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ISBN 0-321 - 43603-2

ATI:~NAL I T P: , ITI .__.. ._Enduring Concepts and Contemporary IssuesEIGHTH EDITION

ROBERT ]. ARTBrandeis University

ROBERT JERVISColumbia University

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Longman:\ew York San Fr.mcisco Boston London Toronto )-dne~ Tok:o Singapore ~ladrid ~ l cxi"'O Cttv ~I much Paris Cape T0\\11 Hong Kong ~l ontreal ,

BRIEF CONTENTSEditor-in-Chief: Eric St:mo Senior ~larkt>ting ~lanagC'r: Elizabeth Fog~ Production ~lanager: Denise Phillip Pro_iect Coordination. Tt>.\1 Design. and Electronic Paue ~lakcup: tratford PublishingSenices Con~r Designer/~lanager: John Callahan

Detailed Contents Preface PART 1

VII

Con'r 1mages: Left image rottrtesy of Planet Art. Right image courtesy of PhotoDi c Senior Manufacturing Bu~-er: Dennis J. Para Printer and Binder: R. R. Donnelley & Sons Cover Printer: Phoenix Color Graphics

XIII

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ANARCHY AND ITS CONSEQUENCESPower and Principle in Statecraft The Consequences of Anarchy The Mitigation of Anarchy

17

For pemliSl ion to use cop~Tighted material. grateful acknowledgment is made to the cop~Tight holders on the first page of each selection. which are be re b~ made part of this cop}Tight page.

29

69137I4I

ubrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataIntemational politics: enduring concepts and conte mpor.uy i ues I [edited bv] , Robert J. :\ rt, Robert Jenis. -8tb ed. p. cm. locludes bibliographical references.I SB~ 0-321~2 , alk. paper

PART2

THE USES OF FORCEThe Political Uses of Force The Political Utility of Force Today The Spread of Nuclear Weapons

205

239

l. International relations. 2. World politics-1989- 3. Globalization. I. Art, Robert J.

PART3

THE INTERNATIONAL POUTICAL ECONOMYPerspectives on Political Economy The Meaning of Globalization

261267309 347

11. Jenis, Robert. 1940JZ1242.15i4 200i 327.1-

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The Rise ofChina: GetUng the Questions Right

517

F. GREGORY GAUSE Ill STEPHEN M. WALT

Europe Without llfusions 526 432MARGARET E. KECK AND KATHRYN SIKKINK

can Democracy Stop Teaonsm.

Transnalional Activist Networks

532

Taming American Power 44 IFAILED STATES, CML WARS, AND NATION-BUILDINGROBERT I. ROTBERG

SEBASTIAN MALLABY

NGOs: Fighting Poverty, Hurting the Poor 539451RHODA E. HOWARD AND JACK DONNELLY

Human Rights in World PoliticsMOISJ:S NAJM

546 558

Failed States, Collapsed States, weak States: Causes and IndicatorsCHAIM KAUFMANN

451

The Five War.s ofGlobalizationDANIEL W. DREZ NER

Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil wars 459JAMES OOBBINS

The Global Governance ofthe Internet: Bringing the State Back In 567STEVEN R. RATNER

IntemaUonal Lallv: The Trials ofGlobal Norms

58 I

Nation -Building: UN Surpasses u.s. on Learning Curve 481JAMES L. PAYNE

Deconstructing Nation Building 490THE ENVIRONMENT AND CUMATE CHANGEGARRETT HARDIN

495

The Iragedy ofthe CommonsTHOMAS HOMER-DIXON

495

Environmental Changes as causes ofAcute Conflict 50 IJOHN BROWNE

Beyond Kyoto 508

PREFACE

T he Hrst ctli tion of Jnten wtional Politics appeared in 1973. Since then. the field of international relations hac; expe rienc.:cd a dramatic.: enric hme nt in the subje ct:, st11 dicd and the qmJi ty of works pu blisiJ ed. Poli tical economy c.:ame into its own as an itnportant subfi eld in the l 970s. New and itnportant works in the fiekl of security studi es appeared . The li terature on cooperation among states Aourished in the early 1980s, and impo rtant studi es about the environment began to appear in the mid-l 980s. Feminist, post-modernist, and constructivist critiques of the mainstrea m made their appearanc.:e also. w ith the end of the Cold War, these new issues came to the fore: hum an rights, the tension between state sovereignty and the obligations of the international communi ty, the global environm ent, chil wars, failed states, and nation-buildin g. The growing dive rsity of the field has closely mirrored the actual developm ents in international relations. As for the previous editions, in fashi oning the eigh th, we have kept in mind both the new developm ents in world politics and the }jterature that has accompanied them. Central to this ec.lition, though, as for the othe r seve n, is our belie f that the realm of internatjo nal politics diffe rs fundame ntall y from that of dom estic politks. Therefore, we have continuec.l to put both the developm ents anc.l the literature in the context of the patterns that stiJJ remain valid for unde rstanding the differences between politics in an anarchjc environment and politics that takes place under a government. As in the previous seven, the theme for thjs edition continues to revolve around enduring concepts and contemp orary issues in world politics. The eighth edition retai ns the four major subdivisi.ons of the seventh edition. We have leA: Part One as it appears in the seve nth edition. Part Two retai ns the three subsections of the seventh editi on, but has a new selection by Bruce Hoffman on teiTorism. Part Thre e has two new selections on globalization -on e by Martin Wolf and another by GeofTrey Garrett. Most of the changes in the eigh th edition come in Part Fou r. We have retained the four subdivisions of the seve nth edition but have added eleven new selec tions: articles by Fare ed Zakaria, Gregory Cause.' Stephen Walt, James Dobbins, James Payne, Thomas Hom er-Dixon, John Browne, Richard Betts and Thomas Christensen, Andrew Moravcsik, Sebastian Mallaby, and Daniel Drezner. The eighth edition of International Politics has fourt een new selections and is a little over 25 percen t new, but it continues to follow the four principles that have guided us thro ughout all previous editions: I . A selection of subjects that, while not exhaustively ol t' they took: AneIrew Ben nett. Unh-ersity of ~orth Carolina at Chap~ I H ~: Roshn Suno\\'117., V n hersity or Tex~ at Arlington: Robert J. GJiffiths. Um,ersity of North Carolina at Greensbor . Linda s. Adam~. Baylor Unhersity: Timoth~ M. C~le. Unive rsity of i\ laine: Robe~ c. Gray, Fmnkun & \lar hail College: jresPe b! rl IlJ'()tl\! 1 tltc. find oul what ~l. ld in i sues of w ar an d pe ace, al though th e ir freq uent ~?rnen frollliH\tiouul secUJit; po lic~ has often br an de d th em a. naive, uninform ed tssen t unpahiot ic. 0 r eve n In thi ch ap te r I propose to expl ore th e qu es tion of why in te rnat ional .. pe rce1ved as a m 1 an s worId an d w l1y women 1e mrun so , unc} re presen po1 s er ted . lhc higher eche lo ns of th e fo re ign policy es tablis hm en t, th e military and th e aca~n t~e d~cipline of inte rnational re lations. Sinc e I be ueYe th at th er e is something a~m 1c this field that re nd ers it partic ularly in hosp ita ble an d un at tr ac tive to wome:ut in tend to focus on th e natul'e of th e disc iplin e itsel f ra th er th an on possible stra~e ~ gies to remo,e barrie rs to women's ac cess to hi gh policy positions. As 1 have already suggested, th e issues th at are gi ven p1iorit;: in foreign policy are is ues wi th which men have had a special affinity. Mor eove r. if it is p1i marily men who are describi ng thes e issues and constructin g theori es to explain th e worki ngs of th e international system , might we not e>.'P ect to fin d a masculine pe rspective in the academ ic discipline also? If this w ere so th en it could be argued that the exclusio n of wom en has operated not only at the level of discrimination bu t al so through a pr ocess of self-se lection which begins w ith th e way in which \V C ar e taught abou t in te rn ational relations.,,,HU . l'f1 . . rourt and ambiguou!> U !>C:: o f IJ 't~ l'rcc1ut'lllk be.en t:riti.dz1c:.dhlor his lack of SCJ~n I St'O"er c:otu l)(':" utCKL '" \l oreQ\""r le nuct,..,~ th '"Clf, l ~ " e nati0 st'.tte. tht> prim~ con. tituti,e element of the _intem~tional _ y. tern for \loreen . n

,S O f POi !TIC AI RLAUSM TICKNER A CRITIQUE OF \lORC,F '\ fH !l.l ~ PRJ~UP .:r

21

I1.1 "LI )ne; )J Ill (.'01 -.idt. r.lblt' \1ICC.'t''' Ill lnll l H I!! liP I l! , t j" t "I }! ;, r \f' ' }, l \\ . '' '"' . I" I . r . ' t.' \\"ll ......, , the wC'I rld "Ie rgs staaes o mo . eve oPmcess in Human Development (Cant I)ricl ge, Mass.:. 14. c bl . The Evolving Self Pro em ant1 . H d University Press, J982), chap. 2 . _ _ atvar .. an In 0 Different Voice: P sychological Theory and Women_ s. De~elupme 11 t 1"- Carol ~~dllig ~~ _H rvard Universitv Press, 1982). See chap. 1 ror Gtlhgan s critique (Cambn ge. ,v,ass.. aJ

of Koh~ber~d th t toward the end of his life, Morgenthau himselr was aware that 16. There IS e\1 ence a , _. . . . _ his own prescnp t ''ere becoming anachrorustic.. In a semmar presentation m .19t8 1ons . d f. he sugges ted that power politics as the guiding pnnctple for the con uct o - m temational . . f 1 relations had bedenltely sensiblectetwttn the two . What shou ld t1cy l I0 ? 1 ro Ja) y argue tl.ut tach should ac t on tl'"' I t/11 llac la.,.j.., 11l Wl> l''tl l'1\t' pn..,,i!Jil ilit..,, lll, l il 11 111\l lll:tk< an inl'c < t o r .11lri :t!' r ut l11tl inn" :.l 1o1tl q~o' iflll'tllio!l s :t lld , in p:ttl k 1tl:u, giw1 Ll tal tl1i., ;, anarchy abo11 t 1 wlrd l cc r q~o ;.., :t t l t~ (: ll . 'I'll(' < l1Jtl < lt i-. ill f'cn:trtl willl a rgc:ly dq>l'r~ . :111d irt lll r< alt l'IJIIS I'qrtt ~llt'< '.\ ol' ti H' g< slii i'C'. TIIC' " to nd tonrcL ll; iut cmc tion rewards a e:>.'flCd t 1 nu rnan !-.Cicntifireaking d 1p au _ . . r

Qu1'et

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. Ort1gn hu man ngh ts, ~well as other ftore,"~rm 11 Jat F / .., s, and at l~st rough ml Ji mak 1 made tar!v in th e process of wor'-'nge< . urthenr1Cm::, \IJ.th I . 11 o r IH ' f1vc war:.. n I I1 otlwt ~11, , l'lllllt nt :wcndcs. In all . . . In a C 1 l >>I IlC' I'Il OI(llOII:.J> IOf't OJ >J>OI1tlllltiC!> t'IC ~"~ 1 . 1 ~''l)l>h .uu! nwkc' pritvs and tl C' rr:p . an rest:nt face cl stauncb opposition to the a say .in th e ~

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