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Page 1: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Introduction To

FFluorine

OOxygen

ReRhenium

NNitrogen

SiSilicon

CCarbon

SSulfur

IIodine

EErbium

NNitrogen

CeCerium

CCarbon

Page 2: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

What is Forensic Science?

Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law.

Criminalistics – the examination of physical evidence for legal purposes

Forensic Science and Criminalistics are used interchangeably.

Page 3: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Criminology

Includes the psychological angle: studying the crime scene for motive, traits, and behavior that will help to interpret the evidence

Page 4: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Why do we look to science for assistance in

our legal system?• Increasing Crime Rates• New or Changed Laws• New Crimes• New Weapons • Response to Public

Concerns• Response to Law

Enforcement Concerns

Page 5: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

What are some goals of a Forensic

Scientist? To collect, test, and

preserve evidence. To determine the cause,

location, and time of death To provide timely,

accurate, and thorough information to all levels of decision makers in our criminal justice system.

Page 6: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

History and development of Forensic Science “Forensic” comes from the

Latin word “forensis” meaning forum.

During the time of the Romans, a criminal charge meant presenting the case before the public.

Page 7: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

History and development of Forensic Science Both the person accused

of the crime & the accuser would give speeches based on their side of the story.

The individual with the best argumentation would determine the outcome of the case.

Page 8: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

History and development of Forensic Science Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

popularize crime detection methods through his fictional character Sherlock Holmes

Page 9: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

History and development of Forensic Science

The character, Sherlock Holmes, first applied these principles in Doyle’s novels:Serology (testing)FingerprintingFirearm IdentificationQuestioned-document examination

Page 10: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

History and development of Forensic Science

The following is just a brief list of those who have made the earliest contributions to the disciplines that now make up Forensic Science.

Page 11: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Alphonse Bertillon

(1853-1914) “Father of Anthropometry” “Father of Personal Identification” Developed a system to distinguish

one individual person from another based on certain body measurements.

Page 12: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

ANTHROPOMETRYThe science of anthropometry: a systematic method of taking body measurements

Anthropometry was eventually replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900s

Page 13: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Francis Galton(1822-1911) “Father of Fingerprinting” Developed fingerprinting as a way

to uniquely identify individuals. Studied fingerprints and

developed a method of classifying them

Proved the uniqueness of individual fingerprints and their use for personal identification

His ideas describe the principles used today in fingerprinting

Page 14: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Hans Gross(1847-1915) “Father of Criminal

Investigations”

Wrote the book on applying all the different science disciplines to

the field of criminal investigation leading to the concept of

scientific crime detection.

Page 15: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Leone Lattes(1887-1954) “Father of Bloodstain

Identification”

He developed the first workable procedure for determining the blood type (A, B, AB, or O) of a dried blood stain.

Developed the concept that blood typing could be a useful identification tool in criminal investigation.

Page 16: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Calvin Goddard(1891-1955) “Father of Ballistics” Developed the technique to examine bullets, using a

comparison microscope, to determine whether or not a particular gun fired the bullets.

Page 17: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Edmond Locard(1877-1966) “Father of the Crime Lab” Strong advocate of the use of the

scientific method in criminal investigation

In 1910, he started the 1st crime lab in an attic of a police station in France

With few tools, he quickly became known world-wide to forensic scientists & criminal investigators & eventually founded the Institute of Criminalistics in France.

Page 18: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Edmond Locard(1877-1966)

His most important contribution was the “Locard’s Exchange Principle”

Whenever two objects come into contact with each other, there is always a transfer of material

Page 19: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Locard’s Exchange Principle

“Every Contact Leaves a Trace.”

He believed that every criminal can be connected to a crime by particles carried from the crime scene.

When a criminal comes in contact with an object or person, a cross-transfer of evidence occurs.

Page 20: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

1. Metal particles carried on clothing from a crime scene can link a suspect to a crime

2. Soil samples found on the vehicle of a suspect can link the suspect to a crime scene

3. Plant material found on cars or clothing can link a suspect to a crime scene

Locard’s Exchange PrincipleExamples

Page 21: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

J. Edgar Hoover(1895-1972) “Father of the FBI” Director of Federal Bureau of Investigation during the

1930’s

Hoover's leadership spanned 48 yrs & 8 presidential administrations. His reign covered Prohibition, the Great Depression, WWII, the Korean War, the Cold War, & the Vietnam War.

Page 22: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

J. Edgar Hoover(1895-1972)

He organized a national laboratory to provide forensic services to all law enforcement agencies in the U.S.

Page 23: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

The Federal Bureau of Investigation

Was created in 1932

The FBI Laboratory is now the world’s largest forensic laboratory, performing over one million examinations per year

Page 24: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

The Federal Bureau of Investigation

Opened the Forensic Science Research and Training Center in 1981

Center is dedicated to conducting research and developing new and reliable scientific methods that can be applied to forensic science

Page 25: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

LAPD & California

1923 - The oldest forensic laboratory in the United States was established by the L.A.P.D. under Director August Vollmer

1972- California Department of

Justice created model system of

state-operated crime laboratories

Page 26: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Crime Laboratories

Crime labs can be government-run at the federal, state, or local level, or they can be private consulting businesses.

Page 27: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Crime Laboratories

1. The Police Department2. The Prosecutors or District

Attorney’s Office3. The Coroner or Medical Examiner’s Office4. Universities as independent

testing facilities

Page 28: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.

Will assist any local agency that

requests assistance in investigative

matters

Page 29: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Housed under the Department of Justice

Largest lab Responsibilities:

1. Broad, investigative powers that exceed jurisdictions of state and local authorities

2. Expertise and technology support for criminal investigations

Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.

Page 30: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

Housed under The Department of Justice

Responsibilities1. Analysis of drugs seized in

violation of federal laws that regulate the production, sale, and transportation of drugs in the U.S.

Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.

Page 31: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

Housed under The Department of Justice

Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.

Page 32: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF)

Responsibilities:1. Analyzing alcoholic beverages and

documents relating to tax law enforcement

2. Examining weapons, explosive devices, and evidence relating to the Gun Control Act of 1968 and the Organized Crime Control Act of 1970

Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.

Page 33: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

U.S. Postal Inspection Services (USPS)

Housed under The Department of Justice

Responsibilities:1. Investigates criminal acts relating

to the postal service2. Inspection of mail

Federal Crime Labs in the U.S.

Page 34: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Other Federal Crime LabsFDA – Food and Drug

Administration Are responsible for protecting

food, drugs, cosmetics, and other FDA regulated products from theft, counterfeiting, fraud, tampering, and false advertising.

FDA Forensics Chemistry Lab is located in Cincinnati

Page 35: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Other Federal Crime Labs

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

(Ashland, OR)

1st & only lab that specializes in wildlife

forensics.

Prevent poaching and hunting of

endangered species.

Page 36: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Other Federal Crime Labs

Department of Homeland

Security

Department of the Treasury

Page 37: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Physical Science Unit

This unit applies principles and techniques on chemistry, physics, and geology to the identify and compare crime scene evidence.

Page 38: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Arson & Geology Units

(Sometime within the Physical Science Unit) Arson Unit

This unit deals with evidence from fires and looks for their causes

Geology Unit This unit would deal with trace evidence such as sand, soil, minerals, and rocks

Page 39: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Biology Unit

Is for the purpose of identification and DNA profiling of dried blood stains and other body fluids, hairs, fibers, and botanical materials.

Page 40: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Toxicology Unit

The unit for the examination of body fluids and organs for chemicals, drugs and poisons

Page 41: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Serology Unit The unit for the

examination of blood and other bodily fluids (semen, saliva, etc.) for infection, diseases, and for diagnosis.

Page 42: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Firearms & Tool mark Unit The unit for the examination

of firearms, bullets, cases, shells, and other types of ammunition

Some also examine tool marks and other weapons for identification.

Ballistics - the science that deals with the motion, behavior, and effects of projectiles, most often firearms and bullets

Page 43: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Polygraph Unit Polygraph or lie detector used

primarily as a tool of the criminal investigator

This unit is more of a tool for the criminal investigator than the forensic scientist.

Polygraph result are not admissible in court.

Page 44: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Voiceprint Analysis Unit

Cases involving telephone threats, tape-recorded messages may use unit to identify persons

Sound patterns are suppose to be unique to the person & and are captured on a voiceprint

Page 45: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Evidence Collection Unit

Trained personnel dispatched to a crime scene to collect & preserve evidence collected at the crime scene

Page 46: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Photography Unit

They examine and record physical evidence via digital imaging, infrared, ultraviolet and x-ray photography. This area also prepares photographic courtroom presentations.

Page 47: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Document Examination Unit

Ascertains authenticity and source of questioned documents and hand writing analysis, indented writings,

obliterations, erasures, and burned/charred documents.

Page 48: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Latent Fingerprint Unit Develops, evaluates, and

compares latent fingerprint evidence by use of magnifier, microscope, and fingerprint comparator.

Determines identity of individuals and enters information into the Automated Fingerprint Identification System

(AFIS)

Page 49: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines

Forensic Art –sketch composite drawings, age progression, image modifications, post-mortem skull reconstructions

Page 50: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines

Forensic Medicine– doctors of medicine with special certification in pathology and forensic pathology. Most are M.E.s

They are concerned with determining cause

and circumstances in cases of questioned death.

Page 51: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines **

Forensic Anthropology – studies human skeletal remains for identification

Page 52: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines **

Forensic Psychology- evaluates behavioral patterns and how they relate to crime (profiling)

Page 53: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines

Forensic Pathology -investigates the sudden, unnatural, unexplained, or violent deaths. An autopsy is usually performed to obtain the answer.

Page 54: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines

Forensic Odontology– examination of bite marks and dental features to identify a victim when the body is otherwise unidentifiable

Page 55: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines

Forensic Entomology –studies lifecycles of insects and their relationship to crime scene investigation

Page 56: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines

Forensic Palynology–studies pollen and spores

Page 57: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Forensic Disciplines Forensic Engineering – is

concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction, involvement of mechanical items and causes and origins of fires or explosions

Page 58: Introduction To. What is Forensic Science? Forensic Science -The study and application of science to matters of law. Forensic Science -The study and application

Role of a Forensic Scientist Analyze evidence and prepare

reports on the analyses

Testify in court as an expert witness.

***The emphasis is on SCIENCE!