Integrated Pest Integrated Pest ManagementManagement

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Lesson 5.1Lesson 5.1

Theme OutlineTheme Outline

Lesson 5.1• Pest Around the World• Forest Pests• Exotic Pests

PA Academic Standards for PA Academic Standards for Environment & EcologyEnvironment & Ecology

Standard 4.5.10.A Identify similar classifications of pests that

may or may not have similar effects on different regions.

• Identify environmental effect(s) of pests on different regions of the world.

• Identify introduced species that are classified as pests in their new environments.

Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives

• Students will identify environmental effect(s) of pests on different regions of the world.

• Students will identify introduced species that are classified as pests in their new environments.

PestPest Definition: any organism that spreads disease, destroys

property, competes with people for resources such as food, or is just a nuisance.

In natural ecosystems…• … pests have natural enemies such as predators,

parasites, and disease organisms to control their populations.

• … natural enemies control 50-90% of the pest population.

How have ecosystems been disturbed?

Common Disturbances• Creating monocultures -

Replacing a heterogeneous ecosystems with a single species.

• Draining wetlands to construct housing developments.

• Converting farmland from agriculture for another purpose.

Pest ControlPest Control Since 1940s, pest control meant…

• Synthetic chemical pesticides Types

• Insecticides (insect control)• Herbicide (weed control)• Nematicides (roundworm control)• Fungicides (fungus control)• Rodenticides (mouse and rat control)

DangersDangers

Why be careful?• Pesticides contain

chemicals that can be harmful to human health and the environment.

Why not stopping using them?

• Impractical to farmers.

Integrated Pest Management (IPM)Integrated Pest Management (IPM)• Exploring some fundamental questions

What is IPM? Where is IPM used? How is IMP used? When is IMP used? Why is IPM used?

Definition: important pest management tool that uses a mix of methods such a traps, disease-resistant plants, and natural pest-killing substances, as well as the introduction of predators to control pests

What you need to know with What you need to know with IPMIPM

… understand how the pest lives … what it likes to eat … what it doesn’t like to eat … its enemies … economical yet not harmful to environment or human

health

Pennsylvania IPMPennsylvania IPM Goals

• encourage the production of food and forestry products while decreasing the exposure of workers to harmful pesticides.

• reduce air and groundwater contamination.• reduce or eliminate pesticide residue on crops.• cut the number of insecticide-resistant pests.• make pest control most cost-effective.• maximize the use of natural organisms in pest control.

PA School IPMPA School IPM

Goals• encourage the use of IPM to manage pests on school

grounds.• teach Pennsylvania’s students about the benefits, risks,

and interdisciplinary nature of IPM.

Pests Around the WorldPests Around the World• A pest is any organism that is in a place where you don’t want it. However, an organism that is a pest in one situation can be beneficial in another.

Example: Honeybees

Honeybees… friend or foe?

Friend• Pollinate fruit trees• Critical role in honey

production • Imported by farmers to

increase fruit plant yields

Foes• Build a hive on a house

• Sting people that aggravate them

Forest PestsForest Pests• Forests are complex ecosystems in which millions of

interconnected organisms, both pests and beneficial, exist in balance. Pest populations are kept in check naturally.

• We have destroyed these diverse, complex ecosystems and have replaced them with farms, field, pastures and secondary forests that are far less complex and far more vulnerable to invasion and attack by pests.

• Examples: Eastern Tent CaterpillarEastern Tent Caterpillar Fall Cankerworn

Forest Tent Caterpillars Hemlock Woolly AdelgidLeafrollers Twolined Chestnut BorerScale Insects White Pine WeevilSpruce Gall Adelgids Maple AnthracnoseLeaf Galls Gypsy MothFall Webworm Black Knot Of Cherry Elm SpanwormArmillaria Root Disease Beech Bark / Beech Scale Complex

Exotic PestsExotic Pests Definition: insect or other organism that is not native to

an area and is introduced to that area by some means

How to exotic pests get introduced?World trade

• Biological controlsCane toads

• Roadway vehiclesHow did that bug hang on my windshield?

• AirlinesShipping Containers

• Ballasted waterZebra Mussels

Why do exotics so often become pests? When exotic organism enter a new country, they often

become pests because their natural enemies did not travel with them.

Recall: Why are natural enemies and predators important?

Examples in PA: Emerald Ash Borer, Asian Long-horned Beetle, Emerald Ash Borer, Asian Long-horned Beetle, European Wood Wasp, Sudden Oak Death, Gypsy Moth, Dutch Elm European Wood Wasp, Sudden Oak Death, Gypsy Moth, Dutch Elm Disease, Chestnut blight, Starlings, Hemlock AdelgidDisease, Chestnut blight, Starlings, Hemlock Adelgid

Gypsy MothsGypsy Moths(Lymantria dispar)

The basics.• What damage do they do?• Where did they originate? • Why were they brought

here?• How did it escape?

Gypsy MothsGypsy Moths• Arrived to North America in 1868 from Eurasia• First infestations in Boston • Continue to spread westward

Gypsy MothsGypsy Moths• Gypsy moths eat the leaves of hundred of North

American tree species

Prefer oak and aspen (hardwoods)• First appeared in Pennsylvania in 1932

• First appeared in Luzerne County

What has been done?• Between 2000-2001, gypsy moths contracted fungal

and viral diseases (natural pest control organisms), that helped decrease the population.

• In 2002, cost Pennsylvania $1 million

• DCNR sprays natural insecticides (Btk) Not harmful to people but kills gypsy moth caterpillars.

Dutch elm DiseaseDutch elm Disease Severe disease caused by a

fungus.• Carried by native elm bark

beetle and European bark beetle

• First appeared in the Netherlands in 1919

• Appeared in the US in 1930 in NYC

• Damage Report: 2/3 of elm trees in the country have been infested

Birds as exotic pests…Birds as exotic pests… Starlings

• Habitat: farms and orchards• First appeared in late 1800s• Came from Europe to North America

First released in NYC

Why are starlings pests?• Compete with livestock for food

• Transmit disease

• Pollute livestock food and water

• Eat fruits from trees and vines

• Compete with native birds for nesting sites and food