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Terrorism as the Phenomenon of Internastional Security Terrorism as a part of historical interaction between power and ideology in world politicsTerrorism as a product that coming from interaction entity among nation-stateTerrorism as affirmation product for transnational interaction Contra-Terrorism as goverment's respons to the threat of national security. Contra-Terorisme as a part of rezim and normatif in international securityInternational Relations and Terrorism ?

SECURITYTraditionalNon-TraditionalThe origin of threatsThe nature of threatsResponsesChanging responsibility of securityCore values of securityTraditional vs Non-Traditional ?UNDP Concept of Human Securityfirst, safety from such chronic threats such as hunger, disease, and repression. And, second, ...protection from sudden and hurtful disruptions in the patterns of daily life --- whether in homes, in jobs or in communities. freedom from fear and freedom from Want

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press. The main categories of threats to human securityEconomic SecurityFood SecurityHealth SecurityEnvironmental SecurityCommunity SecurityPersonal SecurityPolitical Security

Human SecurityUnchecked population growthDisparties in economic opprtunitiesExcessive international migrationEnvironmental degradationDrug Production and traffickingInternational terrorism

The real threats to human security in the next century will arise more from the actions of millions of people than agression by a few nations

Source: United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Human Development Report 1994, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Hal.33

Securitizationsecuritizing actorspeech actexistential threatreferent objectaudience.

Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, dan Jaap de Wilde, Security : A New Framework For Analysis, (London : Lynne Rienner Publisher, 1998), Hal. 54.

Securitizing MoveReferent ObjectExistential ThreatAccept ClaimAccept Extraordinary MeasuresFacilitating ConditionsPresiden RI : Megawati Soekarno PutriPemerintah Indonesia dengan ini menyampaikan duka cita dan simpati yang mendalam kepada keluarga para korban, baik warga negara Indonesia maupun asing, atas tindak kekerasan yang demikian brutal dan tidak manusiawi, yang bertentangan dengan hukum yang berlaku dan ajaran-ajaran agama dan nilai moral yang kita anut.. Kepada masyarakat diminta tenang dan meningkatkan kewaspadaannya. Peristiwa peledakan bom tersebut sekali lagi hendaknya menjadi peringatan bagi kita semua bahwa terorisme merupakan bahaya nyata dan merupakan ancaman yang potensial bagi keamanan nasional.Menteri Koordinator Politik dan Keamanan = Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono

Terorisme sudah ada di sekeliling kita, di depan mata kita. Jangan kita kehilangan hati nurani dan akal sehat. Pilihan bagi kita semua, apakah kita memberikan peluang kepada kejahatan luar biasa seperti itu atau kita tegas mencegah dan menangkal kejadian itu?... Kami sedang melakukan investigasi kasus ini. Untuk itu, kami meminta dukungan masyarakat terhadap langkah pemerintah untuk memerangi terorisme. Ini bukan untuk kepentingan asing, tetapi untuk kepentingan rakyat sendiri.

PBB mengeluarkan Resolusi Nomor 1438/2002- berisikan kutukan keras terhadap aksi pengeboman di Bali. meminta semua negara segera bekerja sama dan memberikan dukungan serta bantuan kepada Pemerintah Indonesia dalam upaya menangkap dan mengadili para pelaku pengeboman

Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang tentang Anti Terorisme sebagai bentuk kebijakan darurat: (1) Perpu Nomor 1 Tahun 2002 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Terorisme yang memberikan kewenangan bagi polisi untuk menahan terduga teroris selama 7 hari dan tersangka teroris selama 6 bulan; serta (2) Perpu Nomor 2 Tahun 2002 tentang Pemberlakuan Perpu Nomor 1 Tahun 2002 untuk Penyelidikan, Penyidikan, dan Penuntutan Para Pelaku Peristiwa Peledakan Bom Bali tanggal 12 Oktober 2002. Selanjutnya disetujui dan disahkan oleh Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat menjadi Undang-Undang Nomor 15 Tahun 2003 dan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2003.Presiden Megawati juga menerbitkan dua Keputusan Presiden, yakni (1) Keputusan Presiden Nomor 4 Tahun 2002 yang memberikan mandat bagi Menteri Koordinator Politik dan Keamanan untuk mengkoordinasikan penegakan hukum, intelijen, dan informasi publik; serta (2) Keputusan Presiden Nomor 5 Tahun 2002 yang memberikan kewenangan bagi Badan Intelijen Nasional mengkoordinasikan pengumpulan informasi. Pembentukan Detasemen Khusus Anti teror.

Since 9/11, terrorism and the return to war in Afghanistan and Iraq have undermined the confident assertions of a New World Order and have given renewed credence to realist assertions that, in the final analysis, security is the fundamental issue for states. However, globalization has not been seen to be less important because of terrorism. Indeed, the rise of terrorism has often been seen as a response to globalization. Confusingly, we now have two dominant phenomena globalization and terrorism existing side by side as markers of the twenty-first century.

Tom Conley, International Political Economy. Dalam Martin Griffiths.(2007). International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Routledge. Hal. 140 Cronin, A.K. (2002/03) Behind the curve: globalization and international terrorism, International Security 27: 3058.

The U.S. State Department, definition of terrorism contained in Title 22 ofthe United States Code, Section 2656f(d)premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience"premeditation, means there must be an intent and prior decision to commit an act that would qualify as terrorism under the other criteria. The action is the result of someones policy, or at least someones decisionThe second element, political motivationThe third element,the targets are noncombatants. terrorists attack people who cannot defend themselves with violence in return.The fourth element, that the perpetrators are either subnational groups or clandestine agents. The Term Of " Noncombatant" "the term noncombatant is interpreted to include, in addition to civilians, military personnel who at the timeof the incident are unarmed and/or not on duty. . . . We also consider as acts of terrorism attacks on military installations or on armed military personnel when a state of military hostilities does not exist at the site."The U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)"the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a Government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives"Department of Homeland Security (DHS)any activity that involves an act that:is dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical infrastructur or key resources; and . . . must also appear to be intended(i) to intimidate or coerce a civilian population; (ii) to influence thepolicy of a government by intimidation or coercion; or (iii) to affect the conduct of a government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping.U.S. Department of Defense"the calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or ideological objectives"

(Hofffman's Conclusion) Definition Of Terrorism

ineluctably political in aims and motives; violentor, equally important, threatens violence; designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond the immediate victim or target; conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure (whose members wear no uniform or identifying insignia) or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced, motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement and/or its leaders; and perpetrated by a subnational group or nonstate entityBjorgo, Tore (ed). 2005. Root Couses Of Terrorism: myth, reality, and ways Forward. London and New York: Routledge.4 Faktor Penyebab TerorismeStruktural- merupakan faktor yang berada pada tataran makro yang secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi kehidupan seseorang serta menstimulus munculnya terorisme.Fasilitator- Faktor yang dapat membuat aksi-aksi terorisme mudah dan mungkn untuk dilakukan.Motivasional- Merupakan faktor pengalaman yang ada pada individu maupun kelompok sehingga memilih aksi teror untuk mencapai tujuannya.Pemicu- adanya kondisi yang secara langsung dapat menimbulkan terorismefaktor sosial dan psikologis yang memicu terorismePerasaan tertindasTuntutan perubahanPenolakanIdeologi