Presented By :KUMAR KARTIKEY12EJAME048

“INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY

This presentation deals with the description , applications and the advancements related to the field of “INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY”.

OVERVIEW

1. Introduction 2. Why irt is needed?3. What makes thermography useful4. History and development5. Working

I. Infrared radiationII. CharacteristicsIII. Various laws applicableIV. Thermographic devicesV. Working processVI. Characteristics and typesVII. Examples

6. Advantages of irt7. Limitations of irt8. Applications and examples9. Conclusion10. References

CONTENTS

Infrared thermography is the science of acquisition and analysis of thermal information by using non contact thermal imaging devices.

Infrared thermography uses special cameras that can detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum and produce an image of that radiation.

Infrared thermography is the only diagnostic technology that can instantly visualize and verify thermal performance.

INTRODUCTION

Infrared thermography has become a standard predictive maintenance practice to check electrical circuitry for loose connections.

The technology is now being used to scan pumps, steam traps, steam lines, refrigeration systems, manufacturing processes, manufacturing facilities, and HVAC systems.

The technology can provide instant feedback on unsafe or wasteful conditions.

This technology is used for night vision purposes.

WHY IRT IS NEEDED?

1.It is non-contact –uses remote sensing -Keeps the user out of danger-Does not intrude upon or affect the target at all2.It is two dimensional -Comparison between areas of the target is possible -The image allows for excellent overview of the target-Thermal patterns can be visualised for analysis3.It is real time-Enables very fast scanning of stationary targets -Enables capture of fast moving targets-Enables capture of fast changing thermal patterns.

WHAT MAKES THERMOGRAPHY USEFUL

1960’s-development of cooled forward looking infrared(flir) 1970’s-US army develops uncooled irt technology module. 1980’s-Industries first commercial IR camera introduced. 1990’s-Succesful demonstration of 256,512 pixel cameras

and introduction of nightsight and surveillance cameras. 2000’s-Inroduction of 1st automotive thermal imaging

driving aid by cadillac and 1st development of IR camera with zoom.

FUTURE PLANS-◦ Infrared vision for everyday life.◦ Making the technology cheaper.◦ Resolution of display to be increased.◦ Increasing accuracy and longevity.

HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT

• Infrared radiation• Characteristics• Various laws applicable• Thermographic devices• Working process• Characteristics and types• Examples

WORKING

In an electromagnetic spectrum the IR region appears between 0.8 micron to 1000 micron wavelength.

It includes most of the thermal radiation emitted by objects near room temperature.

INFRARED RADIATION

Fig 1,electromagnetic spectrum(12)

1. It is invisible since its wavelength is longer than visible light.It has nothing to do with brightness or darkness of visible light

2. It is emitted naturally from any object of which temperature is absolute zero(0K) or higher.Therefore, it can be applied to any field

3. It is a kind of light (electromagnetic wave).It can be transmitted through vacuum.

4. There is a correlation between infrared energy and temperature of an object.Therefore, it can be used to measure the temperature of an object.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED

PLANCK’S LAW:o It describes the spectral distribution of the radiation

intensity from a blackbodyEλb = C1/λ5(eC2/λT − 1)

WIEN’S DISPLACEMENT LAW:◦ It describes the variation of maximum wavelength with

temperature.λmax = 2898/T

VARIOUS LAWS APPLICABLE

Fig 2,weins displacement curve(1)

STEFAN–BOLTZMANN LAW:oGives the variation of intensity with temperature.

Eb = σT4

EMISSIVITY:o It is the ratio of the radiation intensity of a body

and a black body under exactly same conditions.ελ = Eλ/Eλb

A thermal imaging camera consists of five components: o optic systemo detector o amplifiero signal processing o display

THERMOGRAPHIC DEVICES

Fig 3,IR Camera(5)

A special lens focuses the infrared light emitted by all of the objects in view.

The focused light is scanned by a phased array of infrared-detector elements. The detector elements create a very detailed temperature pattern called a thermogram

The thermogram created by the detector elements is translated into electric impulses.

The impulses are sent to a signal-processing unit that translates the information from the elements into data for the display.

Appears as various colours depending on the intensity of the infrared emission. The combination of all the impulses from all of the elements creates the image.

WORKING PROCESS

Fig 4,Working Process of an IRT device (12)

Scan rate of 30 times per second(generally) Can sense temperatures ranging from -4 degrees

Fahrenheit (-20 degrees Celsius) to 3,600 F (2,000 C) Can normally detect changes in temperature of about 0.4 F

(0.2 C). They are generally of two types:

◦ UNCOOLED TYPE- The infrared-detector elements are contained in a unit that operates at room

temperature. Is completely quiet, activates immediately and has the battery built right in.

o CRYOGENICALLY COOLED-o More expensive and more susceptible to damage from rugged useo Have the elements sealed inside a container that cools them to below 32 F

(zero C). o Incredible resolution and sensitivity that result from cooling the elements

CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES

EXAMPLES

FLIR i60 FLIR T250

Fig 5,various IR cameras(5)

It is a non-contact type technique. Fast, reliable & accurate output. A large surface area can be scanned in no time. It is capable of catching moving targets in real time Presented in visual & digital form. Software back-up for image processing and analysis. Requires very little skill for monitoring. It can be used to detect objects in dark areas. It is able to find deteriorating, i.e., higher temperature

components prior to their failure. It can be used to measure or observe in areas inaccessible

or hazardous for other methods

ADVANTAGES OF IRT

Cost of instrument is relatively high. Unable to detect the inside temperature if the medium is

separated by glass/polythenematerial etc. Accurate temperature measurements are hindered by

differing emissivities and reflections from other surfaces Most cameras have ±2% accuracy or worse in

measurement of temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods

Condition of work, depending of the case, can be drastic: 10°C of difference between internal/external, 10km/h of wind maximum, no direct sun, no recent rain, ...

LIMITATIONS OF IRT

Condition monitoring Medical imaging Veterinary Thermal Imaging Night vision Surveillance Research Process control Non-destructive testing Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence Chemical imaging Volcanology Buildings

APPLICATIONS

EXAMPLES

Fig 6,Hot connection in substation(8)

EXAMPLES

Fig 7,Building moisture in roof(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 8, Worn refractory insulation causing hotspot(5)

EXAMPLES

Fig 9, Furnace tubes & Burners(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 10,pressure vessel - Flange Leakage(5)

EXAMPLES

Fig 11,Design Verification shows need of redesign before production starts(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 12,MedicalInfrared Imaging of legs of human and animals(15)

EXAMPLES

Fig 13,levelsIndicating the fluid level in storage tank(2)

EXAMPLES

Fig 14,Ship diesel engine running improperly(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 15,Electric motor bearing(14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 16,Field watering condition and Forest fire detection (14)

EXAMPLES

Fig 16,Moisture in aircraft surface(14)

Infrared inspections provide a means to view systems (electrical, mechanical, building envelopes) under normal operating conditions to identify abnormally hot (or cool) areas or components.

It’s various profitable characteristics justify the importance of INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY in the field of science and technology.

CONCLUSION

1. Kaplan, Herbert : ASNT Level III Study Guide on Infrared & Thermal Testing Method 2. 2. Garnaik,S.P. : Thermography-A Condition Monitoring Tool for Process Industries, Seminar on Condition Monitoring & Safety

Engineering for Process Industries, February 14-15,2000, Calcutta, India 3. Study Reports of Technology Management Division of National Productivity Council(NPC), India 4. Campbell, Kevin. Plant Engineering. 7 April 2007. 6 November 2008 <http://www.plantengineering.com/article/CA6431534.html>.5. FLIR Systems. 18 April 2008. 6 November 2008 <http://www.goinfrared.com/news/news_item/1126/>.6. Stockton, Gregory R. Stockton Infrared Thermographic Services. 10 June 2000. 6 November 2008

<http://www.stocktoninfrared.com/PUBLISHED/PDF/low-hang.pdf>.7. Wikipedia - The Free Encyclopedia. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermography>.

8. LEHTINIEMI, R., “Bibliography of the Application of Infrared Thermography”, in Thermosense XXI, Dennis H. LeMieux, John R. Snell, Jr., Eds., Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3700, 2006 pp. 202-208.

9. BURLEIGH, D. D., “Bibliography of the Application of Infrared Thermography toE lectronic and Microelectronic Circuits”, in Thermosense X, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. ,1988, pp. 97-100.

10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_imaging_camera11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_camera12. http://www.infrared.avio.co.jp/en/products/ir-thermo/what-thermo.html13. http://www.morovision.com/how_thermal_imaging_works.htm

14. Eng, Khalid El Tahir Abdel Basit National Electricity Corporation, Sudan -Implementation of Infrared Thermography in Power Utilities,2007

15. S.P.Garnaik :Infrared Thermography : A versatile Technology for Condition Monitoring and Energy Conservation ,2007,Alin Constantin Murariu, Aurel - Valentin Bîrdeanu, Radu Cojocaru,Voicu Ionel Safta, Dorin Dehelean, Lia Boţilă and Cristian Ciucă National R&D Institute of Welding and Materials Testing – ISIM Timişoara Romania Application of Thermography in Materials Science and Engineering 2009

REFERENCES

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