internet in space - networkshop44

Internet in SpaceMatthew Cosby

Chief Scientist

01/05/2023

Internet in Space – Matthew Cosby, Chief Scientist, Goonhilly Earth Station Ltd

Contents

»Overview of Goonhilly› Development of the teleport form the 1960s

»The role that Goonhilly played in the development of Internet

»Extending the Internet in space› Future role of Goonhilly in this development

»Conclusions

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Goonhilly Earth Station

Goonhilly Earth StationLong : 6.0 W

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Goonhilly Earth Station

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Goonhilly Earth Station Ltd

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Goonhilly Earth Station Ltd

»Private limited UK company»SME (Small/Medium Enterprise)»Owned by Directors»Private equity finance (Downing)»Acquired the entire Goonhilly site from BT Jan 2014

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GES Ltd- Business Model

»Diversify revenue streams»Provide world-class commercial satellite services»Multiple uses for antennas, data services»Work closely with Universities, Research

Institutions and UK Space Industry»Diversify activities on-site (with more “open

access”)»Develop engaging and inspiring education

outreach

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Commercial Satellite Communications

Tracking, Telemetry and Command (TT&C)

Radio Astronomy and Deep Space

Antenna Diversification

Wide range of different antennas suited for different purposes

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Low Earth Orbit Tracking

GHY-99 – a 5m LEO tracking antenna in radome built by GES Ltd for Planet Labs*

This antenna is downloading hundreds of earth observation images per pass of Planet Labs ‘Dove’ satellites

* Planet Labs is the San Francisco based satellite operator changing the paradigm for global satellite mapping. Their fleet of hundreds of satellites will eventually re-image the entire world several times per day.

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Supporting Tim Peake on the ISS

Goonhilly is hosting the ARISS satellite link beaming Tim Peake directly from the International Space Station into UK schools

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Deep Space Communications

With support from HMG and UK Space Agency we have plans to convert GHY-6 (32m) to become the world’s first privately owned Deep Space Antenna.

This will allow UK to support NASA Orion missions to the Moon and drive new business to UK.

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Goonhilly in Support of Orion

»Completing an ESA study on the feasibility of converting Goonhilly-6 into the European ORION ground station

»Resulting antenna will be based on the new ESA DSA station configuration

»Talking to several private companies in support of their lunar missions

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»Completing an ESA study on the feasibility of converting Goonhilly-6 into the European ORION ground station

»Resulting antenna will be based on the new ESA DSA station configuration

»Talking to several private companies in support of their lunar missions


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University Partnerships - CUGA

We partner with 6 of the world’s leading radio astronomy research institutes; Leeds, Oxford, Manchester, Durham, Herts and Southampton Universities. Together they have formed a Consortium of Universities for Goonhilly Astronomy – CUGA. The consortium are in the process of adding receivers to two of our antennas to create highly capable radio telescopes. We have co-funded (along with JANET) a 10 Gbit/s direct JANET fibre optic connection to Jodrell Bank so that Goonhilly can become part of the eMERLIN telescope array.


Left: Cryostatic (super-cooled) radio astronomy receiver on the bench at Oxford University being assembled by our CASE student

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eMERLIN – Very Long Baseline Interferometry

405 km

198 km

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Square Kilometre Array Telescope

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Goonhilly Enterprise Zone

We are delighted to have been selected as one of the new Enterprise Zones as part of the Newquay Aerohub+ extension.

Goonhilly is a key element in the Cornwall Economic Development Strategy touching all five of the named smart specialisations:

• Space & Aerospace• eHealth• AgriTech• Maritime• Digital

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Centre of Excellence in Satellite Applications

Goonhilly Earth Station has been selected to host the Satellite Applications Catapult Regional Centre of Excellence for the South West.The Centre, led by Exeter University, will engage with academic and industry partners to promote and develop space application innovation and growth.

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A Chronology of Internet in Space

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First “Internetting” – via Goonhilly 1977

» In the words of Vint Cerf: “The 1st demonstration of the Internet (as we know it today)”:

» “Internetting” Packet Radio (PR) net, SATNET* & the ARPAnet› ‘grandfather’ of the Internet. [94,000 mile

round-trip]» PR messages from a van in the Bay Area» Across the US on ARPAnet to Etam*, W

Virginia» Over INTELSAT-IVA (AOR) to Tanum*

(Sweden)» Land-line to NORSAR in Norway (seismic

research)» Subsea & land-line to University College

London» Land-line to Goonhilly* Downs, Cornwall» Back over INTELSAT-IVA (AOR) to Etam (via

Goonhilly-02)» Back across the US on ARPAnet to

Information Sciences Institute at University of Southern California

ARPAnet = Advanced Research Projects Agency network*SATNET= Atlantic Packet Satellite Network (German & Italian sites yet to be hooked in)

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Satellite Data Developments

» Early Arpanet / SATNET experiments 56/64 kBit/s› Up to 800 channels available on Intelsat

IV» TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

› Initially developed at Goonhilly Labs› Combined incoming 2Mbit/s PCM

multiplexes› 60MBit/s via Intelsat (GHY-3)› 120MBit/s via Eutelsat (GHY-4)› Operated for over 20 years

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»This form of TDMA good for trunk communications between major teleports…

»But… Growing business need for dedicated data connectivity

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»Advent of direct business to business connectivity via satellite» IBS Modem – point to point»Proprietary versions of TDMA and DAMA (demand assigned

multiple access)

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Satellite TV Signal

DATA

CHROMENANCE

LUMANENCE

DVB-S Dongle~$10

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Fitting IP into MPEG

MPEG (DVB) Packet

IP Packet

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DVB-RCS System

»DVB – Forward Link»RCS (TDMA) – Return

Link

Powe

r

Bandwidth

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TCP/IP Slow Start Algorithm – and PEPs

» TCP / IP Slow Start is the Network’s in-build self-defence against congestion

» In satellite networks TCP / IP misinterprets the ‘round trip’ delay as congestion› Result: awful

performance» Solution: Performance

Enhancing Proxy …. Spoof the Ack

Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems

»CCSDS – An Agency-Led International Committee› Currently 11 Member agencies› Currently 29 Observer Agencies› Agencies represent 27 nations (and 3 European

orgs)› Currently 118 Commercial Associates

»Also functions as an ISO Subcommittee› TC20/SC13 - Space Data & Info Transfer Systems › Represents 20 nations

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Mission Ops &Info Mgt Services

Space InternetworkingServices

Cross SupportServices

Space LinkServices

Spacecraft Onboard Interface Services

One Organization’s Assets

Another Organization’s Assets

MISSION CONTROLCENTER

MISSION CONTROLCENTER

End Users

End Users

Applications/Archives

Systems Engineering

Typical Mission Profile

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ExoMars – Trace Gas Orbiter

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Planetary Communication

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Interplanetary Internet (IPN)

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Why not use Terrestrial systems on the IPN?

»Short round trip times› short delays

»Source and destination are always connected»Physical layer is error free› Low bit errors

»Maximum frame length of 1500 bytes (Ethernet)»Symmetrical data rates

Terrestrial systems assume the following:


Disruption Tolerant Networks (DTN)

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Interplanetary internet

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Plans for DTN»DTN experiments are being conducted on the ISS›ESA, NASA & JAXA experiments

»Cubesat, nanosat and satellite constellations are proposed

»Interplanetary cubesats / nanosats are proposed

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Proposed Private Lunar Mission

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Conclusions

»The internet will be extended into deep space in 10 years time› Integrated into the Terrestrial Internet

seamlessly for the end user»Terrestrial Internet will be deployed on the

surface of solar system bodies to enable human exploration

»The take up of these systems will be driven private enterprise

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Thank You

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References

» http://xbbn.weebly.com/note-27.htm» http://blogs.esa.int/tim-peake/2016/03/15/space-to-ground-remote/» www.ccsds.org» www.ewh.ieee.org/r6/lac/csspsvts/briefings/coe_20071025.pdf » Private correspondence with NASA DTN working group chair» Private correspondence with SSTL/GES Lunar Team

http://xbbn.weebly.com/note-27.html



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