interactions among bacteria and batrachochytrium dendrobatidis- an investigation of the amphibian...
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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Bd
Janthinobacterium lividum
Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Bd in vitro. Bd
Lithobates sphenocephalus
J. lividum P.fluorescens.
, Bd-
J. lividum P. fluorescens. Bd
J. lividum
P. fluorescens Bd- . sphenocephalus
Bd
L. sphenocephalus BdBd
Bd
BdBd
Bd- . sphenocephalusBd
BdBd
Bd
L. sphenocephalus L. sphenocephalusJanthinobacterium lividum Pseudomonas fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus L. sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus BdBd
L. sphenocephalus Bd BdJ. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus Bd L. sphenocephalusJ. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
Chapter 1: Exposure of Lithobates sphenocephalus to probiotic
bacteria for colonization
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Batrachochytrium
Bd
,
Bd
Bd
Bd
et al.
Bd
et al.
Bd Bd,
Bd- Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Plethodon
cinereus, Bd
Janthinobacterium lividum Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Bd .
Bd Bd
Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens
et al. et al. ,
Bd
Bd
Lithobates
sphenocephalus Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Literature Review
Bd
Bd-
Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
Bd,
. J. lividum
P. cinereus Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd Bd
P. fluorescens J. lividum, Bd
Rana muscosa Rana muscosa
in vivo,
Bd J.
lividum P. fluorescen
Bd .
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens
. .
Bd
P. fluorescens J. lividum Bd
P. fluorescens
Rhizoctonia solani
Bacillus harveyi
Vibrio
L.
sphenocephalus, J. lividum P. fluorescens
.
in vivo
Bd
L. sphenocephalus J. lividum P. fluorescens
J. lividum Rana
muscosa Bd
Bd.
bd
L. sphenocephalus Bd
L. sphenocephalus
Bd L.
sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens L.
sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
L. sphenocephalus J. lividum P.
fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus
Hypotheses
J. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus L.
sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus J.
lividum P. fluorescens
Methodology
Animal Husbandry
L. sphenocephalus
Bd
L. sphenocephalus
Probiotic Cultures
J. lividum P. fluorescens
, ,
.
J. lividum P. fluorescens
J. lividum P.
fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum
P. fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus
AMP Collection, Purification, and Efficacy
L. sphenocephalus
L.
sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum
P. fluorescens
.
Bd
L. sphenocephalus J. lividum P. fluorescens
J. lividum P.
fluorescens, .
J. lividum P.
fluorescens L. sphenocephalus.
L. sphenocephalus
Probiotic Exposure and Quantification
,
1) J. lividum+/P. fluorescens+
2) J. lividum+/ P. fluorescens; 3) J.
lividum/P. fluorescens+ 4) J. lividum P. fluorescens
.
Statistical Analyses
N =
Results
L. sphenocephalus J. lividum
P. fluorescens
Comparisons of Bacterial Cell Concentrations over Time
J. lividum F = p
J. lividum
L. sphenocephalus
F p
Figure 1 L. sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens
p p p
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens.
J. lividum
P. fluorescens F . p P.
fluorescens L. sphenocephalus J.
lividum
AMP production in response to bioaugmentation
F p
J. lividum P. fluorescens
Figure 2 L. sphenocephalus F
P
L. sphenocephalus
Bd
F p
L. sphenocephalus
p
p
p
in
vitro
Discussion
Findings and Conclusions
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescen
Bd.
L. sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens,
, ,
J. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum Bd
P. fluorescens
Bd
L. sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens
P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus,
J. lividum. P. fluorescens Bd
J. lividum,
P. fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus
Bd
P.
fluorescens Bd
P. fluorescens J. lividum,
Bd J. lividum
Bd,
Recommendations for Future Research
J. lividum P. fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus,
Bd.
Bd
Bd
Bd-
in vivo
Bd
Bd
Chapter 2: Susceptibility to Bd after Successful Colonization of
L. sphenocephalus with J. lividum and
P. fluorescens
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Xenopus laevis) Bd
Bd .
Bd
Literature Review
Bd
Bd
.
Janthinobacterium lividum, Bd
J. lividum
Bd Bd
J. lividum
Bd, .
Pseudomonas fluorescens Bd in vitro
P.
fluorescens
J. lividum P. fluorescens
Bd
.
Bd
Bd,
Bd
. Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd.
.
Bd
Bd
.
Bd
Bd
. Bd ,
Bd
et al.
Lithobates sphenocephalus;
.
Bd-
Plethodon cinereus, J. lividum
Bd
J. lividum
P.fluorescens, Bd
Lithobates sphenocephalus J. lividum P. fluorescens
,
L. sphenocephalus
J.lividum P.fluorescens.
Bd L.
sphenocephalus
Bd-
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd ,
L. sphenocephalus Bd.
Hypotheses
J. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
Bd
Bd
Bd
in vitro et al. .
L. sphenocephalus Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
Methodology
Exposure of L. sphenocephalus to Bd
L. sphenocephalus
Bd
L. sphenocephalus.
Bd L.
sphenocephalus Bd
L.
sphenocephalus.
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd Bd
L.
sphenocephalus Bd
Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens J. lividum P. fluorescens +
J. lividum, P. fluorescens, Bd
Bd
Bd
L. sphenocephalus
Bd
Probiotic and Bd quantification
L. sphenocephalus Bd
J. lividum
P.fluorescens
J. lividum P.
fluorescens
Bd
Bd
L. sphenocephalus Bd-
Bd
AMP Collection, Purification, and Quantification
Bd
L. sphenocephalus
.
L. sphenocephalus
Quantitative Polymerase Chain reaction (qPCR) Analysis
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
Statistical Analyses
L. sphenocephalus
N
N
Bd
Bd Bd
Bd
Results
Bd-induced Changes of AMP Production
L. sphenocephalus F
= p F = p
Bd F p
.
Bd P. fluorescens/Bd F = p
J.lividum/Bd F p
Bd
L. sphenocephalus J.lividum P. fluorescens .
Bd L.
sphenocephalus
F4,36 p F8, 36 = p
Bacterial Concentrations Fluctuates Post-Bd Infection
F p
L. sphenocephalus
F p
Figure 3
Figure 4. L. sphenocephalus
P
Bd
F p J. lividum F1,7 p P. fluorescens F
p
Probiotic Inhibition of Bd zoospores
Bd
F1,4 p
Bd L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum
Bd
F p
J. lividum P.
fluorescens p L.
sphenocephalus J. lividum Bd
P. fluorescens p Bd
J.lividum p
Bd
Figure 5 L. sphenocephalus
Discussion
Discussion of Findings and Conclusions
Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
L. sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus
J.lividum P. fluorescens
J. lividum P.
fluorescens
Bd . J. lividum
P.fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus
.
L. sphenocephalus
J.lividum P. fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus
Bd-
J. lividum P. fluorescens,
L. sphenocephalus
Bd
L. sphenocephalus Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus J. lividum P.
fluorescens, Bd
L.
sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus
.
J. lividum P. fluorescens
Bd- L.
sphenocephalus J. lividum P. fluorescens
K
L.
sphenocephalus
et al. .
J. lividum P. fluorescens
L.
sphenocephalus Bd
Bd, L. sphenocephalus
Bd-
Bd
Bd L. sphenocephalus
Bd
J. lividum P.
fluorescens
J. lividum P. fluorescens
Flavobacterium johnsoniae and P. fluorescens Bd- Alytes
obstetricans
Recommendations for future research
Bd
.
.
Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd L.
sphenocephalus
. in vivo
L. sphenocephalus,
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
.
Bd
Bd
L. sphenocephalus J. lividum P. fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens.
Bd
Daphnia magna Bd
L. sphenocephalus
D. magna L. sphenocephalus
Bd.
Bd.
J. lividum P. fluorescens
Bd
L. sphenocephalus with J. lividum P. fluorescens
Bd .
Chapter 3: Addition of J. lividum and P. fluorescens to
BD-Infected L. sphenocephalus
Introduction
Conceptual Framework
.
.
Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis Bd Bd
Bd Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd-
Bd
Bd-
Bd
.
Bd .
. .
Bd
Janthinobacterium lividum
Bd .
Hyla spp.
et al.
Literature review
Bd J. lividum Pseudomonas fluorescens,
in vitro
Bd Bd
J. lividum Bd
P. fluorescens,
Bd
J. lividum
P. fluorescens Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd-
J. lividum P.
fluorescens,
J. lividum P.
fluorescens Bd
Lithobates sphenocephalus in
vitro. L. sphenocephalus Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens
Bd .
Bd , L. sphenocephalus J. lividum P. fluorescens
Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
Bd
Bd J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
L. sphenocephalus Bd
Hypotheses
J. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
Bd Bd L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens. Bd
L. sphenocephalus
.
Bd
L. sphenocephalus
Methodology
Bacterial Exposure of Bd-Infected L. sphenocephalus
Acheta domestica
Bd
L. sphenocephalus.
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
L.
sphenocephalus Bd
Bd
J. lividum
P. fluorescens J. lividum+/P. fluorescens+ J. lividum+/P. fluorescens-
J. lividum-/P. fluorescens +. Bd
Bd J. lividum P.
fluorescens.
Bd
Bd and probiotic quantification
L. sphenocephalus
Bd
Bd
Bd
J lividum P. fluorescens
J. lividum P.
fluorescens
J.
lividum P. fluorescens
AMP collection, purification and quantification
Bd
L. sphenocephalus
.
Statistical Analyses
L. sphenocephalus
N
N
Bd
Results
Bd infection effects on bacterial colonization
J. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
Bd
L.
sphenocephalus J.lividum P. fluorescens.
Bd .
J. lividum P. fluorescens
J. lividum P. fluorescens N
F
p
AMP release during Bd infection and subsequent bacterial exposure
Bd F3,22 p
F3,22 p
F p
F3,22 p Bd
L. sphenocephalus
F p
Bd zoospore loads in response to probiotic intervention
Bd- Bd
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
F p
Bd
Bd J. lividum P. fluorescens
Bd-
J. lividum P. fluorescens L. sphenocephalus
Bd
F p
F p Bd
Bd
Discussion
Discussion of findings, conclusions
Bd- L.
sphenocephalus, J. lividum P. fluorescens
. L. sphenocephalus
J.lividum P.
fluorescens Bd-
.
L. sphenocephalus
L.
sphenocephalus
Bd
Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens
L. sphenocephalus Bd
Bd L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P.
fluorescens
.
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P. fluorescens.
. Bd
Bd L. sphenocephalus
Bd
Bd
L.
sphenocephalus Bd
J.lividum
P.fluorescens
Bd, Bd
Bd
L. sphenocephalus Bd
et al. et al . Lithobates clamitans
Bd ,
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum P.
fluorescens L. sphenocephalus Bd
Bd
L. sphenocephalus Bd
Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
Bd
Bd,
Bd
Bd,
Bd Bd
Recommendations for future research
Bd Bd
.
Bd Bd
in vitro
.
Bd
Bd
Bd
Bd
bd
Bd-
L. sphenocephalus Bd .
J. lividum P. fluorescens
.
Bd
Bd
Bd
J. lividum P.fluorescens
Staphylococcus spp.,
Bd-
L. sphenocephalus
J. lividum
P.fluorescens
J. lividum P. fluorescens Bd
J. lividum P. fluorescens
Bd L. sphenocephalus
L. sphenocephalus Bd
Bd
Bd
L. sphenocephalus Bd
.
Bd-
Bd-
Pseudomonas fluorescens Journal of Bacteriology
Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis Molecular Ecology 22
Applied andEnvironmental Microbiology, 75(21), 6635-6638.
PLoS One 5
Ecohealth 8
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5.10,
The role of cutaneous bacteria in resistance of Australian tropicalrainforest frogs to the amphibian chytrid fungus Batrachochytriumdendrobatidis
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Diseases of AquaticOrganisms 68
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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisPloS one 8
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Janthinobacterium lividumPlethodon cinereus Journal of Chemical Ecology 34
Scientificreports
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisFungal Genetics and
Biology, 49,
Disease ecology: community structure andpathogen dynamics
General andComparative Endocrinology 176
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107
Herpetologica, 63,
Environmental Science & Technology 41
Molecular Biology and Evolution 19
Biotechnology andApplied Biochemistry 48
Rana muscosa Copeia 2001
Journal of Zoo andWildlife Medicine 39
Conservation Biology 26
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 72
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisOikos 118
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 97
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Xenopus laevis Ecotoxicologyand Environmental Safety 71
Nature Reviews Microbiology 10
Freshwater Biology 57
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 83
The ISME Journal 3
Food Control, 32
Archives of Environmental Health: AnInternational Journal 46
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisEmerging Infectious
Diseases 9
Functional Ecology 22
Pseudomonas fluorescens Applied and EnvironmentalMicrobiology 76
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisDiseases of Aquatic Organisms 77
Lactobacillusrhamnosus Lactobacillus reuteri
Candida albicans. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics andGynecology 2012
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Copeia
Microbial Ecology 2
Lithobatescatesbeianus Mycopathologia
Microbiology: Laboratory theory andapplication
PLoS biology 6
Frontiers inMicrobiology 5
The ISME journal 8
Gastroenterology, 121(3),
Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70
The ISME Journal 6
Journal of Hygiene, 38
Annual Reviews in Microbiology,3,
Aquaculture 164
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis BiologicalConservation 152
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisRana muscosa Journal of
Chemical Ecology 38
Nature Protocols 1
Niche construction: theneglected process in evolution
Janthinobacterium lividum Journal of Applied Microbiology 102
Ecology 85
Rana pipiensGlobal Change Biology 18
The Journal ofExperimental Biology 216
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Journal of Wildlife Diseases 43
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisDiseases of Aquatic Organisms 75
Bioscience 59
Microbiology andMolecular Biology Reviews 74
PLoS genetics 9
Immunological reviews 166
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisDevelopmental & Comparative
Immunology 26
Developmental & Comparative Immunology 29
Rana muscosa Developmental &Comparative Immunology 30
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes 1788
Proceedings of the National Academy ofSciences 105
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Diseases ofAquatic Organisms 82
Journal ofHerpetology
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,108(40), .
Aquaculture 256
Ambystoma tigrinumJournal of Wildlife Diseases 44
Fusarium oxysporum Aspergillus Pseudomonas fluorescensJournal of Pharmacy and
Biological Science 1
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Rana pipiensDevelopmental & Comparative
Immunology 33
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16(2),
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Journal of Parasitology 96
Diseases of AquaticOrganisms 77
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisMicrobes and Infection 13
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidisFungal Ecology 4
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Biotropica 43
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Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Diseases of AquaticOrganisms, 77
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