Introduction to Biomedical Engineering

Reporter: AGNES PurwidyantriStudent ID no: D0228005

Biomedical Engineering Dept.

1. Evolution of the Modern Health Care System

The Ancient Health Care System

1. Sick child related to superstitious things2. Hyppocrates – 460 B.C

Systematic observations not superstition Ethical principle which form our current

ethical guidelines3. European

Florence Nightingale- health care of soldiers (Crimean War) Invention of microscope- van Leeuwenhoek (1670s) Pasteur (1860s) Semmelweis (1840s) – hand washing Lister (1860s) –antiseptics Koch (1870s) – microbe with disease Fleming (1920s) – penicillin

4. American first medical training 1756 College of Philadelphia (Univ. of Penn) 1768 King’s College (Columbia) Most trained in an apprenticeship process Process unregulated and unstructured

The Ancient Health Care System (Continued)

Cambridge Scientific Instrument Co. First ECG Machine Type (1911)

Health Care Nowadays

• Drug Delivery Device Development• Clinical Diagnostics and Life Science Instrumentation• Surgical and Interventional Devices• Wireless Medical Technology

2. What is Biomedical Engineering?Application of engineering technology to fields of

medicine and biology.Combines design and problem solving skills of

engineering with medical and biological sciencesImprove the quality of life by developing and

advancing medical care and technologyEmerging fieldInterdisciplinary – engineers, physicians, nurses,

therapists, biologists

Biomedical Engineeringintegrates physical, chemical, mathematical, and

computational sciences and engineering principles to study biology, medicine, behavior, and health.

advances fundamental concepts; creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems level; and develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants, devices and informatics approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, for patient rehabilitation, and for improving health.

Schematic Representation of Biomedical Engineering

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Diagnosis

Monitoring

Therapy

Advanced Healthcare

SystemEngineering

Medicine

Biology

HealthcarePurposes

Necessities

Human life quality improvement

The work field of biomedical engineers

• Field Service Engineer for Medical Device Company

• Clinical Engineer in Hospital • Research Engineer for Company • Management Position for Company • Self-Employed Biomedical Engineer for Consulting

Firm• Hospital Administrator with MBA for Hospital • The possibilities are endless

Terminology & Multidiscipline Involved

Biomedical Engineering Biotechnology Bioengineering Biomechatronics

Bioinstrumentation Biomaterials Biomechanics

Bionics Cellular, tissue, genetic engineering

Medical imaging Bionanotechnology

Chemical engineering Electrical engineering

Mechanical Engineering

3. Biomedical Engineering Special Fields

Biotechnology and Pharmaceuticals◦ Use “biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives

thereof.”◦ Tissue Engineering

Ability to take cells out of a person and keep them alive in culture for an extended period of time in order to create artificial organs

◦ Genetic Engineering Direct manipulation of an organism’s genes

◦ Pharmaceutical Engineering Development of pharmaceutical products such as drugs

Medical Devices

◦ Diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease

◦Medical imaging enables clinicians to directly or indirectly view things not visible in plain sight

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

Projection radiography such as x-rays

and CT scans Ultrasound

MRI for  Axial and coronal DTI measurements

◦Bioinstrumentation uses electronics (computers) and measurement principles: Nervous system: EMG-Muscle/ EEG-brain,

◦Cardiovascular: ECG- heart/blood pressure

The evolution of electrocardiograph

◦Artificial Organs and Implants are used to replace and act as a missing biological structure Pacemaker Artificial heart Corrective lenses Ocular prosthetics Cochlear implants Dental implants

Biomechanics◦Uses mechanics applied to biological or medical

problems Joint or limb replacements Design ergonomic devices

Study disease mechanisms

Challenges:•Linking to biological inputs•Sensory feedback•Complexity of biology (arm alone is controlled by >70 muscles•Controlled strength

• Neural Engineering Understand, repair, replace, enhance, or otherwise exploit the

properties of neural systems. Solve design problems at the interface of living neural tissue and

non-living constructs Neural imaging Neural networks Neural interfaces Brain computer interfaces Microsystems Microelectrode arrays Neural prostheses Neurorobotics Neural tissue regeneration Grafts Neural enhancement

Neural prostheses

• Chemical, electrical, and mechanical backgrounds• Restoring lost neurological function

Neural prostheses – A different approach

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR)

• Relocate nerves from arm to chest• Electrode picks up neuron firing in chest• Software analyzes firing and drives actuator

Clinical Engineering◦ Deals with actual implementation

of medical equipment and technologies in hospitals and other clinical settings

◦ Health care systems management◦ Overall hospital planning and

development◦ Safety and risk management

When Med.Doctors meet Engineers

What kind of R & D had been conducted so far? (areas, research team, market, funding, etc.)

What kind of cooperation was observed between medical doctors and engineers regarding the R & D?

What factors promoted or limited the cooperation? What measures were necessary for promoting

cooperation? What kind of cooperation did R & D have from firms? How did they evaluate government policy and

regulations?

Future OutlooksFood contents control Toxins Allergens Genetically Modified Organisms Nutritional Values

Pathogenic Species Identification

~ bacteria 16s rRNA sequencing chip ~ biomolecules detection

References Brozino, J. 2005. Introduction to Biomedical Engineering (2nd

Edition). A volume in Biomedical Engineering. Pp 1-29. Enderle, J., Blanchard, S., Bronzino, J. 2000. Introduction to

biomedical engineering. Academic Press. Morgan, B. J. 2004. Clinical Engineering Handbook. A

volume in Biomedical Engineering 2004 (69): 299-301. Linninger, A. A. 2012. Biomedical Systems Research-New

Perspective Opened by Quantitative Medical Imaging. Computers & Chemical Engineering 2012 (36): 1-9.

Yoda, T. 2009. Cooperation between medical doctors and engineers for developing advanced medical devices. Institute for Future Technology 2-6-11 Fukagawa, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8473 JAPAN.

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