1. A man pushing his car stopped outside a hotel. Assoon as he got there he knew he was bankrupt. Why?

2. A man pushing his car stopped outside a hotel. Assoon as he got there he knew he was bankrupt. Why? 3. Carl WeismansIntroduction to RF & WirelessTwo Day Seminar Module 1 4. Course ObjectivesExplain RF signal behavior System hardware makeup Wireless systems operationCommunicate Using over 300 termsHave Fun 5. Daily Schedule8:30 am 10: 00 am Fun10:00 am 10:15 am Break10:15 am 11:45 am FunNoon 1:00 pmLunch1:00 pm 2:30 pm Fun2:30 pm 2:45 pm Break2:45 pm 4:15 pm Fun 6. Course AgendaDay One Morning (Module 1) Introduction to RF Afternoon (Module 2) RF hardwareDay Two Morning (Module 3) Older systems & mobile telephony Afternoon (Module 4) Newer systems & the future 7. Module 1 - Introduction To RF 1. The Basics 2. RF Behavior 3. Modulation4. Noise 8. Module 11. The Basics2. RF Behavior 3. Modulation 4. Noise 9. 1. The BasicsVocabularyTransmitters & ReceiversSignals 10. 1. The Basics VocabularyTransmitters & ReceiversSignals 11. VocabularyElectronics Terms Voltage: A potential between 2 points (Volts) Current: A flow of electrons (Amps) Power = Voltage x Current (Watts) Energy = Power x Time (Watt-hours) AC: Varies with time (e.g., wall outlet) DC: Constant (e.g. flashlight battery) The Basics - Vocabulary 12. VocabularyMore Electronics Terms Signal: Electrical energy made to vary in a predetermined way Device: An electronic gadget that is indivisible Component: Same as a device Circuit: A collection of interconnected devices RF: Radio Frequency Wireless: A marketing termThe Basics - Vocabulary 13. VocabularyPrefixes pico:trillionth 10-120.000000000001 nano:billionth10-9 0.000000001 micro: millionth10-6 0.000001 milli: thousandth 10-3 0.001 Kilo:thousand 1031000 Mega:million1061000000 Giga:billion1091000000000The Basics - Vocabulary 14. Mu Not MooThe Basics - Vocabulary 15. 1. The Basics VocabularyTransmitters & Receivers Signals 16. Transmitters & ReceiversAn Interesting Thing To Know An electrical signal can move from place toplace two different ways: 1) As current on a conductor (e.g. a wire) 2) As invisible waves in the airThe Basics - Transmitters & Receivers 17. Transmitters & ReceiversWireless Communications The Basics - Transmitters & Receivers 18. Transmitters & ReceiversWireless Communications The Basics - Transmitters & Receivers 19. Transmitters & ReceiversWireless CommunicationsTransceiver The Basics - Transmitters & Receivers 20. 1. The BasicsVocabularyTransmitters & Receivers Signals 21. SignalsThere Are Two Kinds Of Signals Analog: Can take any value Digital: Can take one of two values (high, low) The Basics - Signals 22. Analog SignalsA Very Special Analog Signal Sine wave: The Basics - Signals 23. Analog SignalsProperties Of A Sine WaveSpeed The Basics - Signals 24. Analog SignalsProperties Of A Sine Wave SpeedFrequency The Basics - Signals 25. Analog SignalsProperties Of A Sine Wave SpeedFrequency (Hertz) The Basics - Signals 26. Analog SignalsProperties Of A Sine WaveSpeedAmplitude Frequency(Hertz)The Basics - Signals 27. Analog SignalsProperties Of A Sine WaveSpeedAmplitude Frequency(Hertz)Wavelength 28. Analog SignalsProperties Of A Sine Wave 90Phase SpeedAmplitude3600 180 Frequency (Hertz)270 Wavelength 29. Analog SignalsA Special Relationship Frequency x Wavelength = ConstantWhen you know one you know the other The constant is usually the speed of lightThe Basics - Signals 30. Visual DepictionHigh frequency = Many waves Occurring frequently Close together The Basics - Signals 31. Visual DepictionLow frequency = Few waves Occurring infrequently Far apart The Basics - Signals 32. Analog SignalsWhat Makes Sine Waves Special? Every analog signal is just a summation ofmultiple sine waves 33. Analog SignalsWhy Is All Of This Important?1) Because everything in the wireless world isfrequency dependent Components are specified over certain frequencies Applications are specified over certain frequencies2) And because it is sine waves that travel throughthe air as invisible wavesThe Basics - Signals 34. Analog Signals Frequency (Hertz)ApplicationFrequencies60 Electrical wall outletOf 2,000 The human voiceSome 530,000 AM radioApplications54,000,000 VHF television88,000,000 FM radio 824,000,000 Cellular phones1,850,000,000PCS phones 11,700,000,000DirectTV 35. Analog Signals Wavelength (meters)ApplicationWavelengths5,000,000 Electrical wall outletOf152,500The human voiceSome566AM radioApplications5VHF television3FM radio 0.3 Cellular phones 0.1 PCS phones0.02 DirectTV 36. Analog SignalsFrequency Band Frequency RangeL-Band1 2 GHzBands S-Band2 4 GHzC-Band4 8 GHzX-Band8 12 GHzK-Band12 40 GHzThe Basics - Signals 37. Analog SignalsTerm Frequency RangeFrequencyRF FrequencyLess Than 1 GHzRangesMicrowave Frequency Between 1 GHz & 40 GHzMillimeter Wave Frequency Greater Than 40 GHzThe Basics - Signals 38. Digital SignalsAn Example Of A Digital SignalThe Basics - Signals 39. Digital Signals Properties Of A Digital SignalAmplitude (0 or 1) The Basics - Signals 40. Digital Signals Properties Of A Digital SignalAmplitude (0 or 1) Frequency The Basics - Signals 41. Digital Signals Properties Of A Digital SignalAmplitude (0 or 1) Frequency = Data Rate The Basics - Signals 42. Digital Signals Properties Of A Digital SignalAmplitude (0 or 1) Frequency = Data Rate (bits/second) The Basics - Signals 43. Analog vs DigitalAnalog Signals Occur naturally Represent information AND Travel through the air as invisible wavesDigital Signals Are man made Represent information only 44. Analog to Digital ConversionHow Is ItDone? 45. Digital Data RateHuman Voice Highest frequency = 4000 HzSample Rate Twice the highest frequency = 8000 samples/secGranularity 8 bits/sampleData Rate 8 (bits/sample) X 8000 (samples/sec) = 64 Kbps 46. Analog vs DigitalAnalog Signals Advantages: Can travel wirelessly Disadvantages: Susceptible to noiseDigital Signals Advantages: Noise resistant, compression Disadvantages: Expensive RF hardware The Basics - Signals 47. The BasicsThe end 48. Module 1 1. The Basics2. RF Behavior 3. Modulation 4. Noise 49. 2. RF BehaviorLoss & GainDecibels BandwidthRF in the Environment Match 50. 2. RF Behavior Loss & GainDecibels BandwidthRF in the Environment Match 51. Energy Is Conserved 52. DevicesTwo Types HeatPower Supply Gain Heat Loss 53. Loss & GainVocabulary Gain: Also called amplification & power gain Loss: Also called insertion loss & attenuation RF Behavior - Loss & Gain 54. Loss & GainComponentActive PassivePossibilities Gain Amplifier Impossible Loss ManyManyRF Behavior - Loss & Gain 55. Loss & GainAre CumulativeTotal gain = 100 RF Behavior - Loss & Gain 56. 2. RF BehaviorLoss & Gain Decibels BandwidthRF in the Environment Match 57. DecibelsWhats The Problem? 1000 Watts 0.000000000001 Watts RF Behavior - Decibels 58. DecibelsDefinitionDecibels = 10 x log10(Pout/Pin)RF Behavior - Decibels 59. DecibelsThe Basics Measure a change (e.g. output vs input) Bigger (i.e, gain), decibels are positive Smaller (i.e., loss) , decibels are negative Decibels are abbreviated "dB"RF Behavior - Decibels 60. DecibelsThe Only Math Youll Need To Know +3dB means 2 times bigger +10 dB means 10 times bigger -3dB means 2 times smaller -10 dB means 10 times smaller Add and subtract decibels only RF Behavior - Decibels 61. Decibel Conversion ExamplesChangeFactorsDecibels 40002 x 2 x 10 x 10 x 103+3+10+10+10=36 dB -4000-36 dB 500010 x 10 x 10 x 10 210+10+10+10-3=37 dB 80002 x 400036 dB + 3 dB = 39 dB 6000 37.5 dB 37. 78 dBRF Behavior - Decibels 62. Summing DecibelsRecall From BeforeTotal gain = 100 RF Behavior - Decibels 63. Summing DecibelsNow With dB 10 dB10 dB Gain Gain Total gain = 20 dB RF Behavior - Decibels 64. Summing DecibelsOne More ExampleTotal change = +19 dBRF Behavior - Decibels 65. dBmWhat Is It? A measure of power NOT changeIn The RF World The "standard" unit of power is 1 milliwattDefinition dBm = "dB above 1 milliwatt" RF Behavior - Decibels 66. dBmExample Gain of device = 30 dB "Change" Output of device = 30 dBm"Power" Output = 30 dB above 1 milliwatt = 30 dBm RF Behavior - Decibels 67. dBm Conversion 68. dBm Recall From Before0 dBm 19 dBm Input = 0 dBm = 1 milliwatt Total change = +19 dB Output = 19 dBm 100 milliwatts RF Behavior - Decibels 69. dBmAnother Example20 dBm 39 dBmInput = 20 dBm = 100 milliwattTotal change = +19 dBOutput = 39 dBm 10 wattsRF Behavior - Decibels 70. 2. RF BehaviorLoss & GainDecibelsBandwidthRF in the Environment Match 71. BandwidthWhat Is It? A range of frequencies (in Hertz) Defined by the highest & lowest frequencyWhere Is It Used? Components Wireless applications RF Behavior - Bandwidth 72. BandwidthExample 1An amplifier provides 30 dB of gain from 75 MHz to125 MHz. What is its bandwidth?Highest frequency = 125 MHzLowest frequency = 75 MHzDifference =50 MHz = BandwidthRF Behavior - Bandwidth 73. BandwidthExample 2Cellular telephony in the US operates between 824 MHzand 894 MHz. What is the bandwidth?Highest frequency = 894 MHzLowest frequency = 824 MHzDifference =70 MHz = BandwidthRF Behavior - Bandwidth 74. Percentage Bandwidth (BW)What Is It?Another way to describe bandwidthHow To Calculate It (from previous example)1. Bandwidth = 70 MHz2. Ave frequency = (824 + 894)/2 = 859 MHz3. %BW = 70 MHz/859 MHz x 100% = 8%RF Behavior - Bandwidth 75. BandwidthWays To Describe ItNarrowband: %BW < 50%Wideband: %BW > 50%Octave: Highest frequency = 2x lowest frequencyDecade: Highest frequency = 10x lowest frequencyRF Behavior - Bandwidth 76. 2. RF Behavior Loss & Gain DecibelsBandwidthRF in the EnvironmentMatch 77. RF In The EnvironmentFree Space LossSkin EffectAbsorptionReflection 78. RF In The EnvironmentFree Space LossSkin Effect Absorption Reflection 79. Free Space LossRF signals spread out as they travel through the air Power density: Watts per square meterRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 80. Free Space Loss (FSL)Formula FSL = A function of frequency & distance FSL > 120 dBRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 81. Free Space LossRecall From Before 1000 Watts RF Behavior - RF In The Environment 82. Free Space LossRecall From Before 60 dBmFree Space Loss = 120 dBRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 83. Free Space LossRecall From Before 60 dBm -120 dBRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 84. Free Space LossRecall From Before 60 dBm - 60 dBm -120 dBRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 85. Free Space LossRecall From Before 60 dBmFree Space Loss = 120 dB - 60 dBmRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 86. RF In The EnvironmentFree Space LossSkin EffectAbsorptionReflection 87. Skin EffectWhat Is It? When an RF signal is on a conductor, it resides only on the surface Signal on the surface No signal inside RF Behavior - RF In The Environment 88. Skin EffectWhat Is The Implication? RF signals cant penetrate conductors (e.g. metal)Metal can be used to control airborne RF wavesRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 89. RF In The EnvironmentFree Space LossSkin EffectAbsorptionReflection 90. AbsorptionWhat Is It? When RF waves travel through the air, somethings they encounter cause attenuation Air Rain FoliageRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 91. AbsorptionAnd Absorbed energy gets converted to heat HeatRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 92. AbsorptionLook Familiar? Heat RF Behavior - RF In The Environment 93. AbsorptionWhat Else? Also called atmospheric attenuation Measured in dBHeat RF Behavior - RF In The Environment 94. AtmosphericAttenuation 95. AbsorptionRecall From Before Output PowerFree Space Loss AbsorptionRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 96. RF In The EnvironmentFree Space LossSkin EffectAbsorptionReflection 97. ReflectionWhat Is It? When RF waves travel through the air, somethings they encounter cause the signal to bereflected Buildings Mountains Automobiles 98. ReflectionIn Fact Some materials reflect the RF completely Metal Some reflect the RF only partially Wood ConcreteRF Behavior - RF In The Environment 99. ReflectionWhat Does Than Mean? Some materials absorb AND reflect RF waves RF Behavior - RF In The Environment 100. Reflection & AbsorptionVisual Depiction HeatIncident waveTransmitted waveReflected wave 101. RecapFree space loss Due to signal spreading outSkin effect Signal on surface of conductorAbsorptionDue to the environmentReflectionSignal direction changes 102. 2. RF BehaviorLoss & GainDecibels BandwidthRF in the EnvironmentMatch 103. MatchImpedance Components have impedance Conductors have impedance Conductors connect components RF Behavior - Match 104. MatchImpedance Components & conductors should have the same impedance 50 ohms But they dont Their impedancesdont "match"RF Behavior - Match 105. MatchWhy Dont Things Match? Different standards 50 ohms in the RF world 75 ohms in the video world Impedance varies Over frequency From unit to unitRF Behavior - Match 106. MismatchWhat Are The Consequences? The RF signal gets reflected The bigger the mismatch, the greater the reflection If too much signal gets reflected Adverse effectsRF Behavior - Match 107. MismatchGood matchIncident signalReflected signal Poor matchIncident signalReflected signal RF Behavior - Match 108. MatchHow Is Match Measured? Two ways VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) Return loss (RL)RF Behavior - Match 109. VSWRVSWRMeaning1.0:1Perfect match1.4:1Excellent match2.0:1Good match10:1 Poor match:1Special casesRF Behavior - Match 110. VSWR Special Cases:1 (VSWR is infinite)1) Perfect open Conductor/component left unattached2) Perfect short Conductor/component short circuitedALL RF ENERGY REFLECTEDRF Behavior - Match 111. Return LossMeaning "The loss that the return (reflected) signal experiences" Big RL = small reflected signal Good Small RL = big reflected signal Bad Measured in dB Just like insertion lossRF Behavior - Match 112. Return LossGood matchIncident signalHigh RLReflected signal Poor matchIncident signal Low RLReflected signal RF Behavior - Match 113. Return Loss vs VSWR VSWR Return Loss 1.0:1 1.4:1 15.6 dB 2.0:1 9.5 dB 10:11.7 dB :10 dB RF Behavior - Match 114. MismatchHow To Deal With Mismatch If the mismatch is small Do nothing If the mismatch is large Impedance matching circuitRF Behavior - Match 115. Impedance MatchingImpedance matching circuit75 ohms50 ohmsRF Behavior - Match 116. RF BehaviorThe end 117. Module 1 1. The Basics2. RF Behavior3. Modulation 4. Noise 118. 3. Modulation How RF Carries InformationAMFMPMQAM 119. 3. Modulation How RF Carries InformationAM FM PMQAM 120. How RF Carries InformationWireless Communications Transmitting information wirelessly requiresTWO different signals 1. Information signal (analog or digital) 2. RF signal (sine wave) or "carrier" 121. How RF Carries InformationModulation Combining an informationsignal and a carrier signal 122. How RF Carries InformationModulation Result One signal - the carrier The carrier is manipulated to reflect theimparted information Amplitude Frequency PhaseModulation - How RF Carries Information 123. How RF Carries InformationDemodulation Separating the information signalfrom the carrier The carrier is then"discarded"Modulation - How RF Carries Information 124. How RF Carries InformationHow Is It Done? Modulator: An RF component that combines aninformation signal & a carrier Demodulator: An RF component that separatesan information signal from a carrierModulation - How RF Carries Information 125. How RF Carries InformationWhere Is It Done?Modulation - How RF Carries Information 126. How RF Carries InformationWhere Is It Done? ModemModulation - How RF Carries Information 127. How RF Carries InformationWhere Is It Done? RadioModulation - How RF Carries Information 128. 3. Modulation How RF Carries InformationAMFMPMQAM 129. Amplitude Modulation (AM)Definition Imparting information onto a sine wave byvarying the amplitudeAmplitude 130. Amplitude Modulation (AM)Types AM: "Analog" amplitude modulation Information signal is analog BASK: Binary amplitude shift keying- "digital" amplitude modulation Information signal is digital Modulation - AM 131. AMExampleModulation - AM 132. BASKExampleModulation - AM 133. 3. Modulation How RF Carries InformationAMFMPMQAM 134. Frequency Modulation (FM)Definition Imparting information onto a sine wave byvarying the frequencyFrequency 135. Frequency Modulation (FM)Types FM: "Analog" frequency modulation Information signal is analog FSK: Frequency shift keying-"digital" frequency modulation Information signal is digitalModulation - FM 136. FMExampleModulation - FM 137. FSKExampleModulation - FM 138. 3. Modulation How RF Carries InformationAMFMPMQAM 139. Phase Modulation (PM)Definition Imparting information onto a sine wave byshifting the phase of successive sine waves90Phase3600180 270 140. Phase ShiftWhat Is It? Successive sinewaves starting at adifferent point onthe sine wave Measured with respect to the previous sine waveModulation - PM 141. 90 Phase ShiftIn ActionPhase shift: 0 142. 90 Phase ShiftIn ActionPhase shift: 0 143. 90 Phase ShiftIn ActionPhase shift: 0 144. 90 Phase ShiftIn ActionPhase shift: 0 145. 90 Phase ShiftIn ActionPhase shift: 0 146. 90 Phase ShiftIn ActionPhase shift: 90 147. Phase Modulation (PM)Types PM is digital modulation ONLY Information signal is digital Many different types BPSK: Binary phase shift keying QPSK: Quadrature phase shift keyingModulation - PM 148. Phase ShiftHow Does It Represent Digital Info? "0" = 0 phase shift "1" = 180 phase shift Phase shift: 0 Digital bit: 0 149. Phase ShiftHow Does It Represent Digital Info? "0" = 0 phase shift "1" = 180 phase shift Phase shift: 180 Digital bit:1 150. BPSKExampleModulation - PM 151. Phase ShiftIt Can Represent More Information "00" = 0 shift "10" = 180 shift "01" = 90 shift"11" = 270 shift Phase shift:0 Digital bit:00 152. Phase ShiftIt Can Represent More Information "00" = 0 shift"10" = 180 shift "01" = 90 shift "11" = 270 shift Phase shift:90 Digital bit:01 153. Phase ShiftIt Can Represent More Information "00" = 0 shift "10" = 180 shift "01" = 90 shift"11" = 270 shift Phase shift:180 Digital bit:10 154. Phase ShiftIt Can Represent More Information "00" = 0 shift "10" = 180 shift "01" = 90 shift"11" = 270 shift Phase shift:270 Digital bit:11 155. QPSKExampleModulation - PM 156. QPSKExampleModulation - PM 157. QPSKExampleModulation - PM 158. QPSKExampleModulation - PM 159. QPSKExampleModulation - PM 160. 3. Modulation How RF Carries InformationAMFMPMQAM 161. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)What Is It? A combination of amplitude shift keying andphase shift keying For digital information signals only Several different kinds QAM-8 QAM-16 QAM-64Modulation - QAM 162. QAM - 8How Does It Represent Digital Info? Amplitude shift keying (BASK) "0" = low "1" = high Phase shift keying (QPSK) "00" = 0 "01" = 90 "10" = 180 "11" = 270 Modulation - QAM 163. QAM - 8ExampleModulation - QAM 164. QAM - 8ExampleModulation - QAM 165. QAM - 8ExampleModulation - QAM 166. Spectral EfficiencyBits/Second/Hertz BPSK: 1 bps/Hz QPSK: 2 bps/Hz QAM: 3 bps/Hz 167. RecapModulationAnalog Digital AMAMBASK FMFM FSK PMN/A BPSK QPSKQAMN/A BASK+ QPSK 168. ModulationThe end 169. Module 11. The Basics2. RF Behavior3. Modulation4. Noise 170. 4. Noise What Is It?Link BudgetNoise Effects 171. 4. NoiseWhat Is It?Link BudgetNoise Effects 172. NoiseWhat Is It? Signal disturbance Unwanted signal(s), also called interferenceWhere Does It Come From? Environment Man made Noise - What is it 173. NoiseTypes AM: Unwanted changes to the amplitude Predominantly environment FM: Unwanted changes to the frequency Predominantly hardware PM: Unwanted changes to the phase Predominantly hardware Noise - What is it 174. NoiseA Function Of Bandwidth & Temperature Noise density "Noise floor Thermal noise-120 dBm Noise - What is it 175. 4. Noise What Is It?Link BudgetNoise Effects 176. Signal To Noise Ratio (S/N)Definition A measure (in dB) of how much bigger thereceived signal is relative to the noise floor AM: 40-50 dB FM: 20-30 dB Receiver sensitivity Digital: 10-20 dBNoise - Link budget 177. Link BudgetPower out 40 dBm Free space loss 120 dB-80 dBm Absorption 10 dB-90 dBmS/N 30 dBNoise floor -120 dBm 178. Link BudgetNoise Spectrum Signal Spectrum 179. Shannons TheoremMaximum Data Rate A function of bandwidth A function of S/N ratio Noise - Link budget 180. 4. NoiseWhat Is It? Link BudgetNoise Effects 181. Noise EffectsAnalog AM No noise Noise - Noise Effects 182. Noise EffectsAnalog AM NoiseNoise - Noise Effects 183. Noise EffectsDigital AM No noiseNoise - Noise Effects 184. Noise EffectsDigital AM NoiseNoise - Noise Effects 185. Noise EffectsPhase Modulation Unwanted phase shift (e.g., 45) BPSKQPSK 0 000045 45 1180 01 90 Shows up as increased Bit Error Rate (BER) Noise - Noise Effects 186. NoiseThe end 187. Module 1 - Introduction To RF The end