internet-based communication for transferring technology … · · 2014-09-30internet-based...

Final draft submitted to the Journal of International Cooperation Research, Published by JICA, Vol. 6, 2003-September.

Internet-based Communication for Transferring Technology

to Developing Countries

Duminda Nishantha

[email protected]

Master Course Graduate Student

Graduate School of Science and Engineering

Saga University

March 14, 2003

Supervisor: Prof. Yukuo Hayashida

This paper is submitted to the 6th International Cooperation-related Thesis Contest for University Students conducted by Japan

International Cooperation Agency (JICA) http://www.wink.ac/~konekodo/jica/bosyu.htm


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Contents

Abstract............................................................................................................................. iii

1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................1 1.1 Internet-based communication in international cooperation................................1

1.1.1 Strengths of the Internet...............................................................................2 1.1.2 Potential of the Internet in developing countries .........................................3

2 Deployment of Internet-based multimedia communication for transferring technology to developing countries...................................................................................4

2.1 Enhancing technology transfer through Internet communication........................5

2.2 Internet specification requirements for multimedia communication ...................7

2.3 Strategic considerations for deploying the Internet .............................................8 2.3.1 Correct software and equipment ..................................................................8 2.3.2 Proper use of offline and online transmission of information .....................9 2.3.3 Selection of time ........................................................................................10

2.4 Areas anticipating international support ............................................................11

3 Practical realization- a pilot project .....................................................................12 3.1 Background ........................................................................................................13

3.2 Implementation ..................................................................................................13

3.3 Activities ............................................................................................................15

4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................18

5 Acknowledgements.................................................................................................19

6 References ...............................................................................................................20


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Internet-based communication for transferring technology to developing countries

Abstract

International cooperation and assistance hold substantial promises for developing

countries to overcome their socio-economic problems. In this case, the potential of

Internet-based communication opens a vast stream of opportunities for developing

countries to acquire international assistance. However, developing countries are facing

many problems in utilizing the Internet due to poor infrastructure and lack of technical

skills. In this paper, we identify technology transfer activities from developed countries to

developing countries as the best point to start the deployment of Internet communication

in international cooperation. Some specification requirements for multimedia

communication are presented as guidelines for using an existing Internet access facility

for international cooperation. We present how technology transfer activities can be

enhanced through the Internet and propose strategic issues to be realized in Internet

communication in developing countries. We also point out the areas which require

international support to promote Internet communication. Finally, our practical

experience in deploying the Internet for medical collaboration activities between Japan

and Sri Lanka is presented to show a glimpse of the Internet potential for international

cooperation. We conclude that our approach in using the Internet to support medical

collaboration can be applied to other international technology transfer activities in a

similar manner.


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1 Introduction

International cooperation and collaboration are important and essential for the

development of any country. This involves cooperate activities, or more appropriately

assistance, from developed countries to developing countries as well as cooperate

activities among developed countries with objectives ranging from starvation-prevention

to space-research. Recently, the developed nations have been paying more attention to the

problems of the developing nations and have been providing assistance to solve them.

Organizations like WHO, UNICEF, JICA, ADB are providing an immense amount of

assistance to the developing nations to solve a number of socio-economic problems in

health, education, commerce, politics and other areas which require attention. Moreover,

these assistances are offered in forms of food, clothing, housing, materials, monetary

funds, pharmaceuticals, expert services, technical assistance, peace efforts, etc. However,

organizations like Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) have been providing

assistance aiming at transferring technology and knowledge that can serve sustainable

socio-economic development of most of the developing countries [1]. In this paper, we

propose Internet-based communication as a potential means to enhance technology

transfer activities in international cooperation.

1.1 Internet-based communication in international cooperation

The advent of modern communication technologies has unleashed a new wave of

opportunities for international cooperation. Emergence of the Internet with its

communication and information delivery capabilities can immensely benefit the

international cooperation activities [2], which are continuously increasing in velocity,

scope and complexity.


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1.1.1 Strengths of the Internet

The Internet brings unparalleled opportunities for international cooperation compared to

conventional forms of electronic communication such as telephony, facsimile, and email.

The following characteristics can be considered as strengths of the Internet compared to

the conventional communication methods:

• The Internet integrates different types of media: text, images, photos, animations,

moving video and sound.

• The Internet facilitates interactive delivery of multimedia information between two

parties or among many parties.

• Ability to disseminate large amount of data/information very quickly compared to the

conventional methods.

• Rapid transformation of information to electronic media makes worldwide

information resources available to an increasingly global audience through the

Internet.

• Information transmission through the Internet is always in electronic form and hence

it can be easily recorded on the hard disk of the computer that is used to access the

Internet. The recorded information can be retrieved at any time.

• Today, the Internet is a huge knowledge base rich with information in every area,

which can be accessed by any computer having access to the Internet.

• Information on the Internet can be instantaneously updated.

• Since the Internet is a shared medium, it is a very economical way of communication

due to low running cost.


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1.1.2 Potential of the Internet in developing countries

Thirty years ago, network applications were confined to military use in the developed

countries. Today, the Internet has embraced most of the developed countries and has

scattered in most of the urban areas as well as some rural areas in developing countries.

The increasing growth of the Internet forecasts a substantial spread to developing

countries in the near future. This rapid expansion of the Internet holds substantial promise

for the developing nations [2], which can benefit greatly from Internet communication

and its information delivery capabilities.

Through Internet communication, the developing countries get the privilege of

exchanging information and thus participating in international cooperate events.

Cooperation among nations helps ensuring long lasting peace, foster growth, and increase

prosperity. Nations working together towards common goals counter isolationism, reduce

scope for confrontation, and create an environment where resources can be brought to

combat poverty. The link between the free flow of information and movements towards

democratization also cannot be downplayed.

The strengths of Internet communication can be deployed in international activities with

substantially broad scope and complexity. However, in most of the developing countries,

the network infrastructure is not yet established well enough to reap the potential benefits

of the Internet in most of the areas mentioned above. In this paper, we identify cooperate

activities between the developed countries and the developing countries as the best

opportunity to deploy the Internet in international cooperation. According to the

distribution of the Internet infrastructure in the developing countries, technology transfer

activities can be considered as having the best potentiality to exploit the Internet.


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2 Deployment of Internet-based multimedia communication for

transferring technology to developing countries

International assistance for technological development in developing countries is

generally offered in 3 forms, namely 1) provision of material and equipment 2) dispatch

of experts and 3) foreign training. This technology transfer process takes place in the form

of training programs, for which the experts visit the recipient country and/or some agents

of the recipient country undergo training in the developed country. In this case, provision

of material is to facilitate training and propagation of technology through already trained

personnel to the rest of the community [1].

In this kind of technology transfer programs, the developed countries strategically target

institutions or groups of institutions in the developing country best suited for reception of

such technology [2]. It is the role of these institutions to disseminate the technological

know-how throughout the respective sector/sectors of the country. In this case, the agents

being selected for training or collaborative activities are often belonging to leading

institutions in the government/non-government sector of the developing country, and they

themselves hold leading positions in these institutions. Surgeons in base hospitals,

lecturers in universities, engineers in technical institutions, researchers in agricultural

institutions, directors and managers in the commercial sector are some examples for

agents who acquire the technology from the developed countries in the technology

transferring process. Therefore, the deployment of Internet-based communication is very

feasible as almost all of these agents have access to the Internet and are familiar with

general computer procedures such as word processing, Internet browsing and emailing.

This provides a conducive environment to deploy the Internet in technology transferring

activities rather than other areas of international cooperation. Moreover, the promotion of

such activities through the Internet provides mutual benefits for the improvement of the


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Internet infrastructure in the developing countries thus enabling an overall socio-

economic development.

2.1 Enhancing technology transfer through Internet communication

Internet based-multimedia communication can be employed in enhancing and expediting

the process of obtaining technical know-how and skills from the developed countries.

Transmission of multimedia information over the Internet can enhance the process of

dispatching experts, through 1) reducing the number of experts 2) reducing the number of

visits of a single expert 3) minimizing the experts’ duration of stay in the foreign country

4) enhancing the quality and quantity of expert service during the period of stay and 5)

replacing dispatch of experts completely to remote expert services. Moreover, Internet

communication can support foreign training as well as enhancing the propagation of

technology within the country. All these lead to a better service and reduction in cost. The

areas that can benefit from the Internet communication are described in detail below:

• When the experts are dispatched to a foreign country, they need to get accustomed to

the social environment, resources available and the nature of problems etc. Through

multimedia communication over the Internet, the experts can obtain prior knowledge

of this before leaving for the foreign country, thus enabling them to conduct the expert

activities effectively and efficiently during the period of stay.

• When the experts are in the recipient country, they can communicate with the experts

in other areas or colleague staff in the host country over the Internet. This is useful in

reporting activities to home centers as well as solving complicated problems that need

group consultation.

• When the experts return to home country after completing their service period in the

foreign country, they can monitor the progress of the technology transfer activity,


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evaluate the performance of trainees and attend to forthcoming problems while being

in the home country.

• When new experts are dispatched to a certain technology transferring activity,

sometimes it is required to contact the previous experts for advice or explanations.

Such contact can be facilitated through Internet communication.

• An expert who has visited the recipient country can simultaneously provide expert

training to geographically isolated groups through Internet communication. This

activity can be conducted realistically since the local Internet channels are usually

faster than the international Internet channels. Moreover, Internet communication

within the country will result in rapid penetration of the technology acquired from the

developed countries.

• Some of the experts engaged in these programs are volunteers and they hope not to

stay for a long time in the recipient country. In such cases, repetitive traveling is a

costly and tiresome exercise. Moreover, these volunteer experts might prefer involve

in the collaborative work while attending to their own work. This could be realizable

through Internet communication irrespective of the experts’ location.

• In some applications, experts would be able to provide remote expert services without

visiting the recipient country through the powerful features of Internet communication.

• In situations like war, heavy infections, and other hazardous environments, the experts

may be reluctant to visit the country that needs their expertise. Internet

communication can be exploited in these situations.

• Students in the developing countries who wish to study in the developed countries can

find opportunities through remote collaboration with foreign academia. Sometimes

this can be extended to remotely supervised graduate and undergraduate studies.


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• Different forms of technology transfer activities (e.g. technical knowledge for

software development and treatments for cancer) can be combined for better results.

2.2 Internet specification requirements for multimedia communication

In order to conduct multimedia communication between two countries, the Internet

channel should meet the minimum specification requirements to transmit the required

information. These specifications significantly depend on the application requirements. In

this section, some general specification requirements are provided as guidelines for

deciding whether the existing network is capable of facilitating the required activities to

support international cooperation.

• Textual communication

Textual communication includes interactive form of text transmission as well as text

documents. Interactive text-chatting can be generally accommodated over all Internet

channels unless heavily congested. Bandwidth requirements for transmission of text

documents vary with the size of the document as well as tolerance to the transmission

delay.

• Audio communication

Generally, audio communication is used for real-time conversations and the network

should meet the real-time delivery specifications. Minimum bandwidth requirement (8-

bit resolution/ mono/ GSM encoded) for an interactive audio conversation is around

12kbps. However, high quality conversations such as distance language teaching may

require a higher bandwidth above 44kbps (16-bit, stereo, GSM). In interactive audio

conversations, transmission delay is another constraint apart from the bandwidth


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requirement. Transmission delay less than 500ms is typically acceptable for interactive

audio communication. Some applications can tolerate even longer delays.

• Video communication

Internet bandwidth required for video communication depends on the video parameters

such as image resolution, frame rate, and compression quality. Today, due to the advances

of video compression technology, near TV quality (640*480 size, 25frames/s, MPEG4

compression) can be accommodated in an Internet channel with 5Mbps capacity. On the

other hand, a live video conversation with mere facial visibility can be accommodated

even through modem connections (56kbps). Through motion JPEG technology, it is

possible to transmit images at varying size and quality (e.g. 360*240 size, high-quality

images at 1 frame/sec rate or 180*120 size, low-quality images at 8 frames/sec through a

100kbps link) as required by the application. According to our own experience in video

transmission for international cooperation, sometimes channel bandwidth as low as

20kbps can be used for video transmission effectively [3]. However, around 1Mbps

channel bandwidth is recommended to conduct high-quality and smooth video

conferencing sessions using motion-JPEG.

2.3 Strategic considerations for deploying the Internet

Although the Internet is a powerful communication tool, its deployment for international

cooperation in the developing countries requires the following strategic considerations.

2.3.1 Correct software and equipment

Internet-based communication invariably involves the use of computers, software, and

other peripherals. The decision on the selection of computers and software is of prime

importance, which leads to the following considerations:


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• Priorities should be given to use the equipment that is available in the developing

countries. However, consideration should be given to meet the required performance

standards of the equipment.

• The software used for Internet communication should be customized to the

application requirements.

• Generally, many people involved in these activities are not very skilled in computer

operations. Hence, the software must provide a user-friendly operational environment.

Moreover, the complicated operational procedures should be automated.

• The software should be customized to operate under various network heterogeneities

encountered in both developing and developed countries. Dynamic or local IP

addresses, firewall barriers, very low speed channels are some typical examples of

different network situations, which can be addressed by adopting appropriate network

programming techniques (e.g. web based, peer to peer and client server programming

architectures).

• Application issues like security and reliability (e.g. information security and reliability

issues in some tele-medicine activities) should also be incorporated in the software.

2.3.2 Proper use of offline and online transmission of information

In any kind of international collaboration activity for technology transfer, irrespective of

the field of specialization, a certain amount of real-time multimedia discussion is required

among the experts in the developed countries and trainees in the developing countries.

For lightweight information like voice and text messages, this real-time transmission is

not difficult. However, when it involves bulk data such as high-quality images and large

document files, it will be a challenging problem or perhaps even impossible to realize


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real-time transmission over the low speed Internet channels. This can be overcome to a

certain extent by proper use of online and offline transmission as described in detail

below.

• Online transmission

Real-time information such as live audio, video and text are required to be transmitted

online (real-time), provided that the internet channel meets the minimum requirements as

described in Section 2.2.

• Offline transmission

Most of the bulk data information may be available well before the actual collaboration

sessions (e.g. an X-ray image of a patient, PowerPoint presentation file, engineering

drawing, student report to a overseas supervisor). These types of information can be

transmitted to the respective parties prior (offline) to the actual sessions, and can be used

during the sessions without experiencing a time lag.

• Information caching

Caching (temporarily store) of information anticipating future reuse is a very effective

method. This prevents duplicated transmission of information over the network channels

releasing the bandwidth for transmission of fresh information.

2.3.3 Selection of time

The Internet traffic profile is heavily changing with respect to time in developing

countries. Since most of the users of the Internet are government/non-government

companies, country wide Internet is heavily congested during the office hours. However,

a significant amount of bandwidth of the Internet channels is unused in the early morning,

night and on public holidays. Hence, conducting Internet communication during off-peak


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times is a feasible option for smooth collaboration sessions. However, there are

constraints in time fixation due to the geographical time difference between the two

collaborative countries.

2.4 Areas anticipating international support

Although the Internet has so much of potential to enhance technology transfer, the

developing countries require international assistance to prepare the basic network

infrastructure and support equipment necessary for Internet communication. This form of

assistance may be viewed as costly, tedious, or irrelevant by the international

organizations that facilitate technology transfer. However, by attending to certain

strategic points which do not require much investment and effort, Internet communication

could be made available for international cooperation. The following areas need

international assistance to establish Internet communication facilities in developing

countries:

• Provision of user equipment

User equipment required for Internet collaboration such as computers, video devices and

other research equipment may not be available in the recipient country. Provision of such

equipment either as donations or on lending basis furnishes the basic setup for Internet

collaboration in the developing country.

• Provision of software

Most of the institutions in the developing countries already have access to the software

for setting up the computer environment (operating system, word processors etc.).

However, the application specific software used for Internet-based communication must

be provided by the developed country.


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• Provision of technical know-how

The collaborative parties in both countries may not be equipped with the appropriate

computer and network skills to conduct Internet collaboration on their own. Therefore,

the required technical support must be provided to both parties by capable institutions.

This may be provided either by dispatching technical experts to the recipient country or

by providing technical expertise through remote means. Directing capable institutions

located in the developing and developed countries to attend to the technical problems of

the respective parties would be an appropriate and sustainable solution.

• Improvements to the network infrastructure

Improving the network infrastructure of a country is a costly issue. However, there may

be network situations, which do not require much investment, but result in significant

improvements of Internet communication capabilities after modifications (e.g. extending

a network connection to the operation theater of a hospital, broadening a short distant

network link etc.). Moreover, simultaneous international support projects, which are

directed towards improving network infrastructures can be combined with technology

transfer activities, while realizing both objectives.

3 Practical realization- a pilot project

As a part of my M.Sc. research [4], I have been involving in designing an Internet-based

multimedia communication software, mainly focusing an international medical

collaboration activity between Sri Lanka and Japan. This example will provide a glimpse

of the Internet potential for international cooperation [5].


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3.1 Background

The Department of Oral Surgery of the Faculty of Dental Sciences of the University of

Peradeniya in Sri Lanka has been serving the Sri Lankan community by providing

surgical care to the people and providing training and research opportunities for the local

surgeons in the field of oral cancer, cleft lip and palate, jaw abnormalities, and maxillo-

facial deformities. These activities were facilitated with the assistance of JICA through

the provision of materials and the dispatch of experts. The staff of Saga Medical School

was periodically visiting the University of Peradeniya as JICA experts in this project.

The conventional methods of communication that had been used between Saga and

Peradeniya were not very helpful to carry out the medical activities effectively. The

surgeons in Peradeniya were communicating with Japanese experts mostly through e-mail.

Sometimes, international telephone and facsimile were also used. However, those

communication methods did not provide a conducive environment for the medical

collaboration activities. Although the Internet access was available in both universities, it

had not been sufficiently used due to lack of technology and resources. The Department

of Information Science of Saga University participated in this work as an independent

technology facilitator and provided the required resources and software enabling the two

universities to conduct Internet-based multimedia conferencing. The geographical

locations of Saga and Peradeniya are shown in Fig. 1.

3.2 Implementation

The Internet channel between Saga and Peradeniya is a 18-hop channel with Round-Trip-

Time (RTT) greater than 500ms and channel bandwidth averaging around 20kbps. In this

situation, commercially available software for Internet communication (e.g. NetMeeting,


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CUseeMe etc.) was not capable of supporting the medical collaboration activities

satisfactorily.

Figure 1 : Geographical locations of Saga and Peradeniya

Therefore, we developed a software tool at Saga University by properly considering the

network conditions and application requirements to facilitate Internet collaboration

between Peradeniya and Sri Lanka. The designed software has the following features:

• No special devices are required except a camera (any type), microphone, personal

computer, and the access components to the Internet. These devices are popular

consumer products that are generally available worldwide.

• Capability to adapt from narrow to broadband Internet access channels while

preserving the high quality of real-time image and voice, enabling users to access the

Internet from anywhere in the world.

• Provision of offline-transmission and information caching to enhance the virtual

bandwidth of the network channels. This allows to transmit most of the patients’


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information prior to the actual collaboration sessions and to use such information in

the actual sessions in real time.

• Operation of the software is simple and straightforward, enabling users such as

doctors who lack special knowledge and skills in computer technologies to use this

system in daily life frequently and actively.

• Providing tools such as shared-board, graphically pointing on the patients’ images,

text chat, etc., which gives useful supplementary support for interactive dialogues

between remote users.

3.3 Activities

With the introduction of software and technology to the medical personnel in both Saga

and Peradeniya, their range of activities expanded through multimedia communication.

The following activities have been carried by the two universities through Internet-based

communication:

• Surgeons in Saga Medical School, who wish to go to Sri Lanka for surgeries can get

accustomed to the Sri Lankan situation while being in Japan. Using the collaboration

system they can remotely observe their patients and the instruments available with the

help of local physicians, and plan properly before leaving for Sri Lanka. This enables

the Japanese experts to spend their limited time in Sri Lanka effectively, while

transferring the clinical know-how to the local doctors and serving a large number of

patients.

• While the Japanese medical experts are in Sri Lanka, they often require consulting

their superiors in Japan for advice. Such discussions can be carried out effectively

using the designed system.


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• After returning to Japan, the experts can observe their patients remotely and prescribe

necessary treatment and advice. The local physician may show these patients to the

experts in Japan, conducting web conversations at regular clinical sessions.

• The medical experts in Saga can use the designed software tool to give educational

presentations or demonstrations to local physicians in Peradeniya.

The following figures illustrate some instances of medical collaborative activities

between Saga and Peradeniya, performed over the Internet.

Figure 2: An instance of a medical discussion (Dr. Koichiro Ihara of Saga Medical school on the transmit-window and Dr. Jayantha Weerasinghe of the University of Peradeniya on the receive-window.)


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Figure 3: A patient’s face image loaded on the shared-board (The experts are using drawing tools to mark on the image during discussion.)

Figure 4: Presentation slide illustrating details of a child before and after treatment to an expert in Saga


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4 Conclusions

The potential of the Internet in international cooperation activities opens a number of

opportunities to the developing countries. However, developing countries are facing

problems in utilizing the Internet due to poor infrastructure and technological problems.

In this paper, we identified the technology transfer activities as the best point of

deploying the Internet. We proposed strategic issues that should be realized in using

Internet communication for transferring technology to the developing countries.

As a practical example, we have been deploying the Internet for medical collaboration

activities between Japan and Sri Lanka for two years. From the evaluation that we

conducted through questionnaires, it is understood that the Internet-based multimedia

communication activities immensely helped the academic staff of Peradeniya by having

live dialogues with Saga experts in their medical collaboration activities. Moreover, the

collaboration activities carried out during the past two years through Internet

communication have been warmly accepted by different people in the community [5]-[7].

We believe that our approach in using the Internet to support medical collaboration could

be applied to other international technology transfer activities in a similar manner.


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5 Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my academic supervisor of Saga University,

Prof. Yukuo Hayashida for his valuable advice and guidance, which enriched me with the

knowledge and confidence to write this paper. I also thank the former President

Nobumichi Sako and the President Haruo Uehara of Saga University; the President

Hajime Sugimori of Saga Medical School; Mr. Minoru Tanaka, the Chairperson of

NetCom Saga Association; and Venture Business Laboratory (VBL) of Saga University

for offering research grants and resources for project activities.

I would like to convey my thanks to the Dean−Prof. Nihal Amarathunga, and Dr.

Jayantha Weerasinghe, Faculty of Dental Science, University of Peradeniya; Emeritus

Prof. Takeshi Katsuki, Prof. Masaaki Goto and Assistant Prof. Koichiro Ihara of Saga

Medical School for their cooperation and evaluating our software through medical

collaboration activities. I also thank Mr. Ranjith Aberathna of University of Peradeniya

and Dr. Shigemetsu of Saga Medical School for providing the technical support at the

respective universities. Cooperation offered by the JICA staff at the Dental Education

Project of University of Peradeniya is also thankfully acknowledged here.

Finally, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to Associate Prof. Toshihiro Hayashi

and Associate Prof. Reijer Grimbergen of Saga University for their valuable advice

during my M.Sc. research work. My thanks also goes to the research associates Ms.

Akiko Maeda and Dr. of Eng. Nobuyuki Sugimachi for helping me in many ways in

educational as well as in administrative matters. I also thank my colleagues, especially Mr.

Shinji Hayashida and Ms. Rino Kido, graduate students of Saga University, for their

sincere cooperation in my research activities.


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6 References

[1] Home Page of JICA. http://www.jica.go.jp/english/index.html

[2] G. Shadowsky: “The Internet Society and Developing Countries”, OnTheInternet-

International Electronic Magazine of the Internet Society, November-December

1996.

[3] D. Nishantha, Y. Hayashida, T. Hayashi, T. Katsuki, M. Goto, K. Ihara, N.

Amarathunga, J. Weerasinghe, and N. Tokura: “Multimedia Medical Collaboration

between Sri Lanka and Japan”, Journal of Japanese Society for Information and

Systems in Education (JSiSE), Vol.1, No. 1, 2002.

[4] D. Nishantha, “Design and Implementation of a Multimedia Medical Collaboration

System over the Internet”, Master Thesis, Saga University, February 2003.

[5] Home page of the medical collaboration project between Japan and Sri Lanka.

http://turkey.fu.is.saga-u.ac.jp/education/project/Collabo1.asp

[6] K. Ihara, Y. Yamaguchi, M. Shigemastu, S. Jinnouchi, T. Katsuki, M. Goto, D.

Nishantha, and Y. Hayashida: “Technology Transfer of Facial Prosthetic Treatment

and Telemedicine in Sri Lanka”, 19th annual meeting of the Japanese Academy of

Maxillo-facial Prosthetics and 5th meeting of the International Society for Maxillo-

facial Rehabilitation, Poster session Table 4, p. 47, Okinawa, Japan, October 2002.

[8] J. Weerasinghe, Vajira Dissanayake, Duminda Nishantha, and Yukuo Hayashida:

“Telehealth and Telemedicine Sri Lankan Experience of High Quality Medical

Image and Voice Transfer Through Internet”, WONCA-MESA Informatics

Symposium Colombo, November 2002.

internet-based communication for transferring technology … · · 2014-09-30internet-based...

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