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Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Objectives Discuss what is meant by Artificial Intelligence (AI) How do we test for Intelligence ? Aim of this lecture Allow the students to answer general AI questions Allow the students to further investigate machine intelligence Introduce some important AI tests and terms

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Page 1: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Objectives

• Discuss what is meant by Artificial Intelligence (AI) • How do we test for Intelligence ?

Aim of this lecture

• Allow the students to answer general AI questions • Allow the students to further investigate machine intelligence • Introduce some important AI tests and terms

Page 2: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Sections

• What is Artificial Intelligence ?

• Intelligence and Understanding • Tests and Experiments

• Conclusions

Page 3: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Question 1

Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?

(survey)

Page 4: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Question 2

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

(ideas)

Page 5: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do better

Elaine Rich, 1991

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Page 6: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

is a branch of computer science and engineering that deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines.

Wikipedia

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Page 7: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI):

Originated in 1956, John McCarthy coined the term

Very successful at early stage

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Page 8: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

‘I think that...’ ‘You know about....’ ‘She is intelligent...’

Page 9: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

‘The machine thinks that...’ ‘The computer knows about....’

‘It is intelligent...’

Page 10: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

A.I. Artificial Intelligence (2001) Director: Steven Spielberg

Page 11: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Wolfgang von Kempelen

18th Century

Chess Automaton

Page 12: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Think about Question 1

Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?

(survey)

Page 13: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Maybe we are asking the wrong question

Page 14: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Sections

• What is Artificial Intelligence ?

• Intelligence and Understanding

• Tests and Experiments

• Conclusions

Page 15: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Question 3

What is Intelligence ?

(ideas)

Page 16: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

What is Intelligence ?

Intelligence :

The faculty of understanding.

Page 17: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Question 4

What is Understanding ?

(ideas)

Page 18: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

What is Understanding ?

Understanding :

To comprehend something, or to recognise its significance.

Page 19: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

What is Understanding ?

Understanding :

Usually Requires Knowledge

Page 20: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Human Knowledge

There is a lot of it. It is hard to characterise accurately. It is constantly changing. It differs from data by being organised.

Page 21: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

N’Kisi

Page 22: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

COG

MIT’s AI Lab

Page 23: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

“No computer can play even an amateur-level game of chess.”

Hubert Dreyfus, 1960’s

Page 24: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

“Within 10 years a computer will be a chess champion”

Herbert Simon, 1957

Page 25: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

IBM Deep Blue • Chess champion Garry Kasparov • 11 May 1997

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Page 26: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

We commonly think a good chess player is

highly intelligent. Surely we cannot deny that such machines are

intelligent.

Page 27: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Why use AI to play games?

Games are an intelligent activities.

They provide a structured task in which it is very easy to measure success or failure.

They do not require large amounts of knowledge.

They were thought to be solvable by straightforward search from the starting state to a winning position.

Page 28: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Combinatorial Explosion ?

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Page 29: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Combinatorial Explosion

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

A salesperson has to visit a number of cities (S)He can start at any city and must finish at that same city The salesperson must visit each city only once

The number of possible routes is (n!)/2

The Travelling Salesman Problem

Page 30: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Combinatorial Explosion

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

The cost of a solution is the total distance traveled Solving the TSP means finding the minimum cost solution

Given a set of cities and distances between them Find the optimal tour, i.e. the shortest possible such tour

The Travelling Salesman Problem

Page 31: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Combinatorial Explosion

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

The Travelling Salesman Problem

A 10 city TSP has 181,000 possible solutions

A 20 city TSP has 10,000,000,000,000,000 possible solutions

A 50 City TSP has 100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 possible solutions

*Mchalewicz, Z, Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Optimization Problems, CEC 2000 (Tutorial)

Page 32: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Combinatorial Explosion

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

The Travelling Salesman Problem

*Mchalewicz, Z, Evolutionary Algorithms for Constrained Optimization Problems, CEC 2000 (Tutorial)

A 50 City TSP has 1.52 * 1064 possible solutions

A 10GHz computer might do 109 tours per second

Running since start of universe, it would still only have done 1026 tours

Not even close to evaluating all tours!

One of the major unsolved theoretical problems in Computer Science

Page 33: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Combinatorial Explosion

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Towers of Hanoi

Page 34: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Combinatorial Explosion

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

1

1E+14

1E+28

1E+42

1E+56

1E+70

1E+84

1E+98

1E+112

1E+126

1E+140

1E+154

1E+168

1E+182

1E+196

1E+210

1E+224

1E+238

1E+252

1E+266

1E+280

2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048

5N

N^3

N^5

N^10

1.2^N

2^N

N^N

Page 35: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Sections

• What is Artificial Intelligence ?

• Intelligence and Understanding • Tests and Experiments

• Conclusions

Page 36: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Turing Test A human is connected to a person and a machine via a terminal of some kind and cannot see either the person or machine. The interrogator's task is to find out which of the two candidates is the machine, and which is human only by asking them questions.

If the human cannot make a decision within a certain time, the machine is considered intelligent.

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

Page 37: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Turing Test

Page 38: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?” Answer : ????

Turing Test

Page 39: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Question : “What is 35,076 divided by 4,567?” Answer : 7.6803153

Turing Test

Page 40: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Turing Test Homepage

http://cogsci.ucsd.edu/~asaygin/tt/ttest.html

Page 41: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Alice http://www.alicebot.org/

My Little Tony

http://www.mylittletony.com/

Page 42: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

JOHN SEARLE

Intentionality

Knowing what you are talking about

Page 43: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Chinese Room

Page 44: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Sections

• What is Artificial Intelligence ?

• Intelligence and Understanding • Tests and Experiments

• Conclusions

Page 45: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

System

• think/act like human • think/act rationally (or to do the right thing)

Read Chapter 1, Artificial Intelligence: The Modern Approach

What is Artificial Intelligence ?

Page 46: Introduction to Artificial Intelligence - Nottinghampszrq/files/1FAIintroAI.pdf · Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Sections • What is Artificial Intelligence ? • Intelligence

Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Question 5 (1 again)

Can a Machine Ever Be Intelligent ?

(survey)