intro to microbiology (and lecture 1)
TRANSCRIPT
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Class: BI221 Microbiology Instructor: Dr. Elaine Vanterpool
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Van Leewenhook- first observed living microorganisms and called them “animalcules” from rain water
Robert Hooke- observing cork using a microscope (small cells or boxes) cell theory-all living things are composed
of cells After Leewenhook, the thoery of
spontaneous generation came about forms of life can arise from the non-living
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Rudolf Virchow-(theory of biogenesis) challenged the spontaneous generation and claimed that only living things can rise to living things
Spallanzani- showed that heating a nutrient broth after sealing did not give rise to microorganisms and suggested that microorganisms are in the air
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Francesco Redi demonstrated that maggots appear on meat only when the flies were able to
directly lay their eggs on the meat
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The causative agent of disease must be present in all cases of disease and must be absent from healthy animals
The agent of disease can be isolated from the diseased animal and can be grown in pure culture
The disease can be produced by inoculating a portion of the pure culture into healthy animals
The agent of disease can be re-isolated from infected animal
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Discovered that heating solutions enough to kill microorganisms prevented spoilage- termed pasteurization
Joseph Lister was a surgeon that performed the first aseptic surgery (using phenol solution)
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Edward Jenner was a physician who discovered that his milk maids never got smallpox (due to cowpox infection)
Performed a “clinical trial” on an 8 year old boy used a cowpox infected needle and
scratched the boy’s arm The boy only got mildly ill and
recovered . The boy never contracted smallpox- the
newly discovered vaccination Immunity provided long term protection
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The host’s immune system plays a crucial role in protection against microbial invasion and infection.
Once a particular antigen enters the host, the host has immune cells which will identify and destroy the foreign antigen and maintains immunity against it. Antigen is a substance that when introduced into the
body stimulates the production of an antibody. Antigens include toxins, bacteria, foreign blood cells, and the cells of transplanted organs
If re-infected with the same organism (or antigen), the individual will be protected.
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Paul Ehrlich discovered that salvarsan (derivative of arsenic) was effective against syphilis
Alexander Flemming accidentally discovered that the fungus Penicllium secreted an antibacterial substance that killed bacteria- termed penicillin.
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Elaine Vanterpool Ph. D
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Cocci-sphericalBacillus-rod
Cocci-bacillus vibrio
Spiral
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Spirillum is more rigid and helical shaped
Spirochete is more flexible and corkscrew shaped
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The cell envelope may be defined as the cell membrane and cell wall plus an outer membrane if one is present
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An appendage on the bacterial cell wall that is responsible for attachment
Pili is a type of fimbria that is used for “sex” between bacteria. Joins bacteria to
transfer genetic information
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Is a thin appendage arising from the surface of the cell which is used for locomotion. It is composed of flagellin in prokaryotes
Some bacteria can have either of the four arrangements of flagella Monotrichous Amphitrichous Lophotrichous Peritirchous
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Peritrichous
Monotrichous
Lophotrichous
Amphitrichous
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Tumbles in the absence of oxygen or light
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The glycocalyx is usually described as the slime layer
The glycocalyx is usually secreted for the bacteria and is composed of sugar (polysaccharides), and/or polypeptides
If the glycocalyx is tightly attached to the cell wall, it is referred to as the capsule.
The capsule is pathogenic and prevents destruction by the host (resist pahgocytosis)
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Lipopolysaccharide or LPS is found on the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. As the name implies, LPS consists of a lipid region, termed lipid A, covalently linked to the polysaccharide region
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May vary among bacteria
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N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)
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Crystal violet binds
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Passive Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
Osmotic pressure-pressure required to move water
Isotonic-equilibrium of solute concentration outside and inside
Hypotonic-concentration of solutes outside is lower
Hypertonic-concentration of solutes outside the cell is greater than inside
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Simple diffusion
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Facilitated diffusion
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Osmosis
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Active transport-requires energy
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Nucleoid-primitive nucleus (lacks membranes) Ribosomes- protein synthesis (70s for bacteria; 80s
for eukaryotes); can be inhibited by antibiotics Inclusion bodies
Metachromatic granules- inorganic phosphate Polysaccharide granules- consists of glycogen and starch Lipid inclusions- storage of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid Sulfur granules- sulfur granules Carboxysomes- inclusions of ribulose 1,5 diphosphate
(nitrifying bacteria) Gas vacuoles- gases (usually aquatic organisms) Magnetasomes- contains iron oxide
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Histones are present in the nucleus (DNA binding proteins)
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Synthesize phospholipids, fats and steroids
Synthesize proteins destined to be glycoproteins, phospholipids
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Modifies the proteins from the ER to become either a lipoprotein, glycoprotein or become a glycolipid
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The powerhouse of the cell
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Lysozymes-contain digestive enzymes Chloroplast-in plants and contains
chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis Centrosome-plays a role in cell
division Perioxisomes-similar to lyzosomes;
contains oxidizing enzymes
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Metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions within living organisms
Catabolism-the breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones
Anabolism- the building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
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The enzyme substrate complex- formed by temporary binding of enzymes and reactants and lowers the activation energy of the reaction (making the reaction rate quicker)- Lock-Key Theory
Note: A catalyst can actually speed up a chemical reaction without being changed Specific region for the substrate
is called the active site
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Temperature pH Substrate concentration
saturation
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NAD+-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADP+- nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate FAD- flavin adenine dinucletide FMN- flavin mononucleotide CoA- plays a role in the synthesis and
breakdown of fats
Most are electron carriers of the electron transport system
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Competitive- fills the active site and prevents the interaction of the substrate
Non-competitive- does not compete with the active site of the substrate
Allosteric-when the inhibitor binds to another site other than the substrate binding site
Feedback inhibition- regulation by the end product of the reaction (or pathway)
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Phosphorylation is the addition of a
phosphate group to a chemical compound Substrate-level phosphorylation-
generation of ATP by the transfer of a high energy phosphate to ADP
Oxidative phoshorylation- The synthesis of ATP coupled with electron transport
Photophosphorylation- The production of ATP in a series of redox reactions (usually the electrons from the chlorophyll starts the reaction)
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A decomposition reaction of the break down of carbohydrates into simple components. Glycolysis- oxidation of glucose into pyruvic acid
(net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH) Kreb cycle-oxidation of acetyl to CO2 to gain 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2
Electron transport system- NADH and FADH2 are oxidized;oxidation-reduction reactions results in the generation of ATP.
= 36-38 ATP Total
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The pentose-phosphate pathway-used to metabolize five carbon sugars, yielding 1 ATP and 12 NADPH
The Entner-Doudoroff pathway- results in 1 ATP and 2 NADPH
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Anaerobic respiration-fermentation (without the use of oxygen)
Aerobic respiration-requires oxygen (final acceptor)
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ETC is termed by a sequence of electron carriers used in
oxidative phosphorylation, where the transfer of electrons from
one electron carrier to the next releases energy (used to
generate ATP by chemiosmosis)
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The protons generated by the ETS gets pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane until a high concentration gradient of protons accumulate.
The protons then get pumped out of the mitochondrial membrane through the special pumps containing ATP synthase, which makes ATP
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Does not require oxygen
Does not use Krebs
Releases energy from sugar, and other organic molecules
Produces only small amounts of ATP
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Lactic Acid- glucose is oxidized into two pyruvic acids, which is used to form two ATP molecules
Alcohol-instead of lactic acid, the end product is acetylaldehyde to form two molecules of ethanol
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Light-independent (Calvin-Benson Cycle)
Light-dependent (photophosphorylation) Cyclic
photophosphorylation Non-cyclic
photophosphorylation
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Photoautotroph-use light as the main source of energy and uses carbon dioxide as the main source of carbon
Photoheterotrophs- uses light as a source of energy, but cannot convert CO2 to sugar; they use other organic material
Chemoautotrophs- uses electrons from reduced inorganic compound as source of energy (also uses CO2)
Chemoheterotrophs- uses electrons from hydrogen atom as source
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