Infra Red Radiations

• Presented by:

• Sidra Aslam Ansari

• Sania Shaukat

• Shaista Ghazal

• Anokhi Rani

• Saeeda Shafiq

212/2/2014

Topics:

• Introduction

• Production

• Classification

• Physical Effects

• Physiological Effects

• Indication and contraindications

• Dangers

• Techniques of application312/2/2014

Introduction:

• Infra red rays are electromagnetic waves.

• Having wavelength of 750nm-400000nm

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Classification of IRR:

IRR are also classified according to their

distance from the visible spectrum as:

Near or short IRR:

Having a wavelength from 770-1500nm

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Classification of IRR:

Far or Long IRR:

Having a wavelength from 1500-

12,000nm

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Production Of IRR:

• Any Object having a temperature above that

of absolute zero emit infra red rays

• The sun

• Gas fires

• Coal fires

• Electric fires

• Hot Water pipes

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Production of IRR:

• For use in physiotherapy two types of infra

red lamps are used

• Luminous Infra red

• Non-luminous Infra red

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Luminous Infra Red:

• Luminous generator emits IRR

• Rays emitted from luminous generators are

produced by one or more incandescent

lamps.

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Luminous Infra Red:

• An incandescent lamp consists of a wire

filament enclosed in a glass bulb, which may

be evacuated or may contain an innert glass

at low pressure

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Luminous Infra Red:

• The filament is a coil of fine wire and is

usually made of tungston ; as this material

tolerates related heating and cooling.

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Luminous Infra Red:

• The passage of an electric current through

the filament produces heat, Infra red, visible

and few Ultra violet rays.

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• The spectrum is from 350-4000nm

• The greatest proportion of the rays having

the wavelength the region of 1000nm

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Non-Luminous IRR:

• An electric current is passed through

resistance wire covered with copper tubing

or with clay; generate non-luminous IRR.

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Physical Effects of

IRR:

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Physical Effects of IRR:

• IRR obey the law of electromagnetic

radiation such as:

Reflection

Refraction

Absorption

Law of inverse square

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Physical effects if IRR:

Heat Production:

IRR produce heat in the tissues in

which they are absorbed.

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Heat production:

Short/luminous IRR having a frequency

range of 700-1500nm will produce heat.

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Heat production:

It can penetrate upto the dermis and

superficial sub-cutaneous tissues.

Long/non-luminous IRR having a frequency

range of 1500-12000nm can penetrate to

about 2mm that is upto the superficial

dermis.

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Heat Production:

• Degree of temperature:

There is generally a 1-2 degree rise in

temperature.

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Heat Production:

The degree of elevation of heat depends on:

The ability of tissues to absorb heat

The specific heat of tissues

Thickness of tissues.

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Absorption of IRR:

The absorption of IRR depends upon:

• The frequency or wavelength

• Angle of incidence from source

• Distance of source

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Frequency or wavelength:

• IRR with a wavelength of longer than

3000nm are totally absorbed by the

moisture present in the skin.

• Both the long and short IRR are absorbed

by the moisture present in the skin, thus

reducing the absorption of heat.

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• 11% of the short/luminous IRR are

absorbed by the glass of the bulb

• 33% is reflected from the skin

• 56% is absorbed

of the 56% absorbed rays 36% is absorbed

in the epidermis, 10% goes deeper into the

dermis and remaining is scattered in the

epidermis. 12/2/2014 25

• The long IRR;

• 36% is reflected

• 20% is absorbed in superficial dermis

• 16% reaches the deep epidermis

• 19% penetrate upto dermis

• 11% is absorbed by the glass of bulb

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Absorption of IRR:

• Angle of incidence from the source:

According to Lambert’s Cosine Law, the

angle of incident determines the amount of

radiation absorption.

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Absorption of IRR:

• Absorption at 90° of incident ray is

maximum due to zero reflection.

• As the angle of incidence from the source to

surface increases, the reflection also

increases and so is the absorption decreases.

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Absorption of IRR:

• For every 15° increase in the angle of

incident on the surface, the absorption

decreases by 3%.

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The Distance Of Source:

• Obey inverse square law; the intensity of

radiation varies with square of distance.

i.e, if the radiating source is moved to half

the distance nearer or further, the intensity

increases four times or decreases four times.

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Absorption of IRR:

• The absorption of IRR also depends on the:

Thermal conductivity of tissue,

Density of tissue,

Specific heat of tissue

Circulation of the tissues.

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Physiological

Effects Of IRR

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Physiological effects:

• Infra red rays have an

immediate effect of producing heat in the

tissues when absorbed. All physiological

effects obtained are due to rise in

temperature (heat) in the tissue.

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Physiological effects:

• There are nine physiological effects which I

am discussing in my topic.

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VASODILATION:

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• 1-The superficial blood vessels dilate

because of the direct effect of heat.

• 2- Heat causes liberation of histamine like

substance which act on the capillaries and

cause them to dilate.

VASODILATION:

• 3- Heat regulatory centre in the medulla

also signals the capillaries to dilate as the

temperature rises.

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Nerve stimulation:

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Heat stimulates the sensory nerves ,

perhaps the rise of temperature decrease

gamma fiber activity

decreases pain

decreases muscle spasm and promote

relaxation

Nerve stimulation:

• An increase in temperature to 43°C

produces vasodepression of vasomotor

reflex, causing release of vasoactive agents

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• Increase temperature causes increased

phagocytotic effects promoting healing of

superficial wounds

• Also in suppurating conditions such as

carbuncles and abcess heat can help in

drainage.

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Phagocytosis:

Pigmentation and Erythema:

• Erythema caused by the irradiation of infra

red rays disappears readily, soon after the

heating has stopped

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Pigmentation and Erythema:

• Repeated exposures with

infra red rays can cause

pigmentation

of the skin because of

the destruction of blood

corpuscles and is known

as erythema abigne

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Decreased Blood Pressure:

• When infra red rays are given to larger

areas for prolonged periods , fall in blood

pressure results due to generalized

vasodilation

• It causes decreased peripheral resistance to

blood flow. Local application however,

does not affect the blood pressure

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Effects On Metabolism:

• According to Van’t Hoff Law, for every 10

increase in temperature there is two-three

fold increase rate of cellular oxidation.

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HEAT

• Also increased extensibility of the collagen

tissue

DECREASED MUSCLE SPASM:

• Muscle spasm is reduced due to decreased

firing of secondary afferents of muscle

spindle and

increased firing of 1b GTO fibers reducing

alpha

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Pain Relief

• Heat causes pre-synaptic inhibition of A

delta and C fibers via activation of A-beta

fibers.

• Actual phenomenon for pain reduction is

not fully reabsorbed.

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Pain relief:

• It is thought also that raised temperature of

the tissue decreases the gamma activity.

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Indications and

Contra-indications

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Indications Of IRR:

Painful Conditions:

• Both Luminous and non-luminous IRR are

used to relieve pain and muscle spasm

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Indications Of IRR:

Oedema:

• IRRs help in absorption of exudates because

of capillary dilation

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Indications Of IRR:

Healing of Wounds:

• Wound healing following IRR is due to the

vasodilation effect.

• IRR also help in drainage of wounds and

sinuses.

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Skin Conditions:

• Infra red radiation make dermatomal

conditions worse such as dermatitis( A

condition in which skin become red &

swollen resulting from irritation of skin by

an allergic reaction.

• Eczema

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• Direct exposure of eyes to infrared rays can

cause cataract.(In which lens of the eye

become progressively opaque resulting

blurred vision)

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Damage To Eyes:

• Heat will render the patient’s perception of

rise in temperature. This failure to detect

excessive heat may result in burn.

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Loss Of Sensations:

Deep X-ray Therapy:

• Following deep X-ray therapy Infrared rays

should not be given for 3 months. Deep x-

ray therapy also reduces the sensation over

the exposed area. Thus may get burned

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Patient On Strong Analgesics:

• Drugs have raised pain threshold,thus the

patient will not be able to determine

whether the intensity of heat is too much

causing burn

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In Case of Skin Tumors:

• Heat tends to accelerate the growth of

tumors.

• Patients with cardiac problems

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Dangers Of IRR:

BURN

ELECTRICAL SHOCK

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TECHNIQUES

OF INFRA RED

TREATMENT

Choice of Apparatus:

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• Choose the modality i.e. LUMINOUS or

NON LUMINOUS.

• Apparatus should be in working order.

• Pre-heated at least 5 minutes before

heating.

• Note the voltage of the emitter.

• Usually lamps with emitters from 250 to

1000 watts are used.

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Preparation of patient:

• Position of the patient should be

comfortable and adequate.

• Avoid undue movement of the patient.

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• The part to be treated should be exposed

and the rest of the body should be covered.

• Protect the eyes of the patient.

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• Test the skin sensation of the patient

• Remove all metal objects like rings, safety

pins etc.

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Arrangement of Lamp and

Patient:

• Arrange the lamp so that the rays strike the

skin at right angles.

• The distance of the lamp from patient

should be measured.

• Set the timer.

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• For acute conditions duration should be 10

to 15 minutes and for chronic conditions it

should be 30 minutes.

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At the End Of Treatment:

• Covered the area exposed with a dry towel.

• Remove the lamp to a safe location.

• Inspect the area exposed, for erythema

produced.

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• Ask the patient, how he or she is feeling

now.

• Ask the patient to dress up.

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Thank

You