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About this book, editors and contributors About this book The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation is investing in soil health as an important component of the African Green Revolution, a thrust that is intended to bring food security and improve the living standards of millions of poor, small-scale farmers in sub-Sahara Africa. During 2007, the Foundation commissioned the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT to develop a series of concept papers and technical reports on Integrated Soil Fertility Management for its internal use in designing an African Soil Health Initiative. In response to that challenge, a team of fifteen experts was drawn from Africa and elsewhere to prepare these reports that later served as the structure for the development of this book, an effort that was further assisted by a grant from the Foundation. This grant permitted 4000 copies of this book to be printed by the United Nations of Nairobi Printing Unit and distributed free-of-charge to development specialists, educators, extension specialists and agricultural scientists throughout Africa. Those requiring a copy of this book are invited to contact TSBF-CIAT in Nairobi. About the editors Nteranya Sanginga is the Director of the Tropical Soil Biology Fertility Institute of the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture. Prior to TSBF-CIAT, he served Leader of the Savanna Program at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. From 1987 to 1989 he was a research officer at the International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf Laboratory in Vienna. A Congolese citizen, he obtained his Ph.D. in 1985 specializing in Agronomy and Soil Microbiology jointly from the Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium, and the Institut Facultaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Yangambi in The Democratic Republic of Congo. Dr. Sanginga has more than nineteen years of agricultural research and development experience in Africa, published over 120 articles in peer-reviewed journals and has received the International Foundation Sven Brohult Award for his contribution to agricultural and agroforestry research. Email: [email protected] Paul L. Woomer holds a Ph.D. in Agronomy and Soil Science awarded by the University of Hawaii in 1990. Since then he has lived in Kenya and worked within various capacities as a TSBF Program Scientist in UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme, Carbon Sequestration Team Leader in the CGIAR Alternatives to Slash and Burn Consortium, Visiting Lecturer in national public universities in Kenya, Uganda and Malawi, Visiting Scientist with the Sustainable Centre for Research, Extension and Development in Africa and presently serves as a Technical Advisor to the Forum for Organic Resource Management and Agricultural Technology in Nairobi, Kenya. Dr. Woomer has published five books and over 100 articles in scientific and agricultural trade journals. Email: [email protected] About the contributors (in alphabetical order) Andre Bationo is the Director of the West Africa Programme of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa. Prior to that he served as Leader of the Pan African Network of Soil Biology and Fertility (AfNet) of the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT. He has received many awards including the 2009 IFA International Crop Nutrition Award, an Honorary Doctorate from Uppsala University for contribution towards soil fertility research and capacity building in Africa and the Principal Staff Achievement Award for 2004 from CIAT. He has supervised over 100 students and delivered numerous lectures at the University of Niamey, Niger, the University of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso and the National University of Rwanda. He has


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organized many short-term training courses on participatory research, nutrient monitoring, decision support systems and use of isotope techniques in agriculture. He has edited four books and authored or over 300 journal articles. Email: [email protected] Jonas Chianu received a Ph.D. in Agricultural Economics in 2000 from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria and Christian-Albrechts-Universitaet, Germany. His is presently a Senior Researcher at TSBF-CIAT in Nairobi, taking the lead in financial and economic analysis of ISFM technologies and farmers’ decision-making on reinvestment. Prior to joining CIAT-TSBF, Chianu worked as Deputy Coordinator of Rural Sector Enhancement Program a Research Associate and a Research Assistant at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture in Nigeria between 1987 and 2001 and at the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science at Kyoto University between 2001 and 2003. Dr. Chianu has over 90 publications with about 45 in scientific journals and received several awards from the Global Forum for Agricultural Research (2006), Project Concern International (2006), and the African Network for Soil Biology and Fertility (2007). Email: [email protected] Ken Giller is a Professor of Plant Production Systems at Wageningen University, Department of Plant Sciences. He leads a group of scientists with wide experience in systems analysis and simulation modelling. Currently he is leader of the interdisciplinary project "Competing Claims on Natural Resources: Overcoming Mismatches in Resource Use from a Multi-Scale Perspective”, and he led the EU-funded project on "Exploring tradeoffs around farming livelihoods and the environment: the Africa NUANCES framework" from 2004-2008. Ken was formerly Professor of Soil Science at the University of Zimbabwe (1998-2001). Prior to that he held a professorship at the University of London (Wye College). He has worked extensively in tropical regions of Asia and Latin America, but his focus for the past 15 years has been on smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Ken has supervised more than 40 Ph.D. students, including 20 from Africa. He has written five books and over 170 papers in peer-reviewed, international journals. Email: [email protected] Rao Idupulapati is a Plant Nutritionist and Physiologist at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia. He worked from 1979 to 1981 as a Plant Physiologist at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics in India. He received his Post-doctoral training from 1981 to 1989 at the University of Illinois and the University of California. He joined CIAT in 1989 and during the 19 years he has dedicated his research efforts towards the adaptation of tropical crops and forages, development of screening methods for stress resistant germplasm, and the integration of crops with livestock production systems. He is the author of over 90 refereed journal articles and 35 book chapters. Email: [email protected] Didier Lesueur received a Ph.D. in Plant-Soil-Microorganism Interactions from the University of Paris VI (Pierre et Marie Curie) in 1992. He then moved to CIRAD in France (1992-1996) and Senegal (1996-2004). In September 2004, CIRAD seconded him to TSBF-CIAT to lead soil microbiology activities. His main interests are biological nitrogen fixation, inoculation of tree legumes in agroforestry and functional microbial diversity in relation to N and C cycling. He has co-authored over 25 referred journal articles or book chapters and has trained five Ph.D. students and 15 M.Sc. students from Europe and Africa. Email: [email protected] Roel Merckx is Professor in Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition and Department Head in Earth and Environmental Sciences of Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium. The main mission of this department is to conduct state-of-the-art research on ecosystems at different spatial and temporal scales, including the interaction between humans and the environment. For the past 20 years, his research has concentrated on soil-plant relationships in weathered soils of the tropics.


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In addition to long-standing association with the IITA and TSBF-CIAT, collaboration has been established with a large number of universities and research institutes in Sub-Sahara Africa and Southeast Asia. Before joining the Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, he was a research scientist for the Directorate for Agricultural Research at Wageningen, The Netherlands. Roel has supervised more than 30 Ph.D. students, and has authored or co-authored over 200 papers in peer-reviewed, international journals. Email: [email protected] Uzo Mokwunye, Prior to retirement, Professor Mokwunye served as the Director of the United Nations University Institute for Natural Resources in Africa (UNU-INRA). He received professional training in Agronomy, Biochemistry and Analytical Chemistry from the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio and the University of Illinois at Champaign/Urbana, receiving a Ph.D. from the latter in 1972. He specializes in human and agricultural resource management with particular interest in the use of phosphorus in the soils of tropical Africa. During 1981-87, he was the leader of the phosphorus program at IFDC and led the team that worked on the management of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1987, he helped establish the Africa Division of the International Fertilizer Development Center located in Lome, Togo. He served as the Chairman of the Governing Board of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics for three years. During 2003-2005, he chaired the Committee of Center Board Chairs of the CGIAR. . He is also a member of the Advisory Board of the Africa Bureau of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Professor Mokwunye is a Fellow of the World Academy of Arts and Sciences and currently chairs the Management Committee of the Kano Pilot Learning Site of the sub-Saharan African Challenge Program. He has edited four books and has authored over 100 journal articles. Email: [email protected] Omo Ohiokpehai holds a Ph.D. in Food Science and joined CIAT-TSBF in 2005 to support its soybean promotion. Prior to this, she worked in the public and private sectors designing economical, nutritionally complete meals intended for vulnerable groups. Over the past three years, Omo has focused upon innovative processing of soybean by small-scale women farmers and the marketing of these value-added products. Omo had consulted extensively in the area of nutrition and food processing for the past 20 years in Africa. She has over 50 papers in peer-reviewed international journals. Email: [email protected] Frank Place received a Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Wisconsin in 1988. He worked at the World Bank between 1988-1991 and for the Land Tenure Center at the University of Wisconsin between 1992-1994, focusing on agricultural development in Africa. He then joined the World Agroforestry Centre where he has been an economist, theme leader, and head of impact assessment at various times through 2009. His main areas of research are rural poverty, property rights, adoption of agroforestry, soil fertility and sustainable land management. His field experiences are mainly in Africa, spanning east, south, central and west sub-regions. He has co-authored five books, has over 50 referred journal articles or book chapters and is an Associate Editor of Agricultural Systems. Email: [email protected] Pieter Pypers is a soil scientist that joined TSBF-CIAT in 2006 to backstop the institute’s work in Central and East-Africa. He focuses on crop nutrition and understanding soil conditions affecting technology adaptation. Before joining TSBF-CIAT, he conducted research in IITA where he examined phosphorus use efficiency of grain legumes. He obtained a Ph.D. in Bio-engineering Sciences at Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium. Email: [email protected] Tabo Ramadjita is the Assistant Director of ICRISAT West and Central Africa and a cropping systems agronomist based in Niamey, Niger. He obtained a Ph.D. in Agronomy and Plant


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Genetics from the University of Arizona in 1985. Dr Tabo is a member of Pan-African START Committee and Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Tabo contributed to the award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize as a member of the IPCC. He coordinates the Desert Margins Program on arresting land degradation and conserving biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa and a Challenge Program project on enhancing rainwater and nutrient use efficiency in the Volta Basin. His research activities include improvement of cereal-based cropping systems, promotion of fertilizer micro-dosing and the inventory credit system, integrated crop-livestock systems in the dry savannas of West Africa, adaptation to climate variability and mitigation of land degradation. Tabo has published over 70 papers in scientific journals and co-supervised more than 20 M.Sc. and Ph.D. students. Email: [email protected]

Pascal Sanginga is a Senior Programme Specialist for Rural Poverty and Environment at the International Development Research Centre. He has accumulated progressive experience in agricultural and natural resource management in sub-Saharan Africa over the last 15 years. Before joining IDRC, he was a social scientist working with CIAT on participatory natural resources management and rural innovation systems in Eastern, Central And Southern Africa. Prior to that, he also worked as a postgraduate fellow with the CGIAR programme on participatory research and gender analysis and the African Highlands Initiative. He was a graduate research fellow at the IITA where he obtained a Ph.D. in Rural Sociology from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Dr. Sanginga has published over 20 scientific papers and recently co-edited a book on “Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers’ Livelihoods”. Email: [email protected]

Canon N. Savala received an M.Sc. degree from the University of Nairobi Department of Soil Science in 2000 for his studies on earthworm composts. He presently serves as a Farm Liaison Specialist with the Forum for Organic Resource Management and Agricultural Technologies at its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya. Some of Mr. Savala’s accomplishments include the production of several short documentaries on crop management aired over Kenyan television, the development and distribution of training and extension booklets on striga management and editing the book “Organic Resource Management in Kenya” (2003). Email: [email protected] Keith Shepherd is Principal Soil Scientist at the World Agroforestry Centre in Nairobi, Kenya. He has 30 years of experience on soil management in developing countries, including at the International Centre for Research in the Dry Areas in Syria and the International Rice Research Institute in the Philippines. He has also conducted adaptive research in Swaziland and Darfur, Sudan. In Swaziland he established a research program on agronomy for semi-arid areas and introduced soil conservation tillage practices. In Syria he developed a quantitative understanding of crop growth and yield responses to fertilizers in different Mediterranean agro-ecological zones which resulted in new fertilizer extension programmes for the dry zones. In the Philippines, Dr. Shepherd developed improved strategies for water and nitrogen management in rice-based systems. In the Sudan, he worked in integrated rural development, contributing to a millet and sorghum breeding program for western Sudan. At ICRAF, he has developed improved methods for on-farm agroforestry research, improved understanding of constraints to improved soil fertility management on smallholder farms, and developed new methods for land degradation assessment. Dr Shepherd is presently leading research on low-cost methods for rapid soil and plant analysis using infrared spectroscopy. Dr. Shepherd holds a Ph.D. in Agricultural Botany from the University of Reading in the UK. Email: [email protected] Eric Smaling studied Soil Science at Wageningen University in The Netherlands, obtaining his Ph.D. in 1993 that described soil nutrient balances and land management in Africa. Before that, he spent five years as a researcher in development projects in Indonesia, Kenya and West Africa. He was a Professor of Soil Inventory and Land Evaluation at Wageningen University, and


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currently is a Professor of Sustainable Agriculture at the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC). He regularly serves as a consultant for FAO, the World Bank, and the centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. He also writes children’s books on topics relating to food and agriculture. Since 2007, he has served as a member of the Senate of The Netherlands. Email: [email protected]. Bernard Vanlauwe is the Leader of the ISFM Outcomes Programme at TSBF-CIAT. He joined TSBF-CIAT 2001 and is currently studying the development, adaptation, and dissemination of ISFM options in various agro-ecological zones of sub-Saharan Africa. Prior to this, he worked at IITA in Nigeria (1991-2000) and Katholieke Universiteit, Leuven, Belgium (1989-1991), focusing on the mechanisms underlying nutrient and soil organic matter dynamics in tropical agro-ecosystems. He has published over 70 papers in scientific journals and co-supervised over 30 M.Sc. and 10 Ph.D. students. Email: [email protected] Dorothy Wambui served as a Publication Production Assistant with FORMAT, preparing many of the graphics and compiling the references appearing in this book. She holds a B.Sc. from Kenyatta University’s Department of Health Sciences in Nairobi, Kenya. Email: [email protected]


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Index acacia 62, 250 acidity 2, 20, 23, 35, 36, 51, 59, 66, 153, 154,165 Acrisol 6, 98, 105 Actinomycetes 58, 64 African Fertilizer Summit 1, 15, 23, 68

agricultural production 53, 139 agricultural value chain 11, 210

agro-dealers 140, 186, 204 agroforestry options 75 agro-industrial by-products 43, 44, 254 agro-mineral 31-39

mining 38 processing 38 sources 31-36

agronomic efficiency (AE) 18-21, 49-51 alley farming 6, 7, 40 aluminum 153 anectic feeding 55, 59 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) 54, 62 banana 62, 109-111 Benin 10, 32, 44, 48, 61, 93, 104 best bet technologies 68, 92, 136, 162, 163 best management 38, 81, 158, 210 biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) 52-54 boron (B) 122, 123, 125, 127 Bradyrhizobium 53, 61, 153 bunds 83 Burkina Faso 8, 32, 79-85, 87, 89, 159, 193 burning 42, 76, 83, 98, 114, 116, 119, 125, 154 bush fallow 98, 99, 100, 111 calcium (Ca) 22, 24, 34, 35, 104, 122, 123, 124, 125, 152, 180, 213 calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) 24, 30, 35, 136, 156, 159 Cameroon 32, 79, 98, 100, 111, 206 capacity building 5, 141, 184-189, 191, 192, 194, 196, 197, 200, 216

farmer 143, 189-191 institutional 141-143, 185-189 primary school 184 research system 143 scientific 187-189 secondary school 184 university 188

carbon (C) 13, 16, 47, 49, 52, 53, 83, 98, 113, 117, 122, 129, 131, 132, 153, 157-161, 175, 188, 198, 211 cash crop 4, 11, 24, 26, 27, 89, 90, 94, 105, 109, 134, 136, 142, 159, 167, 168, 173, 206, 207 Casaurina 53, 54 cassava 100-105 management 100-102

nutrient requirement 102-104 production 101-102

cation exchange capacity (CEC) 80, 83, 104, 125 Center of Excellence 143, 215, 216 Central Africa 88, 97, 100, 111 clay 80, 83, 97, 110, 124, 153

climate 29, 31, 40, 68, 73,74, 76, 78, 81, 82, 88, 89, 100, 104, 107, 117, 131, 133, 157, 160, 198, 211 cobalt (Co) 122, 123, 127 cocoa 97, 159 coffee 4, 26, 43, 45, 56, 65, 88, 97, 136, 159, 189, 196 Cambisol 79, 97 common bean 53, 102, 103, 115, 154, 179 compost 8, 20, 30, 37, 46-49, 65, 66, 74, 77, 84, 82, 90, 91, 95, 109, 110, 136, 155, 169

fortified 20, 37, 47, 48 principles 47

compound fertilizer 65, 66, 134 Conservation Agriculture (CA) 112-120

advantages 117 practices 113-116 principles 113-116 shortcomings 118-120 transition to 117, 118

conservation tillage 113, 212 contour structures 82, 152, 155 copper (Cu) 122, 123, 126, 130, 136, 137 Cote D’Ivoire 32, 58, 105 110, 111 cover crops 69, 71, 72, 77, 100, 114 cowpea 43, 53, 68, 81, 89, 91-94, 102-104, 110, 115, 153, 178, 179, 206, 208 crop diversification 11 livestock interactions 71, 90, 94 productivity 7, 13-15, 37, 66, 81, 83, 85, 102, 111,

123, 156, 161, 179, 206 residues 44, 45, 49-51 rotation 58, 74, 77, 106, 112, 114, 118, 119 sequencing 114, 115 decision-making 133, 167, 168, 169, 180 190, 214 decomposition 47-49, 52 development agendas 27, 105, 175, 186, 196, 197, 211, 215 diagnosis 27, 110, 122, 123, 128, 131, 132, 154, 164, 188, 190

approaches 127 field test strips 127-128 laboratory analysis 129-131 models 131-132 non-test factors 131 soil analysis 128-131 surveillance 164, 165 test kits 128-129

diammonium phosphate (DAP) 24, 30, 35, 47, 48, 136, 137, 159, 170, 187 dolomite 30, 31, 34, 35, 147, 159, 213 drought 17, 28, 29, 54, 63, 72, 79-81, 83, 85, 88, 106, 109, 127, 134, 136, 143, 154, 156, 212 drylands 29, 81, 82, 86, 117, 158, 178 earthworms 48, 59, 62, 63 East Africa 26, 33-35, 67, 88-90, 95, 109, 206 economic incentives 195 egusi melon 99


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endogeic feeding 55 environmental benefits 51, 112, 117, 119 degredation 80 impacts 36, 39 epigeic feeding 48, 55, 59, 63, 170 extension agents 131, 172 farm associations 184, 185 ergonomics 172-174 households 25, 74, 86, 96, 138, 143-145, 156, 174,

177, 182, 192, 194, 195, 206 input supply 13, 14, 16, 23, 24, 33, 65, 67, 69-71,

84, 142, 144, 146, 186, 187, 195, 201, 208, 217 labor 83, 167, 168, 172 occupational safety 174-175 farmer organizations 25, 37, 107, 128, 134, 140, 144-146, 151, 171, 184, 200, 208 farming systems 16, 20 44, 45, 53, 59, 70, 76, 78, 81, 95, 99, 111, 112, 134, 139, 146, 155, 157, 160-162, 174, 179, 197, 199, 211, 214 feeding behavior 55 feldspar 35 Ferralsol 97, 98, 103 fertilizer

adoption 25, 26 adulteration 22 advice 17, 130, 137

application 13, 26, 29, 46, 50, 51, 71, 72, 84-86, 115, 154, 160, 162, 180, 187, 206, 213 blends 84, 137, 146, 182, 187 broadcast 84 cost 136 consumption 22, 23, 81, 89, 134, 150 forms 65 guidelines 131 imports31, 133 inputs 20, 21, 25, 29, 38, 136, 151 management 22, 25, 70, 108, 127, 181, 205 marketing 25, 137, 170, 205 prices 24, 67, 68, 122, 150, 151, 160 quality 27, 28 recommendation 22-30 repackaging 143, 206 response 128, 133, 137, 157, 162

flooding 109, 117, 161 forest margin 76-78, 80, 104 fungi 54, 56, 59, 62, 65, 103, 111, 124, 154 gender equity 174-176 geographic information systems (GIS) 164, 188, 189, 214, 216 Ghana 32, 89, 98, 101, 102, 104, 111, 118, 136, 159, 168, 186 grain legume 44, 53, 68, 70, 73, 93, 110, 193, 196 grassland 22, 44, 79, 88, 158 grazing 40, 44, 71, 72, 77, 90, 94, 95, 119, 194 green manure 24, 44, 46, 48, 49, 53, 72, 73, 100, 106, 109, 114, 125 Green Revolution 17, 133, 139, 167, 199

groundnut 20, 35, 43, 53, 68, 81, 89-92, 99, 102, 104, 110, 115, 142, 146, 169, 179, 180, 208, 212 guano 32, 34, 36, 39, 65, 66 Guinea savanna 50, 58, 88, 93, 94, 159 Guineo-Congolian forest 88, 97 gypsum 31, 34, 35, 126, 137, 147, 213 half moon 29, 82 hand

shelling 42, 148, 173, 204 tools 75 weeding 106, 120, 147, 173

household food security 203, 211, 227

nutrition 44, 68, 69, 102, 172, 177, 178 highlands 61, 88, 208 hired labor 61, 88, 208 human disease 67 human resource development 38 humid forest zone 78, 97-100, 105-109, 111 improved fallow 15, 29, 44, 77, 90, 95, 99, 109, 111, 112, 115, 120 India 32, 62, 63, 93, 117, 172, 178 indigenous nutrient supply 108, 212 igneous deposits 33, 212 inoculant 37, 54, 57, 58, 60-62, 65-67, 71, 72, 94, 96, 146, 173, 210-212, 217 Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 102, 111 Integrated Soil Fertility Management (ISFM)

adoption 144, 145, 149-152, 197, 211 packages 74, 144, 146, 147, 151, 205 paradigm 15, 16, 217 products 65-78, 96, 151, 216 promotion 146, 151, 178, 197, 201 principles 50, 76, 79, 105, 135, 214, 216 policies 194, 196 strategy 106, 211-217

investment 6, 10, 11, 104, 105, 196 iron (Fe) 34, 57, 107, 126, 129, 130, 181 irrigation 81, 106-108, 133, 195 Kenya 20, 23-26, 32-34, 36, 38, 44, 47, 50, 53, 58, 61, 63, 67, 85, 88-91, 101, 109, 130, 131, 133-137, 147-149, 159, 162, 169, 177, 178, 191, 194, 198, 201-208 Lablab 43, 68, 69, 72, 146, 179, 182 land

conservation 13, 150 reclamation 107

laboratory analysis 129-132 rehabilitation 189

leaching 46, 49, 75, 106, 124-126, 146, 155, 156, 158, 160, 165 legume intercrop 20, 72, 73, 77, 90, 91, 95, 186, 203, 204,

212 production 52, 70, 73, 88, 95, 211 varieties 53, 93, 95, 96, 193 lignin 40-43, 45-47 limestone 30-32, 34, 38, 63, 96, 73, 117, 134, 137, 147


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liming 34, 35, 85, 104, 124-127, 169 litter 43, 46, 55, 63, 73, 83, 169 livestock manure 40, 45, 78, 85, 110, 120, 134, 145, 181, 194, 208 livestock-crop interactions 71, 72 lowland rice 106-109 Luvisol 79, 97, 98, 104 magnesium (Mg) 22, 26, 30, 34, 36, 43, 47, 80, 98, 104, 111, 125, 129, 130, 135-137, 181 Malawi 32, 35, 44, 84, 88, 89, 93, 101, 134, 136, 137, 168, 193, 194, 197, 201, 206 Mali 31-33, 79-81, 84, 87, 92, 105, 159, 162, 206 manganese (Mn) 107, 126, 129, 130, 137 manure

application 29, 49 collection 81 management 46, 74, 81, 154, 155, 173 quality 72, 77, 95 storage 95

market access 25, 90, 148, 201, 207, 212 bottlenecks 200, 201 compartmentalization 199-201 development 33, 139, 168, 195, 200, 201, 211 information 200, 202, 207-209 input-output 195, 198-201, 207

linkage 86, 140, 167, 194, 195, 201, 205-207, 211, 216

market-led extension 193, 207-208, 215 marketing associations 148, 185 micro-dosing 28, 71, 84, 86, 87, 147, 205, 206, 211, 212 microbial biomass 47, 118, 153 microsymbiont 52, 58, 153 Millenium Development Goals (MDG) 175-176 millet 79-89, 92, 136, 150, 162, 178, 205 millipedes 54, 55, 62, 63 mineralization 18, 40, 52, 54, 76, 110, 113, 117, 119, 188 minimum tillage75, 175 Minjingu mine 34 models 108, 122, 131, 132, 134, 165, 185, 213, 214 molybdenum (Mo) 126, 127, 137, 122, 123 Mozambique 32, 87, 89, 93, 101, 134 Mucuna 43, 44, 61, 72, 104, 106, 115 mulch 110, 11, 114, 117, 119, 120 Mycorrhizae 62 Niger 32, 79-87, 92, 107, 139 Nigeria 26, 32, 50, 53, 57, 59, 79, 89, 92-94, 98, 100-105, 111, 136, 168, 172, 195, 198, 206, 208, 212 Nitisol 27, 157 nitrogen (N) 122-124

availability 85, 123, 146 deficiency 105, 124, 125, 126 depletion 53 fertilizer 28, 36, 56, 66, 74, 106, 146, 155, 156 management 108, 146 top-dress 71, 72, 115, 126, 156, 173, 211

nodulation 15, 53, 58, 59, 60, 61, 65, 68-71, 74, 93, 123, 127, 153, 155

no-till 119, 120 nutrient acquisition 52, 59, 65, 74

allocation 97-99 availability 16, 26, 49, 57, 75, 119, 124 balance 92, 134, 159, 161, 181, 196, 207 cycling 15, 16, 104, 129, 198 concentration 33, 40, 45, 46, 49, 122, 212 deficiency symptoms 123, 127, 152, 155

depletion 3, 13, 16, 37, 89, 102, 104, 107, 109, 111, 130, 135, 143, 158, 160, 162, 214 disorders 123, 136 elements 122

loss 17, 19, 37, 71, 77, 83, 95, 100, 102, 103, 108, 156, 170, 213

management 13, 17, 29, 30, 82, 83, 105, 108, 111, 175, 185, 186, 213

recycling 5, 42, 55, 71, 72, 76, 77, 90, 94, 95, 95, 104, 110, 111, 119, 120, 153, 154 replenishment 37, 38, 68, 91, 130, 147 retention 18, 30, 50, 75, 79, 83, 115 requirement 18, 19, 27, 38, 49 130

supply 7, 13, 14, 26, 36, 52, 106, 108, 110, 131, 133, 135, 212

use efficiency 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 50,71, 74, 105, 108, 118, 129, 131, 157, 160

operations 46, 76, 83, 144 organic

farming 76-78, 117 fertilizer 6, 7, 28, 37, 49, 52, 53, 119, 136, 169, 170,

207 resource allocation 51 resource management 13, 25, 40-51, 78, 83, 85,

105, 133, 134, 137, 154 resource quality 40-42 paradigm 14-16, 211, 217 partnership 67, 94-96, 141, 175, 197 peat 32, 36, 39 pests 17, 52, 61, 62, 68-70, 102, 106, 108, 109, 110, 115, 116, 128, 133, 154, 187 pH 30, 35, 54, 57, 65, 66, 75, 80, 104, 107, 124, 125-127, 129, 147, 152, 153, 159, 213 phosphate rock 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 85, 212

sources 31-34 phosphorus (P)

availability 37, 50, 85, 124 deficiency 33, 103, 104, 214. fertilizer 9, 26, 31, 50, 59, 92, 103, 162 immobilization 22

pigeon pea 53, 89, 90, 92, 93, 102, 104, 115, 178, 179, 182 plant

deficiency symptoms 127, 152 disease 57, 109 growth promoting bacteria 56, 57

plantain 99, 100, 104, 109, 207 policy

formulation 189, 193, 196, 197 platforms 196 realms 193-195


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policymakers 16, 70, 71, 141-143, 187, 192, 193, 198, 214 pollution 13, 49, 158, 160 polyphenol 40, 41, 43, 46, 47 potassium (K) 122-124

cloride (KCl) 30, 35, 37, 130, 136 deficiency 35, 124, 125 fertilizer 106, 109, 110, 111, 125, 136,

poverty reduction 175, 197, 199, 201, 216 project design 144-156

clients 149-151 costs 149-151 impacts 144, 149-151

public-private partnership 95, 96 pumice 32, 36, 65, 66 pyrite 31, 34, 35 quality control standards 147, 189, 193, 201-204, 210 rainfall 8, 10, 22, 23, 46, 72, 73, 79-83, 86, 88, 89, 97, 98, 103, 105, 106, 116, 117, 127, 138, 146, 148, 156, 160 bimodal 24, 73, 74, 88, 97, 116

mono-modal 72, 73, 79, 88, 146 recommendation domains 23, 162, 214, 215 resource endowment 13, 15, 17, 24-28, 74, 89, 160-163, 177, 178, 213 relay cropping 106, 114 Rhizobium 52, 56, 58, 60 rice 105-109 riparian strips 152, 155 root

disease 69, 155 disorders 154 nodules 52, 53, 56, 58, 60, 109, 123, 127, 153

rural development agenda 27, 175, 186, 211, 215 projects 168, 188 specialist 3, 34, 134, 167, 174, 192, 216 Sahelian countries 81 drylands 79, 80 soils 80, 83 salt peter 35, 36 sand dunes 53, 54 savanna 5, 91, 92 sedimentary deposits 33, 34, 38, 85, 212 seed systems 3, 95, 196, 198, 211, 216 semi-arid 79, 80, 81, 86, 87 Senegal 31-34, 53, 61, 79, 80, 83 Sesbania rostrata53, 109 sesban 43 shifting cultivation 94, 97-100 simulation model 108, 122, 131, 132, 214 slash-and-burn 7, 76, 98, 99, 111 slope 5, 75, 76, 83, 155, 174 smallhold farming 3-6, 24, 25, 119, 184 socioeconomics 135, 138, 163, 164

soil acidity 5, 19, 22, 34, 35, 50, 65, 66, 152, 153, 155,

164 aggregation 117 bacteria 35,57 biology 40, 51 biota 21, 52-63, 113, 117, 118, 188 compaction 55, 113, 116 conservation 9, 28, 75, 76, 83, 152, 176, 186, 198 degradation 13, 62, 112, 158, 162, 164, 165, 206 density 116 engineers 54, 59, 153 erosion 16, 21, 34, 52, 75, 83, 102, 111, 114,

macrofauna 42, 54, 59, 110, 114, 153, 155 nutrient depletion 16, 89, 130, 192, 214 restoration 118, 160 structure 50, 52, 118

solubolization 57-59, 73, 153 sorghum 8, 43, 56, 79, 81, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 103, 118, 136, 178 Southern Africa 3, 23, 53, 55, 60, 61, 79, 80, 84, 88, 89, 92, 105, 157, 186, 208 soybean 93-96, 180, 182, 197, 206, 212 Striga infestation 91, 154, 155 management 20, 29, 154 stakeholder 67, 184, 185, 191, 195 stone lines 81, 83 stover 42, 43, 47, 48, 72-74, 114, 116 stubble 44, 71-73, 77, 114, 117-119 sub-humid 61, 72-74, 88, 95, 116 Sudan 32, 36, 79-81, 159 sulphur (S) 26, 31, 35, 104, 147 sustainability 10, 16, 17, 45, 63, 113, 140, 175 sylvite 35 Tanzania 24, 31-34, 44, 58, 88, 93, 101, 105, 109, 134, 136, 194 technology

adoption 99, 143, 146, 174, 207, 215 dissemination 140, 182, 184, 185, 197, 200, 215 evaluation 11, 136, 215 refinement 141 sparks 211

termite mounds 42, 55, 75, 169 tether grazing 71, 72, 77 tied ridges 9, 72, 82 Togo 10, 32, 34, 37, 206 toxicity 19, 50, 107, 127 Uganda 23, 31, 32, 34, 35, 61, 88, 89, 91, 109, 110, 169, 207 upland rice 105-106 urea 9, 20, 24, 30, 35, 37, 49, 71, 74, 84, 124, 136, 137, 146, 156, 159

value addition 177 vegetable 28, 177-179, 206, 212 vermicompost 48, 49, 63 vermiculite 32, 36, 65, 66 Vertisol 27, 79, 157 vocational training 184


263

water

conservation 28, 29, 36, 82, 84, 87, 212 harvesting 8, 14, 29, 82, 84, 119, 147, 186, 198 hyacinth 43, 45 holding capacity 5, 80, 83, 117, 153 infiltration 29, 50, 55, 83, 113, 114 quality 16, 152, 175 storage 52, 65, 85

water logging 83, 109, 120, 123, 124, 127, 152, 154

West Africa 8, 9, 22, 23, 41, 44, 68, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91-95, 97, 103-105, 107, 157, 206- 208 women farmers 93, 167, 168, 171, 172 woodlands 88-96, 55, 78, 80, 169 zai pits 8, 29, 82, 85-87 Zambia 31, 32, 34, 58, 85, 89, 98, 118, 134, 136, 181 Zimbabwe 22, 32, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 58, 84, 86, 87, 89, 94, 119, 134, 137, 169, 172, 181, 198, 206 zinc (Zn) 5, 107, 126, 130, 137, 181

(21 Chapters, 263 pp.)

integrated soil fertility management in africa:...

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