Intermodal Passenger Transport in Japan “Road authorities’ approach to delivering

integrated transport services to customers - Our experience and lessons learned – “

• Road Bureau Ministry of Land

Takumi  Yamamoto

• Road Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan  

• Director for Road PlannngDirector for Road Plannng

• E‐mail: yamamoto‐t2yt@mlit.go.jp 

Outline 

1. Background Modal share of passenger transportModal share of passenger transport 

Demographics  2. Road authorities approaches 

 3 Lessons learned and future direction3. Lessons learned and future direction

 

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1. Background – Modal Share(passenger transport) Predominant mode;Predominant mode; Metropolitan areas: Public transport

Rural areas: Automobile

City of Toyama 

City of Takaoka 

Rural areas: Automobile

     Rural Cities           

Resource:

2 Fig. Comparison of Modal Share in Cities (Based on Trip)

London) London Travel Report 2006 German cities) Technische Universität Dresden, Sonderauswertung zur Verkehrserhebung 'Mobilität in Städten - SrV', 2003 und 2008 French cities) CERTU 

1. Background – Demographics(metropolitan areas)

C t ti f l ti l il t kConcentration of population along railway network

Tokyo MA,  Pop: 33 Mil.  

50k50km50km 

1960  1985 *DID (Densely Inhabited District ) is defined as the area which is more than 5000 population, and contiguous with  cities that hold more than 4000 pop /km square

Resource: Annual Report of Developing Metropolitan Area, 1999 

50km 50km

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Fig.  Expansion of Urban Areas and Railway Network in Tokyo Metropolitan Area cities  that hold more than 4000 pop./km square

1. Background – Demographics(rural areas) •Sparsely inhabited areas not suitable for public transport•Sparsely inhabited areas, not suitable for public transport•Road network expansion to cope with increasing travel demand •Sprawl of urban districts along road network

Okayama City 

•Less convenient public transport→Decline of ridership →Cut down of service level→More motorization

Pop: 700 thousand 

1965 DID 1980 DID 1995 DID

2km 

4 Fig.  Map of Spread of Urban Districts in Okayama City, Okayama Resource: Okayama City Government 

1995 DID

i)Tranfer squares adjacent to major rail stations２. Road authorities approaches to intermodal transport ) q j j

City of Kitakyusyu Pop: 980 thousand 

▶ Seamless transfer among various modes such as train, bus, taxi, cars, and bicycle ▶ Rail station connected with bus and taxi stops and bicycle

Example: City of KitakyusyuExample of Station square: City of Yokoahma   Number of Station Has Transit Square Install rate of

▶ Rail station connected with bus and taxi stops and bicycle parking lots by pedestrian routes

p y y yAt Kokura Station, Monorail extends to the rail station and a pedestrian deck connects to the buildings

Number of Station User per day 

Install rate of  Transit Square Yes  No 

More than 100 thousand  12  2 86% 

1‐10 thousand  45 43 51% deck connects to the buildings.Less than 10 thousand  2 24  8% 

Fig. Kokura Station before the reconstruction 5 Fig. Kokura Station after the reconstruction

２. Road authorities approaches to intermodal transport ii)Improvement of pedestrian routes around the station) p p

Many facilities concentrate within walking distance from railway station

Lifts at multi-level intersection

Route map for facilities On information boards 

Improving the accessibility and safety of pedestrians

intersection

Guiding blocks for the blind

Clearing illegal bicycle parking in pedestrian space

Smoothing steps and steeps Rest place on continuous steeps Widening of sidewalks

Resource: MLIT

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Fig. Examples of Measures for Smoothing the Movements in the Designed Area

Resource: MLIT 

iii)Bus lane PTPS to improve the bus operation２. Road authorities approaches to intermodal transport

iii)Bus lane, PTPS to improve the bus operation

PTPS; Public Transport Priority System; p y y•Interactive communication between on-board unit and roadside beacons •Control of traffic signals, warn illegal vehicles in bus lanes, and estimate arrival time on bus stopsarrival time on bus stops

Optical Beacon 

•Set up on 151 sections of 701km,and 2,188 intersections(by 2008)

warn illegal vehicles 

control traffic signals 

detect illegal vehicles Interactive Communication 

Bus LaneBus Lane

7 Fig.  Concept of PTPS 

Resource:  Police White paper, 2007                      MLIT   

iv)Park & Ride

２. Road authorities approaches to intermodal transport iv)Park & Ride • Objective;

Shifting commuters from Shifting commuters from car to rail Mitigating congestion in city centerg g g y• Many pilot projects tried • Most ended in poor performance

In Sapporo, P&R parking lots were installed at 29 stations of

P&R, Example of City of Sapporo 

were installed at 29 stations of railways, which provides 3000 parking spaces in total.

City of Sapporo Pop: 1.92 Million 

P&R

8 Figure P&R parking in Sapporo 

P&R 

２. Road authorities approaches to intermodal transport

Reasons for P&R poor performance

▶ Limited P&R parking lots available near rail stations ・Neighborhood around rail station stations in Japan is relatively highly- Neighborhood around rail station stations in Japan is relatively highlydeveloped areas, not suitable for parking facilities in the light of land value.

・With limited parking lots available, only few people may change a mode of t t f t t itransport from cars to trains.

▶ Convenience of automobile in rural areas ・Driving to destination directly take less time. ・More expensive for users to use public transport compared to individual cars

Difficult to change behavior of commuters from passenger cars to rail ・Difficult to change behavior of commuters from passenger cars to rail

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２. Road authorities approaches to intermodal transport

v)Park & Bus Ride(Itako city)•P& BR parking constructed at Suigo  Suigo Bus

TerminalBus Terminal adjacent to the interchange of expressway.  •Expressway buses operated to the 

to Tokyo Station Terminal

p y pdestinations such as Downtown Tokyo and International  airports  to Narita Airport

to Haneda AirportLegend 

Motorway 

Railway 

Destinations Number of Service (per day)

20km 

Service (per day)

Tokyo Station 101 Nartia Airport 9

Parking spaces Parking fee 236

(of which 2 are for the disabled)JPY500 (for 24 hours) (Free within 60 minutes)

10 

Haneda Airport 6 Odaiba 11 Resource: Itako city 

(of which 2 are for the disabled) (Free within 60 minutes)

３. New approaches

v)Integration of land use planning and transportToyama City Pop: 420 thousand 

v)Integration of land use planning and transport planning(Case of a Compact City Plan: Toyama City)

As the city sprawled, the maintenance of infrastructureAs the city sprawled, the maintenance of infrastructure became costly and inefficient. Mobility for transportation-poor people was challenge. Set up TOD(Transit Oriented Development) policy

-Concentration of the urban functions to the city center

Set up TOD(Transit Oriented Development) policy focused on public transport

and sub centers-Connect these centers with LRT lines and bus services  

LRT i d

Railway

> LRT passengers increased - Weekdays 2.2 times, Weekends 5.3 times - Passengers in their 60s increased most. (W kd 3 5 ti W k d 7 4 ti )

Resource: Research on LRT project of

RailwayBuild‐up area City centre Sub centre Daily living core 

10km 

(Weekdays 3.5 times, Weekends 7.4 times)

Resource: Research on LRT project of Toyamakou‐line, Toyama City, MLIT  

Resource: Comprehensive Transport Plan, Toyama City 

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３. Intermodal measures in Rural cities in Japan

i)F t it t d d i t t ivi)From mass transit to demand responsive transport service Case: On-demand bus in Nakamura City, Kochi

【Features】 > More bus-stops (57 bus stops incl. hospitals) > Flexible routes and schedules (Passengers

b k l t i t )

【Effects】> Passengers increased by 4-5 times > 26% of them shifted from bikes, cars and walks

Existing routes

Additional routes

can book last minute)

(newly applied)

+ 

hospital

S Commerce

Nakamura City Pop: 30 thousand 

S facility

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４. Lessons learned and future direction

i) C i f d di d f d f di) Constraint of dedicated funds for road Dispute on whether dedicated funds for road should be allocated to other transport mode when the expansion of road network was still under waytransport mode when the expansion of road network was still under way

ii)Sectionalism A principle of self supporting accounts by each transport business makes it A principle of self-supporting accounts by each transport business makes it difficult to share costs and roles each other. The government sets up their organizations by modes, which makes barriers to cooperate each other.

iii)Building a social consensus and campaigning to road users Intermodal measures such as P&R requires changes in road users behaviorIntermodal measures such as P&R requires changes in road users behavior and social consensus, so that beneficial systems for them and campaigning to them is necessary.

iv)Integration of transport planning with other polices e.g. Land use planning, welfare policy, etc

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