 mg l−1 Cd (II) solutions and 1.5 g of biomass. Following theadmium biosorption biomaterials were separated by centrifu-ation and the concentration of residual cadmium ions in theupernatant was determined. Then loaded biomass was suspendednto 5 ml or 10 ml of eluent solution. Desorbing agents such as HCl,NO3, H2SO4, EDTA, NaOH in the concentrations 0.05—0.1 Mere used for eluting cadmium from the loaded biomass. Desorb-

ng solutions with added biomass were incubated with shakingt 300 rpm for 10 min. Then biosorbents were separated andhe concentration of cadmium released into the eluent solutionas measured. Cadmium concentration was analysed by Atomicdsorption Spectrophotometer. Biosorption—desorption proce-ures were performed for next cycles to assess the capacity ofiomaterials to reusability.

The highest efficiency of desorption of cadmium was found for

.05 M HCl, 0.1 M HNO3, 0.1 M EDTA. However, when 0.1 M HNO3

nd 0.1 M EDTA were used as desorbing agents a dramatic loss inhe cadmium adsorption by the biomass in the next cycles wasbserved. The elution with 0.1N NaOH did not guarantee the high

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fficiency of cadmium desorption from the biomass but resulted inlarge increase in its uptake in a subsequent use. The level of the

admium removal decreased with lowering the volume of elutants.

oi:10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.923

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racking inoculated edible ectomycorrhizal fungi byeal-Time PCR

. Parladé1,∗ , J. Pera1, H. De La Varga1, S. Hortal 2

IRTA, Cabrils, SpainCentre INRA de Nancy, France

he inoculation of different plant species with edible ectomycor-hizal fungi is a promising technology for sustainable productionf non-wood forest resources, especially in areas unsuitable forgricultural production. Key species as truffles (Tuber), boletesBoletus) and saffron-milk caps (Lactarius) are especially valued inocal markets but their availability depends, almost exclusively, onhe erratic natural production. Controlled production requires theevelopment of suitable technologies for tracking the persistencef the inoculated fungi in the vegetative stages of the symbiosismycorrhizas and extraradical mycelium). Molecular techniquess single-strain conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and specificCR have been successfully used for intraspecific and specificharacterization of the inoculated fungal strains. In addition, thepplication of Real-Time PCR allowed for the quantification ofxtraradical fungal mycelium in the soil. This technique has rep-esented a step forward to undertake studies on spatial-temporalistribution of the extraradical fungal mycelium in the soil, consid-red as the most metabolically active phase of the symbiosis. Theistribution of extraradical fungal mycelium in the soil is poorlynderstood, mostly because of the lack of appropriate method-logical approaches for its study. We have adapted the Real-Timeechnology for absolute quantification of fungal mycelium in theoil by using known amounts of vegetative mycelium of Lactariuseliciosus, Boletus edulis and Rhizopogon spp. from agar plates mixedith the appropriate soil to establish the standards. Taqman®

robes were designed for the different target fungi and were effec-ively tested for each sampled soil. The limit of mycelium detectionas, approximately, 2 �g mycelium per g of soil. Soil samples taken

rom the proximity of the inoculated trees allowed us to trackhe persistence of the inoculated fungi and the dynamics of theymbiosis in a non-destructive way. The results obtained showedhe differential mycelium evolution in two different soils and theffect of competition with native ectomycorrhizal fungi at root andoil level. Factors as the initial mycorrhizal colonization of the out-lanted seedlings and the inoculated strain also influenced signifi-antly the persistence of the inoculated fungi in the soil. In conclu-ion, Real-Time PCR is a promising technique for non-destructivessessment of fungal persistence because soil mycelium may be aood indicator of root colonization. However, the accuracy of the

echnique will ultimately depend on the development of appropri-te soil sampling methods because of the high variability observed.

oi:10.1016/j.nbt.2009.06.924

www.elsevier.com/locate/nbt S375