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Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

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Page 1: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Intelligence: Section 2What is Intelligence?Measurement of IntelligenceDifferences in IntelligenceWhat Influences Intelligence?

Page 2: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Objectives Section 21. Define intelligence, and explain the various theories of intelligence.2. Identify various types of intelligence tests, and describe their uses.3. Identify the characteristics of mental retardation and giftedness, and explain the relationship between giftedness and creativity.4. Explain how heredity and the environment influence intelligence.

Page 3: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Key TermsAchievementCreativityGiftedHeritabilityIntelligenceIntelligence QuotientMental AgeMental Retardation

Two-Factor TheoryTriarchic TheoryEmotional IntelligenceCultural Bias

Page 4: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Section 2 – What Is Intelligence?and Intelligence Testing

What it is NOT! – AchievementAchievement refers to knowledge and skills one has gained through experience.Intelligence can provide the basis for achievement.Intelligence can help us achieve by giving us the ability to learn.

Intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with the environment. To acquire new ideas and new behaviors and to adapt to new situations.

Page 5: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Theories of Intelligence

Spearman’s Two-Factor TheoryThurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental AbilitiesGardner’s Theory of Multiple IntelligencesSternberg’s Triarchic TheoryGoleman’s Theory of Emotional Intelligence

Page 6: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Spearman’s Two –Factor Theory

All behaviors we consider to be intelligent have a common underlying factor.g = “general intelligence”Represents the ability to reason and to solve problems.Those that do well in one area usually do well in other areas.

Page 7: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Spearman’s Two –Factor Theory Cont.

Most people are relatively better at certain things than others. (math, music, writing, or reading)s = “specific intelligence”Represents particular abilities of the individual.

Page 8: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Thurstone’s Theory of Primary Mental Abilities

Visual and SpatialPerceptual SpeedNumerical Verbal MeaningMemoryWord FluencyDeductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning

Page 9: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

LinguisticLogical-MathematicalVisual-Spatial Body-KinestheticMusical-RhythmicInterpersonalIntrapersonalNaturalist

Page 10: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Each intelligence if different from one anotherEach is based in different areas of the brainSimilar to Thurstone’s in the types of intelligences discussedDifferent in that Thurstone defines intelligence as collective, while Gardner defines each intelligence as independent from the others.Each intelligence exists side by side, but vary in intensity.Can change over timeRepresent intellectual potential- can be brought out in the right environment

Page 11: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences

Critics of theory feel that some of the areas are talents and not intelligence.

What do you think?

Page 12: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Sternberg’s Triarchic TheoryBelieves that different kinds of intelligence all work together.Triarchic (three-level) Model of Intelligence

Analytic - Problem-solving skillsCreative - Ability to deal with new situationsPractical – Ability to accomplish everyday tasks

Page 13: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Emotional IntelligenceDaniel Goleman – wanted to find out why smart people are not always as successful as might be expected.Argues that our view of human intelligence is far too narrow, ignoring a crucial range of abilities that matter immensely in terms of how we do in life.Points to 5 factors that are involved in success in school or on the job.

Page 14: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

5 Factors of Emotional IntelligenceSelf-awareness – The ability to recognize our own feelings.Mood management (managing emotions) – The ability to distract oneself from an uncomfortable feeling. Involves self-regulation and impulse control.Self-motivation – The ability to move ahead with confidence and enthusiasm.Empathy (Recognizing emotions in others) – The ability to read the subtle social signals that indicate what others need or want. Walk in another’s shoes.Social Skills – The ability to communicate and cooperate with others. People skills

Page 15: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Intelligence TestsStanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)- computed by dividing a child’s mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100Today- Standardized measure of intelligence based on a scale in which 100 is average

Otis-Lennon Ability TestMeasures cognitive abilities related to students ability to learn and succeed in school.Assesses verbal and nonverbal reasoning abilities

Wechsler TestsAssesses verbal and performance Areas scored- vocabulary, information, arithmetic, and picture arrangement

Page 16: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Differences in IntelligenceMental Retardation

Having an IQ score at or below 70Problems with communication, taking care of oneself, social skills, use of leisure time, travel in the community, self-direction, personal hygiene, and vocational training.

Page 17: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Levels of Mental RetardationMildly Handicapped, but educable

80% of retardation is mildIQ range of 55 to 69Not obvious- difficulty as children learning to walk, feed themselves, and talk.Can learn to read and do mathAdults can take care of themselves and hold jobMay need guidance and support

Page 18: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Levels of Mental RetardationModerately Handicapped, but trainable

IQ range of 40-54Can learn to speak, feed and dress themselves, take care of their own hygiene, and work in supportive, supervised conditionsUsually do not learn to read or do mathDown Syndrome people are usually in this rangeAdults are usually not capable of self maintenance

Page 19: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Levels of Mental RetardationSeverely Handicapped

IQ range of 25-39Usually require constant supervisionSome understanding of speech and can respondCan perform daily routines and repetitive activities with continuing direction in a protective environment. EX: self-feeding

Page 20: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Levels of Mental Retardation

Profoundly HandicappedIQ below 25Can barely communicateMay show basic emotional responsesCANNOT feed or dress themselvesTotally dependent on others for their care

Page 21: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Intermediate Care Facility

Handles all levels of mental retardationInstitutional setting Ex: State Hospitals

Parsons State HospitalKansas Neurological Institute (Topeka)

Behavior level may dictate placementGuardians make ultimate decisions

Page 22: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Home & Community Based Service

Handles all levels of mental retardationClients live in a private home setting with support and may work in the community with or without assistance.State of Kansas is moving toward placements in this setting. Shutting down state hospitals for MR.

• ResCare is the largest provider of disability services in the U.S. 38 states and Puerto Rico (Also in Canada & International)

• Job Corps activities as wellResCare website: http://www.rescare.com/index.cfm

Page 23: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Jobs Working with Mentally Retarded

• ResCare structure– Directors in main office ($35,000 - $50,000)– Program Coordinators – Home Managers – manages staff and clients in homes.– Direct support staff –work in homes in 8-12 hour shifts,

starting wage $7.50 an hour. Must have H.S. diploma or GED.

– Case Worker – Bachelors Degree in Psych or related field of study, starting wage $12 an hour.

– Job Coach – helps client in the community with job, starting wage $7.50 an hour.

Page 24: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Behavior Toward Mentally Retarded

• Be supportive• Don’t stare or point• MR clients want to treated like

everyone else

Page 25: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

CausesBefore Birth

During Birth

After Birth

Genetic Disorders

Metabolic Disorders

Page 26: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Causes of Retardation• Accidents resulting in brain damage• Difficulties during childbirth• Abuse of alcohol or drugs by expectant

mothers• Malnourishment or health problems of

expectant mothers• Genetic disorders like Down Syndrome

For more information consult the website below:http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001523.htm

Page 27: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Giftedness• IQ of 130 of above• Possess outstanding talent• Show the potential for performing at remarkably

high levels of accomplishment in comparison to others of the same age, experience, or environment

• Factors of motivation and creativity may play a role• Areas considered: music, language, math, science,

leadership, creativity, visual or performing arts, etc.• Important to provide early intervention and rich,

varied learning opportunities to develop full potential

Page 28: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Creativity• Linked to giftedness, but do not need to be

gifted to be highly creative.• Ability to invent new solutions to problems

or create original or ingenious materials.• Savant- a person who has mental

retardation or autism yet who exhibits extraordinary skill or brilliance in a certain field. (Rain Man)

• Intelligence does not guarantee creativity.• Creativity means being flexible, original,

mentally agile (quick thinking).• Usually creative people are very expressive

of their emotions, playful, and independent.

Page 29: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

What Influences Intelligence?Nature vs. Nurture

• Many psychologist believe that both heredity and environment influence intelligence.– 45% believe that differences in IQ scores among

people reflect both genetic and environmental factors.

– 15% believe that these differences reflect environmental factors alone.

– 1% believe that intelligence is determined entirely by genetic factors.

– 24% believe that there is not enough research info. to support any particular opinion.

– Survey by Snyderman and Rothman (1987,1990)

Page 30: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Genetic Influences on Intelligence• Kinship Studies

– Heritability- is the extent to which variations in a trait from person to person can be explained by genetic factors.• Most studies suggest suggest heritability is 40-

70% • Identical Twin studies show scores are more

similar than any other groups of people even when they are raised apart in different environments.

• Moderate similarity exists for fraternal twins, siblings, and parents.

• Similarities are weak between children and those unrelated.

Page 31: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Genetic Influences on Intelligence• Adoptee Studies

– Compared adopted children’s IQ to biological parents and adoptive parents

– Found more similarity between biological parents and children. Reinforces the role of heritability and genetics.

– Some psychologist argue that stressing genetics alone will undermine the efforts of teachers and parents to help children develop skills and knowledge.

Page 32: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Environmental Influences on Intelligence

• Some studies show that IQ scores are more alike for pairs of people who are reared together than for pairs reared apart.

• True for identical twins, brothers and sisters, and those unrelated.

• Suggests environment plays a role.• Home environment, parenting style,

schooling, etc.

Page 33: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Home and Parenting• Parents are emotionally and verbally

responsive to children’s needs.• Parents provide enjoyable and educational

toys.• Parents are involved in children’s activities.• Parents provide varied daily experiences

during preschool years.• Home is organized and safe.• Parents encourage independence-make own

decisions and solve own problems

Page 34: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Preschool Programs – Head Start• Shown to increase IQ scores, achievement

tests scores, and academic skills• Long term effects include: participants are

less likely to repeat a grade or be placed in classes for slow learners.

• More likely to graduate from high school, attend college, and earn more money.

• Less likely to be a juvenile delinquent or be on welfare.

Page 35: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Adults and Intelligence• Older adults show some drop-off in

intelligence on IQ tests, especially timed tests.

• Vocabulary expands through life.• Intellectual functioning linked to

environmental factors.– Income, education, stimulating job history, intact

family life, travel, reading, cultural experience, marriage to spouse with high intellect, flexible personality.

– The more factors present the higher the level of intellectual functioning.

Page 36: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Family Size and IQ

• See page 356 More About…..• Brightest children came from the

smallest families with few brothers or sisters when they were born.

• 1st born children were usually brighter• Possible reasons- Less time with parents

and more time with siblings• IQ suffered, but interpersonal skills

improved

Page 37: Intelligence: Section 2 What is Intelligence? Measurement of Intelligence Differences in Intelligence What Influences Intelligence?

Cultural Bias –Problems w/ Tests• The wording used in questions may be

more familiar to people of one social group than to another group.

• Some test have been biased because they assess accumulated knowledge, which is dependent on a child’s environment and opportunities in that environment.

• Very hard to make a totally unbiased test because all tests are based on the assumptions of a particular culture.

• See Page 357 example Figure 13.10