INVESTIGATION OF BEHAVIOUR OF CONCRETE ON

ADDING CRUMB RUBBER

SUBMITTED TO:DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SHARDA UNIVERSITY

GROUP MEMBERS

ABHISHEK DIXIT 100107004ANIL KUMAR 100107025ABHIMANYU SARASWAT 100107003HARSHIT RAJ 100107075

B-TECH CIVIL ENGINEERING 4TH Year Term VIII

FINAL YEAR PROJECT

INTRODUCTION The proposed work presents an experimental study of effect of

use of solid waste material (crumb rubber) in concrete by volume variation of crumb rubber.

One of the important types of remains is waste tyres which have been classified as a part of municipal solid waste (MSW), resulted from the increase of vehicle ownership and traffic volume within the Palestinian territories. This eventually will increase consumption of tyres over time.

Current practices show that residents throw it randomly in different places such as valleys, road sides, open areas, and waste dumpsites in improper ways taking the means of open fire, and without consideration of risk on human health and environment.

NEED AND OBJECTIVE Hazardous waste materials are being generated and accumulated

in vast quantities causing an increasing threat to the environment. The accumulation of rubber and plastic can be considered non-

decaying materials that disturb the surrounding environment. However, a positive method for disposing of this non-decaying material, such as reuse in concrete mixes, would have a beneficial effect.

Thus, the use of scrap tyres in concrete manufacturing is a necessity than a desire.

The use of scrap tyres in concrete is a concept applied extensively over the world. The use of scrap tyres rubber in normal strength concrete is a new dimension in concrete mix design and if applied on a large scale would revolutionize the construction industry, by economizing the construction cost and increasing the worn out tyre disposal.

The present proposal involves a comprehensive laboratory study for the newer application of this waste material in the preparation of fibrous concrete.

The primary objective of investigation is to study the strength behavior i.e. compressive and flexural strength, and impact resistance of rubberized concrete with different volume of crumb rubber.

Parameter to be varied in Investigation:

I. Volume variation of crumb rubber.

The proposed work is aimed to study the effect of volume variation of crumb rubber on:- Compressive Strength Split Tensile Strength Slump Value

CRUMB RUBBER Crumb rubber usually consists of particles ranging in size from 4.75

mm (No.4 sieve) to less than 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve). Three methods are currently used to convert scrap tyres to crumb

rubber. The cracker mill process is the most commonly used method. The

cracker mill process tears apart or reduces the size of tyre. Rubber by passing the material between rotating corrugated steel drums.

The second method is the granulator process, which shears apart the rubber with revolving steel plates that pass at close tolerance, producing granulated crumb rubber particles, ranging in size from 9.5 mm (3/8 inch) to 0.5 mm (No. 40 sieve).

The third process is the micro-mill process, which produces a very fine ground crumb rubber in the size range from 0.5 mm (No. 40 sieve) to as small as 0.075 mm (No. 200 sieve).

PROPERTIES OF CRUMB RUBBER

Specific gravity The specific gravity of tyre shreds is the ratio of unit weight of

solids of the shreds divided by the unit weight of water (material, whose unit weight of solids equals the unit weight of water, has a specific gravity of 1.0).

The specific gravity is evaluated in accordance with ASTM 127. The apparent specific gravities of tyre shreds depend on the

amount of glass belting or steel wire in the tyre, and range from 1.02 to 1.27, meaning that tyre shreds are heavier than water and will sink in water.

Water absorption Absorption capacity is the amount of water absorbed onto

the surface of the crumb rubber and is expressed as the percent (%) water (based on the dry weight of the crumb rubber). Water absorption capacity of crumb rubber generally ranges from 2% to 4.3%.

Gradation Tyre shreds are generally relatively uniformly graded (Le.

mostly the same size). The whole tyres are cut by shredder knives. The required size is achieved by adjusting the screen size on a slow rotating shredder screen (Le. trammel).

Typically, multiple passes through the shredder are required for tyre shred sizes of less than 12 in. (305 mm).

Compressibility The compressibility of tyre shreds is applicable in evaluating

landfill airspace. Tyre shreds less than 3-in. (75-mm) in size indicate that vertical strains of up to approximately 25% may occur in the tyre shreds under low vertical stress of up to approximately 7 Ibf/in2 (48 kpa) [Nickels, 1995] and that vertical strains of up to approximately 40% may occur under high vertical stress of up to 60 Ibf/in2 (414 kpa).

Shear strength Tyre shreds placed as distinctive layers within a municipal solid

waste (MSW) landfill could influence the internal stability of the landfill. The shear strengths of tyre shreds and tyre shred/ concrete mixtures are variable. However, it appears that they have shear strength properties' such that no detrimental effect on landfill stability should occur.

MATERIALS USEDThe materials used in this thesis were obtained from NS Group RMC Plant Surajpur. The source of crushed coarse aggregate and fine aggregate from NS Group RMC Plant Surajpur , and grinded tyres (crumb) was obtained from Dadri road Ghaziabad near lalkuan. Though, large amounts of waste tyres exist in the north area, no industries exist yet for the availability waste tyres crumbs.

The basic ingredients of rubberized concrete and its products, which were used in this research work are: 1- OPC-43 grade ultra tech cement. 2- Natural Coarse aggregate (sedimentary rock source). 3- Natural Fine aggregate (sand). 4- Water 5- Fine crumb rubber (sieve size <4.75mm)

RAW MATERIALS TEST

The raw materials used in this research work were tested for the purpose of Identification of basic physical characteristics using the following tests:

- Sieve analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregate - Specific Gravity of Fine and Coarse Aggregate - Water Absorption and Moisture Content.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATES

S.No Characteristics Requirement as per IS 383 : 1970

Tested values

1. Specific Gravity 2.6-2.7 2.64

2. Fineness Modulus 2-3.5 3.022

3. Water Absorption (%) - 1.78

4. Moisture Content (%) - 0.50

5. Grading - Zone II(IS 383-1970)

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES

S.No

CharacteristicsRequirement as per IS

383 : 1970

Tested values

1. Specific Gravity 2.6-2.7 2.68

2. Fineness Modulus 5.5-8 6.55

3. Water Absorption (%) - 0.50

4. Moisture Content (%) - Nil

5. Texture - Rough

CONCRETE DESIGN MIX M30 Cement Used: OPC-43

Admixture Used: Neptha Admixture Dose: 1.4% Water Cement Ratio: 0.42

Contents for 6 cubes (150x150x150mm) Cement=10.5kg Water=4.96kg Sand=22.31kg Coarse Aggregate(20mm)=21.20kg Coarse Aggregate(10mm)=14.25kg Admixture=0.147kg

Contents for 1 Cylindrical mould (150x300mm) Cement=3.723kg Water=1.5636kg Sand=2.36kg Coarse Aggregate=9.37kg Admixture=0.052kg

CASTING OF SPECIMENS

PROCESS: Fixing the mould. Oiling mould. Material mix in mixer(water ,cement, aggregates). Placing in moulds. Vibration of moulds on the apparatus. Removing moulds and placing concrete for curing.

Rotating drum type mixer

TESTING OF SPECIMENS

Structural performance of the concrete mainly depends upon its strength in compression and flexure so it is essential to carry out tests to determine these properties.

The following tests was carried out on concrete and summarized as below: Compression Strength Split Tensile Strength

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TESTING

The compression strength of the concrete is very important parameter as it decides the other parameters like tension and flexure.

Compressive strength test were carried out on 150 mm x 150 mm x150 mm cubes with compression testing machine of 2000KN capacity.

The specimen, after removal from curing tank was cleaned and dried.

The surface of the testing machine was cleaned. The specimen was placed at the Centre of the compression testing

machine and load was applied continuously, uniformly and without shocks and the rate of loading was 14 N/mm2

(140Kg/cm2)/ minute i.e. at constant rate of stress. The load was increased until the specimen failed. The maximum

load taken by each specimen during the test was recorded.

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

It is the standard test, to determine the tensile strength of concrete in an indirect way. This test could be performed in accordance with IS: 5816-1970.

A standard test cylinder of concrete specimen (300mm x 150mm diameter) is placed horizontally between loading surfaces of compression testing machine.

The compression load is applied diametrically and uniformly along the length of cylinder until the failure of cylinder along the vertical diameter.

To allow the uniform distribution of this applied load and to reduce the magnitude of high compressive stresses near the point of application of this load, strips of plywood are placed between the specimen and loading platens of the testing machine.

Concrete cylinders split into two halves along this vertical plane due to indirect tensile stress generated by poisson’s effect.

AVERAGE VALUE OF CUBE COMPRESSION

SNO.

%AGE OF CRUMB RUBBER

7TH DAY

COMPRESSION VALUES

14TH DAY

COMPRESSION

VALUES

28TH DAY

COMPRESSION

VALUES

1 0% 849 KN 934 KN  

1004 KN

2 5% 748 KN 809 KN

949 KN

3 10% 704 KN 784 KN 820 KN

AVERAGE VALUE OF SPLIT TENSILE TEST COMPRESSION

 

SNO.

 

%AGE OF

CRUMB

RUBBER

 

7TH DAY

COMPRESSION

VALUES

 

14TH DAY

COMPRESSION

VALUES

 

28TH DAY

COMPRESSION

VALUES

 

1

 0%

 450KN

 505KN

 539KN

 

 

2

 5%

 443KN

 

 496KN

 528KN

 

3

 10%

 439KN

 489KN

 504KN

SPECIFIC WEIGHT

The specific weight of concrete modified with waste rubber reduces as the level of substitution of aggregates with tyre particles increases.

This reduction can be attributed to the specific weight of tyre rubber being lower than that of traditional aggregates(0.9–1.16 g/cm3 for tyre rubber compared with 2.65–2.67 g/cm3 for aggregates) .

WORKABILITY

The workability, defined as the ease with which concrete can be mixed, transported and been put into moulds, is affected by the interactions of crumb rubber particles and mineral aggregates.

Rubberized concrete has been found to be less workable than conventional concrete as the rubber content increases.

It was also observed that mixtures made with fine crumb rubber were more workable than those made with coarse tyre chips or a combination of tyre chips and crumb rubber.

SLUMP It is observed a decrease in slump with increased rubber

content by total aggregate volume. Their results show that at rubber contents of 40% by total aggregate volume, the slump was near zero and the concrete was not workable by hand. Such mixtures had to be compacted using a mechanical vibrator.

STRENGTH AT DIFFERENT PERCENTAGES

CONCLUSION The test results of this study indicate that there is great potential

for the utilization of waste tyres in concrete mixes in several percentages, ranging from 0% to 10%.

The strength of modified concrete is reduced with an increase in the rubber content; however lower unit weight meets the criteria of light weight concrete that fulfil the strength requirements as per given in table

Concrete with higher percentage of crumb rubber possess high toughness The slump of the modified concrete increases about 1.08%, with the use of 1 to 5% of crumb rubber.

Failure of plain and rubberized concrete in compression and split tension shows that rubberized concrete has higher toughness.

The split tensile strength of the concrete decreases about 30% when 20% sand is replaced by crumb rubber.

The compressive strength of the concrete decreases about 37% when 20% sand is replaced by crumb rubber.

REFERENCES Al-Tabbaa, A., & Aravinthan, A. (1998). Natural clay-shredded tire mixtures as

landfill barrier materials.Waste Management. Waste Management, 18(1), 9-16.

Ayers, C. (2009, September 29) State Tire Dumps Deemed Hazardous.

http://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/21154774/detail.html. Carol Carder, Rocky Mountain Construction. (2004, June 28). Rubberized

Concrete, Colorado research and pilot projects. Milliken, CO 80543. Eldin, Neil N. & Senouci, A. B., "Rubber-tired Particles as Concrete Aggregate,"

Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 5(4), 478-496, 1993.

Schimizze, R.R., Nelson, J.K., Amirkhanian, S.N., & Murden, J.A. "Use of waste rubber in light-duty concrete pavements." Proceedings of the Third Material Engineering Conference, Infrastructure: New Materials and Methods of Repair, San Diego, CA, 367-374. 1994.

Biel, Timothy D., and Lee, H., "Use of Recycled Tire Rubbers in Concrete." Proceedings of the Third Material Engineering Conference, Infrastructure: New Materials and Methods of Repair, p351-358, San Diego, CA, 1994

Indian Standard Codes IS 456:2000 for concrete design, IS 10262, IS 383

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