introduction to drying, large scale industrial equipment & advanced drying technologies

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M. PRIYANKA M. Pharmacy 1 st year JNTUK

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M. PRIYANKAM. Pharmacy 1st year

JNTUK

CONTENTS

DEFINITION

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DRYING AND EVAPORATION:-

DRYING PROCESS:-

THEORY OF DRYING

Hygroscopic materials

Non - Hygroscopic materials

Water in:

• Fine Capillaries

• Cell & fibre walls

• Physical interaction

Bound Water

Vapour pressure of wet solids is less than the vapour pressure

of pure water

Water in void spaces

Un bound Water

Vapour pressure of wet solids is equal to vapour pressure

of pure water

Contains

Contains

Condition

Condition

A. EQULIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS:-

a) EQULIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT(EMC):-

Equilibrium moisture content in a wet mass

At Equilibrium Amount of water = EMC

Vapour pressure of wet mass = vapour pressure of atmosphere

Wet mass

Moisture in the solid > EMC of solid Moisture in the solid > EMC of solid

Moisture Moisture

Desorption Sorption

Behaviour of Desorption & Sorption at a given temperature & humidity of air

EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CURVE

APPLICATIONS OF EMC:-

MEASUREMENT OF EMC:-

FACTORS AFFECTING EMC:-

2) FREE MOISTURE CONTENT(FMC):-

B. RATE RELATIONSHIPS:-

FMC Curve

Dry

ing

ra

te

Hot air Evaporation

At equilibrium rate of

heating = rate of working

Temperature increases

Temperature increases

Hot air evaporation

Constant rate period

Rate of evaporation= rate of

diffusiondiffusion

Hot air evaporation

First falling rate period

Rate of evaporation> rate of

diffusion

diffusion

Dry spots

Hot air

Rate of evaporation∝ rate of

diffusion

Second falling rate period

CLASSIFICATION OF EQIPMENTS

Material not agitated

Static bed dryers

Batch types:

Tray & truck dryers

Vacuum shelf dryers

Freeze dryers

Continuous types:

Tunnel dryers

Belt dryers

Festoon dryers

Drum dryers

Material agitated

Moving Bed Dryers

Batch types:

Vacuum tumble dryers

Pan dryers

Continuous types:

Rotary dryers

Turbo – tray dryers

Vibrating conveyor dryers

Tower & cascade dryers

Screw conveyor dryers

Fluidized bed dryers

Batch types:

Vertical dryers

Continuous types:

Horizontal vibrating conveyor

dryers

Vertical dryers

Pneumatic dryers

Continuous types:

Spray

Flash dryers

DRYING EQUIPMENTS

METHODS OF DRYING

SELECTION OF DRYING EQUIPMENT

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE SELECTION OF DRYER:-

APPLICATIONS OF DRYING

Substance Type of deterioration

Crude drugs of animal & vegetable originBlood products, skin, tissueSynthetic & semi-synthetic drugsEffervescent tablets(aspirin, penicillin's)

Chemical decompositionMicrobial growthChemical decompositionChemical decomposition

LYOVAC PHARMA FREEZE DRYER:-

OPTIMISATION OF DRYING PROCESSES IN THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

Mass-spectrometric online gas analysis ensures better process understanding, simplifiesmonitoring and reduces drying times

The partial or complete removal of solvents is an important process step in manufacturingpharmaceutical intermediate and final products. These drying processes extract water andother solvents from the substrate up to a precisely defined residual value.

The drying endpoint is reached at different times depending on the substance and solventin the batch. The drying endpoint is the point where the residual content of solventdecreases to the required level. The current method to determine the solvent content of thebatch is usually accomplished via manual sampling from the drying apparatus and offlineanalysis in the company laboratory.

ONLINE PROCESS MASS SPECTROMETER GAS ANALYSIS:-

ADVANTAGES:-

SUMMARY:-

ADVANCED DRYING TECHNOLOGIES

HYBRID DRYING TECHNOLOGIES

REFERENCES:-

www.crcpress.com

www.inprocess-inc.com

www.pharmaceuticalmachinery.in

www.wikipedia.com

www.iptonline.com

www.ima-pharma.com