Intel ProcessorsIntel Processors

Gunjan Gupta10BEC112Nirma University

OutlineOutline

Evolution of Intel MicroprocessorsScaling from 4004 to Core i7 (Processors which changed the world)Courtesy of Intel n Wikipedia

40044004

First microprocessor (Nov 15, 1971)

For Busicom calculatorCharacteristics

10 mm processPMOS 2300 transistors400 – 800 kHz4-bit word size16-pin DIP package

80088008

8-bit follow-on (Apr 1,1972)Dumb terminals

Characteristics10 mm processEnhancement load PMOS logic3500 transistors500 – 800 kHz8-bit word size18-pin DIP package

Note 8-bit data pathsIndividual transistors visible

80808080

16-bit address bus (Apr 1,1974)

Used in Altair computerTraffic light controllerCruise missile

Characteristics6 mm processEnhancement load NMOS logic6000 transistors2 MHz8-bit word size40-pin DIP package10X the performance of the 8008

8086/80888086/8088

16-bit processor (June ,1978-9)

IBM PC and PC XTRevolutionary productsIntroduced x86 ISA

Characteristics3 mm process29k transistors5-10 MHz16-bit word size40-pin DIP package

10X the performance of 8080

8028680286

Virtual memory (Feb 1,1982)

IBM PC-ATCharacteristics

1.5 mm process134k transistors6-12 MHz16-bit word size

Regular data-paths andROMsBit-slices clearly visible3-6X the performance of the 8086

8038680386

32-bit processor (Oct 17,1985)

Modern x86 ISACharacteristics

1 mm process275k transistors16-33 MHz32-bit word size100-pin PGA(Pin Grid Array)

32-bit data-path,microcode ROM,synthesized control

8048680486

Pipelining (Apr 10,1989)

Floating point unit8 KB cache

Characteristics1-0.6 mm process1.2M transistors25-100 MHz32-bit word size168-pin PGA

Cache, Integer datapath,FPU, microcode,synthesized control

50X performance of the 8088

PentiumPentium

Superscalar architecture (Mar 22, 1993)2 instructions per cycleSeparate 8KB I$ & D$

Characteristics0.8-0.35 mm process3.2M transistors60-300 MHz32-bit word size296-pin PGA

Caches, datapath,FPU, control

Runs on 5 volts

Pentium Pro / II / IIIPentium Pro / II / III

Dynamic execution (Nov 1995-9)3 micro-ops / cycleOut of order execution16-32 KB I$ & D$Multimedia instructionsPIII adds 256+ KB L2$

Characteristics0.6-0.18 mm process5.5M-28M transistors166-1000 MHz32-bit word size

Pentium 4Pentium 4

Deep pipeline (Nov 20,2000)Very fast clock256-1024 KB L2$

Characteristics180 – 65 nm process42-125M transistors1.4-3.4 GHzUp to 160 W32/64-bit word size478-pin PGA

Units start to becomeinvisible on this scale

Pentium MPentium M

Pentium III derivative (2002)Better power efficiency1-2 MB L2$

Characteristics130 – 90 nm process140M transistors0.9-2.3 GHz6-25 W32-bit word size478-pin PGA

Cache dominates chip area

2005-Present2005-Present

Core2 DuoCore2 Duo

Dual core (July 27,2006)1-2 MB L2$ / core

Characteristics65-45 nm process291M transistors1.6-3+ GHz65 W32/64 bit word size775 pin LGA

Much better performance/power efficiency

Core i7Core i7

Quad core (& more) (Nov 17,2008)Refinement of Core architecture2 MB L3$ / core

Characteristics45-32 nm process731M transistors2.66-3.33+ GHzUp to 130 W32/64 bit word size1366-pin LGAMultithreading

On-die memory controller

AtomAtom

Low power CPU for netbooksPentium-style architecture512KB+ L2$

Characteristics45-32 nm process47M transistors0.8-1.8+ GHz1.4-13 W32/64-bit word size441-pin FCBGA

Low voltage (0.7 – 1.1 V) operationExcellent performance/power

SummarySummary

104 increase in transistor count, clock frequency over 3 decades!

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