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ISSN 2348 – 0319 International Journal of Innovative and Applied Research (2015), Volume 3, Issue (5): 48- 58

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Journal home page: http://www.journalijiar.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE AND APPLIED RESEARCH

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Designing a Wearable Smart Bracelet Using CMF Analysis

Chung-Hung Lin1 and Ce Zhong

2

1. Department of Creative Product Design, I-Shou University, Taiwan.

2. School of Arts and Communication, Southwest Jiaotong University, China.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………… Abstract:

Wearable products are the new direction of high-tech interface development; these user-friendly wearable

accessories allow users to transmit information via cloud platforms. This study conducted the intelligent design of a

wearable device and explored a brand new type of human-technology interaction. The goal was to design a product

that provides customised and personalised services, such as sleep monitoring, GPS, and diet-related services.

Starting with the industrial design process, the investigators proposed to use CMF (color, material, and finishing)

analysis as the basis of the product design process, and results from market survey analysis and function positioning

from previous works were used to determine the direction of the design of a wearable smart bracelet. CMF analysis

was then conducted for the wearable smart bracelet to verify the product design process. The study used analytic

hierarchy process (AHP) to construct a three-layer (decision-making target, intermediate factors, and alternatives)

structure model based on the three dimensions of CMF of the wearable bracelet. Afterward, a judgment matrix was

applied to obtain the final weights. According to AHP results, industrial design results were generated.

Key Words: CMF analysis, wearable bracelets, analytic hierarchy process, design process, industrial design.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

1. Introduction Wearable smart devices are advancing continuously in the academic and industrial fields (Lukowicz, Kirstein,

Tröster, 2004; Konstantas, 2012; Lymberis, Dittmar, 2007). Wearable devices (Alex Pentland) are a type of portable

devices that can be worn by the user as a part of the outfit or as an accessory. Wearable devices are not only a class

of hardware, but also a type of product possessing powerful functions supported by software and cloud interaction.

Wearable devices will significantly alter the way we live. Smart bracelets are a type of wearable smart device that

allow users to record details from everyday life, collect real-time information related to sleep and diet, synchronize

the information to their iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch, and apply the information to attain healthier living.

1.1 Research background

Wearable technology is an innovative technology first developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology

in the 1960s. With wearable technology, other technologies, such as multimedia, sensors, and wireless

communication, can be embedded into the clothes we wear and can support hand gestures, eye movement, and many

other types of communication. Wearable technology explores and creates clothing that can be directly worn by the

user or be integrated into the outfit, or accessories and devices equipped with scientific and technological functions.

Wearable products are also a new research and development direction for companies. Although there are currently

no uniformed specifications or regulations for the development processes of wearable devices, many smart devices

are already sold on the market with impressive sales performances.

1.2 Wearable technology

Mobile phone technology has advanced rapidly over the recent months, and in the domain of mobile internet,

those modern wearable devices have outshone smartphones. Wearable smart devices offer feasible solutions for

situations with restrictions (Dario Bonino, Fulvio Corno & Luigi De Russis, 2012). Wearable smart devices are

essentially a type of organic combination integrating conventional hardware with new interactive technologies (e.g.,

voice, gesture, and iris recognition, bone conduction technology) and cloud applications. Smart bracelets are a

perfect combination of advanced 3D G-sensors and other sensing technologies, various application software, and

traditional pedometer technology. In advanced countries, wearable products with physiological data measuring and

watch-related functions have already been launched onto the market. For example, Jawbone and Fitbit have made a


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big fortune from the wearable device market in the USA. In the future, the wearable smart device market for multi-

functional products, intelligent products, brainwave-controlled products, or chip implants will continue to expand

and eventually induce the next product revolution (Chen, 2013).

The feasibility of applying artificial intelligent into wearable devices has already improved. For example, a

unique feature of Amiigo, the world's first sport recognizing smart bracelet, is that the bracelet can correctly identify

the type of sport that the user is engaged in and monitor bodily reactions, which may differ depending on the sport

type (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Amiigo, the world’s first sport recognizing smart bracelet

Amiigo (Figure 1) has an infrared sensor, and the metal part can be used for measuring body temperature.

Aside from the bracelet, there is also a shoe clip which can be used separately. The bracelet is used for measuring

physical activity data for the upper body, while the shoe clip focuses on the lower body. Combining the two, the user

can more accurately obtain the amount of physical activity completed and the calories consumed (as well as other

data). The principle behind Amiigo is similar to Xbox’s hand gesture recognition technology. Hundreds of bodily

movements can currently be recognized, including extension of the limbs, jumping, push-ups, and pull-ups. In

addition, the Amiigo bracelet contains multiple sensors and an infrared sensor for measuring heart rate, blood

oxygen content, and other physiological information as well as physical movement. The metal part on the bracelet

measures body temperature. For portability and storage, the shoe clip can be directly clipped onto the bracelet when

it is not in use to prevent misplacement. Amiigo also has a paired mobile application where users can use Bluetooth

or Wi-Fi to upload their activity data to network communities. This study used CMF analysis to find a design

approach suitable for wearable smart bracelets.

2. Literature Review and Design Requirement Analysis There are only a few studies currently available on wearable smart products; Google, Microsoft, and Apple

have done related product research, and over a decade ago, there were relevant studies on mathematic or

psychological application. According to the actual product design requirements, the wearable smart device proposed

in this study was designed as a bracelet that can form a perfect system with the applications on cell phones, tablet

computers, desktop/laptop computers, TVs, and other smart terminals. Regular use of this product can help users

improve their quality of life. In order to conduct quantitative observation and tracking of progress and share

activities with others, the key functions of this product include monitoring of physical activities and sleep, and smart

vibrating alarm clock functions. These can provide the user with obtain quantitative personal data from various daily

conditions so they can develop more accurate fitness and diet plans. In addition, the application software on smart

terminals allows the user to access various data, while the GPS installed on cell phones enable more accurate

calculation of speed, distance, and stride length. The bracelet can be used to track the user’s sleep state to calculate

the effective sleep time and other related parameters. The bracelet also has a vibrating function can be paired with

application software to set an alarm and standing time. The target populations for the smart bracelet are young

people, and how to satisfy their needs to create better user experience is the key emphasis in this study.


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2.1 CMF Analysis for Wearable Smart Bracelets

The appearance of a product is closely linked to its colors and materials. A product’s style (Shah, 1991) is

mainly presented to consumers through its surface treatment, the materials used, and colors. As industrial

technology advances, a specific branch dedicated in researching the colors, materials, and fabrication process has

arisen from industrial design, and this new branch is called CMF design.

This study used CMF analysis to explore the directions of materials, colors, and surface treatment for a

wearable smart bracelet. Competitors' product design experiences were included for comparison to analyze the

feasibility of the creative design results. CMF analysis for a competitor’s wearable smart bracelet is shown in Figure

2 and Figure 3.

Figure 2 CMF Analysis I for Competing Figure 3 CMF Analysis II for Competing

Wearable Smart Bracelet Wearable Smart Bracelet

CMF design analysis for competing products shows that colors and materials are the focus of the research and

design of wearable devices during the product development stage, and the goal is to use new materials and

innovative color coordinations to catch the attention of the target population. For design features, coordination of

colors with a high-tech feeling and the use of healthy and environmental friendly materials can further enhance the

health and technological value of the product.

2.2 Design Requirement Analysis

The wearable smart device developed in this study takes the form of a wristband/bracelet that also can connect with

application software in cell phones, tablet computers, desktop/laptop computers, TVs, and other smart terminals.

Past research has defined three types of smart bracelets: casual, fitness, and sport. Each type is further divided into

men's and women's styles; the main differences between these styles lay in the appearance of the bracelets and the

threshold values of built-in parameters. Because it was the investigators' first time developing a bracelet, one of the

three types mentioned above was chosen based on its suitability for research and development and for a better

control of the cost, product risks, and product branching. It was also hoped that this could help designers expand the

wearable smart bracelet market and establish a foundation for subsequent product lines. Functional positioning for

the three product series is shown in Figure 4.


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Figure 4 Possible Design Directions of Wearable Smart Bracelets

3. Research Methods 3.1 Introduction

The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was proposed by T.L. Saaty, a professor of University Pittsburgh in the

mid-1970s. The basic idea is to break down a complex problem into various factors, which are then classified to

form an orderly hierarchical structure. YAAHP (Yet Another AHP) is a type of AHP software providing functions

including convenient hierarchical modeling, judgment matrix data collecting, calculation for weighted ranking, and

exporting the computed data. YAAHP was designed to be flexible and easy-to-use, so users only need basic AHP

knowledge, rather than fully understanding all details related to AHP computation, in order to use AHP for decision

making.

3.2 Research Methods

After decades of development, the mathematics- and psychology-based systemic approach has been widely

used in many academic studies (Satty, 1980). The study took industrial design as the starting point to carry out a

comprehensive development of a wearable smart bracelet. Then, AHP analysis methods were adopted for weighted

analysis of the colors, materials, and surface treatment of the wearable smart bracelet to obtain final results (Saaty,

2008). An expert panel consisting of the director of the research center, a project manager, and ID and DP designers

was founded. The panel had at least three levels: the overall target of the problem at the top, multiple indicators at

the middle layer, and the decision-making project at the bottom (Chuang & Huang, 2009). Since the target of this

study is evaluable (Albayrak, 2004), the investigators started creating the hierarchical structure modeling.

Afterward, the expert panel conducted a professional analysis and used their practical experience to determine the

total hierarchical factors. The composition of the decision-making expert panel of the study is shown in Table 1.


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Table 1 The Composition of Decision-making Expert Panel

3.2.1 Hierarchical Structural Modeling

The director of the research center was involved in the expert panel and was responsible for coordinating the

entire project. Firstly, the expert panel summarized information related to the project, and then the director

coordinated the entire CMF analysis to provide the members of the expert panel with thoughts and ideas for decision

making. The project manager responsible for CMF analysis convened brainstorming meetings with ID and DP

designers. At each meeting, participants reviewed information from the previous stage summarized by DP designers

and CMF brainstormed for three minutes on wearable smart bracelets. Lastly, ID designers summarised results from

the meeting and prepared a design report accordingly for members in the expert panel. Next, an expert panel

conference was convened to determine the decision-making target, the intermediate factors, and the content of the

alternatives (Figure 5).

Figure 5 AHP-based Hierarchical Structural Modeling

The theme of the decision-making target is designing a wearable smart bracelet using basic CMF analysis. The

middle layer factors had two structural components. For colors, seven mainstream warm colors for wearable devices

were considered according to results from the expert panel. For the actual design, materials were treated as a

component across the entire design process (Hodgson & Harper, 2004). Wearable devices must well fit the curve of

the part of the human body that is wearing them, and thus soft materials were preferred. For the cost of materials,

high-end and low-end materials were used in combination, so that during matrix analysis, market positioning of the

materials and the product can be more comprehensively and accurately analyzed. This also meant that more material

samples could be chosen and applied (Van Kesteren, 2008). Silicone materials have a good biocompatibility; it is

non-irritating, non-toxic, non-allergic, and causes few rejection reactions. Moreover, silicone materials have good

physical and chemical properties, while the material cost is relatively low. Medical grade rubber is non-toxic and

chemically inert, and those rubber products used inside the body should be non-pathogenic and non-allergic, cause

no damage to neighboring tissues, and resist deterioration. However, this type of material tends to be more

expensive. Memory rubber, a newly emerged material, can find a man-machine form that best matches the human

body based on an individual’s curvature. As a result, it is an ideal material for concept development and high-end

products. For surface treatment, the expert panel preferred the IMF (in-mold decoration) technology because of the

properties of the chosen materials. Moreover, this technology has been already extensively used bracelets. This


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treatment can increase the lifespan of the bracelet by making the bracelet more resistant to abrasion and scratches

while keeping the color vivid without fading. Pad printing, on the other hand, was mainly applied in printing words

and patterns on the surface of bracelets.

3.2.2 Judgment Matrix Analysis

After determining the hierarchical model of the wearable smart bracelet, the pair-compared data were analyzed

and the judgment matrix was created. Expert panel results were directly inputted into the judgment matrix. Because

of the complex nature of objective CMF factors and human subjectivity, it is difficult to immediately obtain a

judgment matrix satisfying the consistency requirements; many adjustments and corrections may be required. When

inputting the judgment matrix data, the software shows the consistency ratio of the judgment matrix according to

changes in the data. Adjustment is made according to the actual condition until same matrix consistency is reached

(Figure 6).

Figure 6 Consistency of Judgment Matrix

3.2.3 Judgment Matrix Analysis Results

According to the computation and analysis of judgment matrix, one can analyze the weight of each hierarchical

matrix in hierarchical structure modeling. Then, the wearable smart bracelet design can be determined according to

weighted analysis results. A project or option with a greater weight of advantages in the weighted analysis is seen as

having more importance (Table 2).


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Table 2 AHP Results of Three Projects

According to AHP results, an alternative with a greater weight is relatively more important in the overall rating.

This is how the basic design requirements were determined for the design of the wearable smart bracelet in this

study. We were certain that the three CMF factors in AHP and their corresponding weight for wearable smart

bracelet development can provide useful guidelines for prototyping at the later stage of product development. A

comparison of the weight of CMF intermediate target for the wearable smart bracelet and the target weight for non-

underlying factors (secondary target of CMF) is presented in Figure 7.

Figure 7 CMF Weighted Analysis Results

Figure 8 shows that surface treatment was weighted the highest for wearable smart bracelets. In other words,

the prototype engineer should put a key emphasis on surface treatment of the product. For color selection, orange

had the greatest relative weight, and thus it is prioritized. The other five colors had a smaller relative weight, and

thus they are placed at the back to be considered with the basic style. Aside from having different functional

demands, products should also make the user feel happy (Van Kesteren, Stappers & de Bruijn, 2007). For material

selection, silicone is a better choice of material based on cost control and user experience. For surface treatment,

IMF is the best choice. After choosing the casual style as the theme of this wearable smart bracelet design project,

the next step is to rank the weight of non-underlying factors according to AHP to determine the color for the casual

style and validate the appropriateness of the material and the surface treatment. Weighted analysis results for non-

underlying factors are shown in Figure 8.


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Figure 8 CMF Target Weight

According to weighted analysis results for the colors, materials, and surface treatment of the casual wearable

smart bracelet, the colors to be coordinated for the product were orange, light gray, blue, and red. The use of silicone

as the material for the bracelet was also confirmed, while IMF was the main method for surface treatment. Next, the

expert panel convened a midterm project conference to discuss AHP results. DP designers presented summarized

results from the meeting which were given to the director, the project manager, and ID designers. The project

manager then convened another brainstorming meeting with ID designers to conduct creative thinking regarding the

requirements from the midterm conference to integrate them into the entire design sketch. Creative design sketches

were created according to the brainstorming results, followed by an in-depth discussion on the obtained sketches to

come up with a more comprehensive sketch for the project. Afterward, a two-dimensional sketch on paper was

scrutinized to generate the best two-dimensional plan. Lastly, 3-D construction, modeling, and rendering were

implemented.

3.3 Brainstorming

The goal of brain storming is to gather all ID designers to convene the project conference. The project manager

clearly explained the results of AHP as well as important issues to all ID designers. The conference was conducted

in a relaxing atmosphere. After determining the colors, materials, and surface treatment for the wearable smart

bracelet, ID designers started the industrial design process based on CMF conditions and restrictions. The casual

wearable smart bracelet is positioned for sports, sleep monitoring, and smart vibrating alarm clock so that the user

can obtain quantitative personal data from various daily activities in order to create more accurate fitness and diet

plans. Main results from brainstorming combining CMF analysis results showed the following product styling

features. First, the design semantics of the product should be simple and light, and the silhouette should be handled

in a way that satisfies the ergonomic principle. Second, for the design method, the intellectual stimulation method

and the combination method should be in combination to integrate style and function. Third, for the style, emphasis

should be placed on a sleek and round look, i.e., combining a smooth and round silhouette with sturdy and firm lines


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to highlight the style and characteristics of the product. Keywords for product design were also generated from

during brainstorming (Figure 9).

Figure 9 ID Design Keywords

After brainstorming to reiterate design ideas, ID designers not only developed the wearable smart bracelet

(from the CMF perspective), but also gained overall an understanding of the entire product design approach and

style. At this point, the design of the wearable smart bracelet was completed. Individual differences make each of us

unique, and different ID designers would present the product differently, creating multiple possibilities for the final

product from the design.

4. Conclusion and Suggestions 4.1 Design Results

Combining the brainstormed design direction and characteristics of young consumers such as caring about

quality of life and enjoying sharing with others, the study did the first-stage sketching for more than ten design

plans. A youth- and health-oriented evaluation system was adopted to select one of the first-stage design sketches.

Computer Aided Industrial Design (CAID) helped to create a 2-D line drawing using Coreldraw, while the 3-D

modeling was created using Rhino software. Finally, a design sketch was generated for the casual wearable smart

bracelet (Figure 10).

Figure 10 Design Sketch for the Casual Wearable Smart Bracelet

This study used the existing aesthetic framework, definitions, and design language and also adopted modern

sociocultural semantics (Dell’Era & Verganti, 2007) to create a bracelet with a perfectly merged appearance and

functions. CMF analysis for product design reveals the advantages and disadvantages of surface treatment of a

specific design from the CMF perspective. This is critical for the product to surpass those of competitors. People

have become more demanding of the quality of products they wear. The classic light gray, the high-tech blue, the

passionate red, and the energetic orange are mixed and matched to target a younger population between 18 and 35

years of age. Men’s and women’s color schemes are also combined to cover both genders. A couple’s design can

further increase sales and highlight the features of the product; this is one way for the product to stand out in a

competitive market. The design results obtained in this study include the following:

(1) For the use of color, light gray, blue, red, and orange were chosen, and these four colors belong to a trendier

color system and have been more commonly used. Moreover, these four colors make people feel energetic and

sporty. As a result, they are good for the smart bracelet. In addition, these colors also allow the bracelet, a wearable


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device, to easily match modern outfits. The multicolor design of the smart bracelet suits young people's taste. They

show the user's distinctive personality while satisfying the desire for pursuing unique products.

(2) For materials, it is important to consider consumer needs when selecting materials for a specific product

(Ljungberg & Edwards, 2003). Because the bracelet will come into direct contact with the skin, the main body of the

bracelet was made of silicone, which is an extensively applied and matured material. Non-toxic and odorless,

silicone is not soluble in water or any other solvent. Moreover, silicone has a good thermal and chemical stability

and excellent mechanical strength. Lastly, for color coordination of the product, applying color to silicone is simple

and more options are available. Therefore, if the bracelet has direct and close contact with the human body, it is

better to choose silicone as the material. To enhance the quality of the product, the end of the bracelet is embellished

using aluminum to give the product a high quality and high-tech appearance. This aluminum part is not only for

decoration but also functional: it is also a cap for covering the communication terminal of the bracelet.

(3) For surface treatment, IMF technology gives the wearable device a good tactile quality, making people

instinctively want to touch the product because of its appearance. Lastly, during processing, the circuit board for the

bracelet was fixed onto a steel board and bent into a specific shape. Low pressure injection was used to inject TPE to

produce an in-mold coated chip that has high flexibility, high strength, and high resilience. Paired with the steel

board, the bracelet shape is finished and it is easy to put on and take off. The surface of the in-mold was covered by

silicone to make the bracelet more comfortable to wear. The aluminum cap at the end of the bracelet was die cast for

precise product dimensions. The surface of the cap was processed using sandblasting and anodizing for a silver gray

color to realise the concepts set for the product: chic, high-tech, sporty, and healthy.

4.2 Suggestions

During the product design process, ID designers tried to start the design without a fuzzy product perception

process. Modern product design still heavily relies on designers' subjective emotional, instinctive, or inspirational

experience (S.W. Hsiao Fuzzy, 1998). Moreover, there is no quantitative product analysis before concrete design.

The present study proposes to integrate CMF analysis into DP design to generate design outcomes. With AHP, the

colors, materials, and surface treatment of this wearable smart bracelet were defined in this study.

After definition, hierarchical structure modeling calculated the weight of the alternatives to the overall target

and the weight of the non-underlying factors to the intermediate factors to determine the CMF options for the

product. The sense-based design perception was quantified into concrete and readable figures for the investigators to

comprehensively and effectively select a concrete decision according to the non-underlying factors. With the weight

of intermediate factors to the decision-making target, the investigators found critical issues to be aware of during

prototyping of the product. This step-by-step approach to weighted analysis ensures the correctness of CMF

selection.

Meanwhile, determining the CMF of the developed product can effectively guarantee a good cost control and

minimize risks associated with product development. This consumer- and market-centered CMF analysis can

effectively increase the design value of the product and validate its effectiveness, feasibility, and selling points,

which are important for building a solid foundation for the next steps: prototyping and design.

References

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Environments [J]. Dario Bonino et al, Procedia Computer Science, Vol.10: 300-307.

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Product Innovation Management, 24(6): 580-599.

4. Albayrak, E. & Erensal, Y. C. (2004). Using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to improve human performance.

An application of multiple criteria decision making problem. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing, 15: 491-503.

5. Hodgson, S. N. B. & Harper, J. F. (2004). Effective use of materials in the design process - More than a selection

problem, in Lloyd, P., Roozenburg, N., McMahon, C. & Brodhurst L. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd

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informatics, 66(9): 2007.


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Ergonomics, 21:103-116.

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29(1):133-145.

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including user-interaction aspects in materials selection. International Journal of Design, 1(3):41-55.

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wafer fabricating industry. Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 36: 11369-113

The Biography of authors:

Chung-Hung Lin is a professor of the Department of Creative Product Design, I-Shou University, Taiwan. He

studied his master’s degree at the Pratt Institute, New York, USA, which majored in Industrial Design from 1986-

1988. After 11 years, he attended the University of Central England in Birmingham, UK, where he studied his Ph.D.

degree. His doctoral dissertation is “Developing a Design Process for Museum Exhibition Design. His doctoral

dissertation is “Establishing a Development Process for Science Museum Exhibition Design”. His current research

interests include product design, design aesthetics, and museum exhibition design. Contact address: Department of

Creative Product Design, I-Shou University, No. 1, Sec. 1, Syuecheng Rd., Dashu District, Kaohsiung City 84001,

Taiwan, ROC. Email: [email protected]

Ce Zhong is a post-graduate student of the School of Arts and Communication, Southwest Jiaotong University,

China. He focuses his study in industrial design in his post-graduate programme. He has completed many product

concepts which have won many design awards, such as IF, Red Dot and IDEA competitions during the past few

years. Contact address: Southwest Jiaotong University, Western high-tech, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province,

611756, China. Email: [email protected]

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