information seeking information literacy

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Informati Informati on on Seeking Seeking Informati Informati on on Literacy: Literacy: WHAT WHAT IS IS ALL THIS? ALL THIS? Finding Finding a way a way through through the word the word maze maze LIB 640 Information Sources and LIB 640 Information Sources and Services Services Summer 2009 Summer 2009

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Page 1: Information Seeking  Information Literacy

Information Information SeekingSeeking

Information Information Literacy:Literacy:WHAT WHAT ISIS ALL THIS? ALL THIS?

Finding a Finding a way way through through the word the word mazemaze

LIB 640 Information Sources and ServicesLIB 640 Information Sources and ServicesSummer 2009Summer 2009

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What Is Information Seeking? What Is Information Seeking? • In the simplest terms, information seeking

involves the search, retrieval, recognition, and application of meaningful content. This search may be explicit or implicit, the retrieval may be the result of specific strategies or serendipity, the resulting information may be embraced or rejected, the entire experience may be carried through to a logical conclusion or aborted in midstream, and there may be a million other potential results.

• Kelly Patricia Kingrey, Concepts of Information Seeking and Their Presence in the Practical Library Literature. Library Philosophy and Practice Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring 2002)

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What is information seeking?What is information seeking?

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Why Seek? Theory 1Why Seek? Theory 1

ASK HypothesisASK Hypothesis•“. . . Anomalous States-of-Knowledge (abbreviated to ASK). . . . Situations in which the patrons’ knowledge are incomplete or limited in some way, and they need further information to get on, the patrons are seen to be in an anomalous state of knowledge.”

• Steen Ammentorp and Marianne Hummelshøj, “Ask a Librarian: Web-Based Reference Question Services: A Model for Development.” Paper presented at 11th NI&D Conference. Spring for information. Reykjavik, 30 May–1 June 2001. Retrieved 22. September, 2004. http://www.murraylib640.org/Ammentorp.doc

Nicholas Belkin

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Why Seek? Theory 2Why Seek? Theory 2

The Uncertainty PrincipleThe Uncertainty Principle

• Uncertainty initiates the process of information seeking

• Kuhlthau, Carol C. ISP Presentation Retrieved June 14, 2007. http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~kuhlthau/recent_presentations/loex/loex_presentation.ppt

Carol Kuhlthau

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Why Seek? Why Seek? Theory 3Theory 3

The Gap that does not make senseThe Gap that does not make sense

• “. . . Dervin presents to us a picture of a man walking along a road, when he comes upon an impassable hole in the ground. In this situation, he is obviously facing a gap. What is he to do now?”

• Jarkko Kari, “MAKING SENSE OF SENSE-MAKING: From metatheory to substantive theory in the context of paranormal information seeking.” Paper presented at Nordis-Net workshop (Meta)theoretical stands in studying library and information institutions: individual, organizational and societal aspects, November 12–15 1998, Oslo, Norway. Retrieved September 22, 2004. http://www.paranet.fi/paradocs/tutkimuksia/kari1998a.pdf

Brenda Dervin

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Who Seeks? Theory 1Who Seeks? Theory 1

Anomalous State of Knowledge (ASK) hypothesis: • “. . . patrons in problematic situations.”

• Steen Ammentorp and Marianne Hummelshøj, “Ask a Librarian: Web-Based Reference Question Services: A Model for Development.”

Marianne Hummelshøj Holm

Steen Ammentorp

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Who Seeks? Theory 2Who Seeks? Theory 2Kulthau’s Information Search Process:Kulthau’s Information Search Process:

• People experience the ISP [Information Search Process] holistically with an interplay of thoughts, feelings, and actions.

• Kuhlthau, Carol C. “An Overview of the Information Search Process.” Retrieved June 14, 2007. http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~kuhlthau/information_search_process.htm

Carol Kuhlthau

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Who Seeks? Theory 3Who Seeks? Theory 3

Sense-Making Hypothesis:Sense-Making Hypothesis:• “. . . [a] patron [who] is seen as being locked

in a situation unable to move further because of some kind of gap in his knowledge.”

• Steen Ammentorp and Marianne Hummelshøj, “Ask a Librarian: Web-Based Reference Question Services: A Model for Development.”

Brenda Dervin

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How Do They Seek? Theory 1How Do They Seek? Theory 1

ASK:ASK:• “. . . users performing some activity feel that

they have a knowledge gap that cannot be filled directly, and consequently they engage into an information seeking process. . .”

• Brajnik, Giorgio “Information Seeking as Explorative Learning.” Retrieved Sept. 7th, 2003. http://www.bcs.org/upload/pdf/ewic_mi99_paper2.pdf

Giorgio BrajnikAssistant Professor in

Computer Science, University of Udine, Italy

Giorgio BrajnikAssistant Professor in

Computer Science, University of Udine, Italy

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How Do They Seek? Theory 2How Do They Seek? Theory 2

Kuhlthau’s ISP:Kuhlthau’s ISP:• “The critical component of the

ISP is the person's own formulation of a focus that involves gaining a personal perspective of the topic or subject while using a variety of sources of information. In other words, users are constructing their own understandings through inquiry.”

• Carol Kuhlthau, “Research Interests.” Last Updated March 2007. Retrieved June 14, 2007.

• http://www.scils.rutgers.edu/~kuhlthau/research_interests.htm

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How Do They Seek? Theory 3How Do They Seek? Theory 3

Dervin’s Sense-Making:Dervin’s Sense-Making:• “ . . . the patron is seen as being locked in a

situation unable to move further because of some kind of gap in his knowledge. However the patron tries to bridge this gap by asking questions and using the answers to closing the gap, making new sense. As Belkin, Dervin sees the nature of the information need as something situational changing as the patrons tries to bridge the gap.”

• Ammentorp and Hummelshøj, “Ask a Librarian: Web-Based Reference Question Services: A Model for Development.”

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Who, How, Why?Who, How, Why?

““person-in-context”person-in-context”

““active searchactive search for information” for information”

““stress/copingstress/coping model model””

• Wilson, Tom and Christina Walsh. “A revised general model of information behaviour” ch. 7 of “Information Behaviour: An Inter-Disciplinary Perspective.” British Library Research and Innovation Report 10. A report to the British Library Research & Innovation Centre on a review of the literature.Retrieved Sept. 8th, 2003.http://informationr.net/tdw/publ/infbehav/

Professor Tom Wilson

BiographyResearch

Cats

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Another Why to ConsiderAnother Why to Consider

Self-Generated or Imposed?Self-Generated or Imposed?• internally motivated by personal context

OR• thought up by one person then given to

someone else to resolve • Gross, Melissa. “

Imposed information seeking in public libraries and school library media centers: a common behaviour?” Information Research 6.2 (January 2001). Retrieved Sept. 8th, 20003.http://informationr.net/ir/6-2/paper100.html

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Process of SearchingProcess of SearchingKulthau’s ISP:Kulthau’s ISP:

• Carol C. Kuhlthau, Jannica Heinström and Ross J. Todd, “The ‘information search process’ revisited: is the model still useful?” Information Research VOL. 13 NO. 4, DECEMBER, 2008.

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Information LiteracyInformation Literacy

information literacy (IL) (IL)

• Skill in finding the information one

needs, including an understanding of

how libraries are organized,

familiarity with the resources they

provide (including information format

s and automated search tools), and

knowledge of commonly used research

techniques.

• ODLIS

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What is Information Literacy?

And why should I care?And why should I care? • Information literacy skills are skills you will

need through your life. We are always seeking information. . . . Information helps us reach conclusions, make our choices, and communicate more effectively. But the good stuff is often buried in heaps of junk. We need to continue to improve our searching, evaluating and communication skills in a changing information environment.

• Remember computer literacy is not information literacy. For a comparison, read this article.

• http://www.sdst.org/shs/library/infolit.html

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Why teach information literacy? Why teach information literacy? • The information explosion has provided

countless opportunities for students and has dramatically altered the knowledge and abilities they will need to live productively in the twenty-first century. Students must become skillful consumers and producers of information in a range of sources and formats to thrive personally and economically in the communication age.

• American Association of School Librarians and Association for Educational Communications and Technology. Information Power: Building Partnerships for Learning. Chicago: American Library Association, 1998.

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What is information literacy?

If you are information literate, you are If you are information literate, you are able to able to • know when you have a

need for information • find the information you need • evaluate the information you find

and use it effectively to meet your needs

• INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION LITERACY: THE PROCESShttp://www.greece.k12.ny.us/ody/library/information%20literacy.htm

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Another conceptAnother concept

What is Information Competence?• information competence, at heart, is the

ability to find, evaluate, use, and communicate information in all of its various formats.

• the fusing or the integration of library literacy, computer literacy, media literacy, technological literacy, ethics, critical thinking, and communication skills.

• http://hcom.csumb.edu/infocomp/aboutic/

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Literacy, Competence or Competency?Literacy, Competence or Competency?

Information literacy • also known as information competence or

information competency is a set of skills that helps students sift through the mass of information now available to them in order to locate and retrieve what is relevant and reliable for their research needs.

• Simply put, an information literate student understands how to find, retrieve, analyze, and use information effectively.[1]

• Teaching Information Literacy at Pasadena City College

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Adding to the confusion of terms!Adding to the confusion of terms!

Several other terms and combinations of Several other terms and combinations of terms have been also used by different terms have been also used by different authors: authors: • ‘infoliteracy’, ‘informacy’, ‘information

empowerment’, ‘information competence’, ‘information competency’, ‘information competencies’, ‘information literacy skills’, ‘information literacy and skills’, ‘skills of information literacy’, ‘information literacy competence’, ‘information literacy competencies’, ‘information competence skills’, ‘information handling skills’, ‘information problem solving’, ‘information problem solving skills’, ‘information fluency’, ‘information mediacy’ and even ‘information mastery’

• Sirje Virkus: “Information literacy in Europe: a literature review” Information Research, Vol. 8 No. 4, July 2003

Sirje VirkusSirje Virkus

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Now also as Information LiteracNow also as Information Literaciesies

Why the plural?Why the plural?• The use of the term

“information literacies” emphasizes the complexity and multiplicity of skills and strategies involved in finding and using information.

• Dianne Oberg: “Promoting Information Literacies: A Focus on Inquiry.” 70th IFLA General Conference and Council, 22-27 August 2004, Buenos Aires, Argentinahttp://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla70/papers/088e-Oberg.pdf

Dr. Dianne Oberg

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A related term often used outside library media circlesA related term often used outside library media circles

What is inquiry-based learning?• An old adage states: “Tell me and I forget,

show me and I remember, involve me and I understand.” . . . Inquiry implies involvement that leads to understanding. Furthermore, involvement in learning implies possessing skills and attitudes that permit you to seek resolutions to questions and issues while you construct new knowledge.

Inquiry-based learningInquiry-based learning

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Project, Problem, and Inquiry-based Learning Project, Problem, and Inquiry-based Learning

Explore the Approaches Explore the Approaches • Project-based learning, problem-based

learning, and inquiry-based learning all three closely relate to the information processing approach. They all fit well with technology-rich learning environments where the focus is not on the hardware and software, but on the learning experience.

• Project, Problem, and Inquiry-based Learning http://eduscapes.com/tap/topic43.htm

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Another Related TermAnother Related Term

Resource-Based Learning • Resource-based learning actively involves

students, teachers and teacher-librarians in the effective use of a wide range of print, non print and human resources . . . Students who use a wide range of resources in various mediums for learning have the opportunity to approach a theme, issue or topic of study in ways which allow for a range of learning styles and access to the theme or topic via cognitive or affective appeals. More

• Resource-Based Learning: Approaches

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Yet another related termYet another related termLifelong learning

• Lifelong learning is the process of acquiring and expanding knowledge, skills, and dispositions throughout your life to foster well-being. It isn't about taking an adult pottery class or reading a nonfiction book occasionally. It's about the decisions you make and the problems you solve in everyday life. From enrolling in an structured, formal education program to considering whether to believe an infomercial's gimmick, lifelong learning takes many forms.

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And another!And another! 2121stst Century Skills Century Skills

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AKAAKA

21st Century Literacies• 21st Century Literacies refer to the skills

needed to flourish in today's society and in the future. Today discrete disciplines have emerged around information, media, multicultural, and visual literacies. It is the combination of literacies that can better help K-12 students and adult learners address and solve the issues that confront them.

• http://www.kn.sbc.com/wired/21stcent/index.html

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After all, why are we doing this?After all, why are we doing this?

Dr. Ross Todd, Rutgers University:Dr. Ross Todd, Rutgers University:• The destination is not an information literature

student, but rather, the development of a knowledgeable and knowing person, one who is able to engage effectively with a rich and complex information world, and who is able to develop new understandings, insights and ideas.

• School Libraries as Knowledge Spaces: Connections and Actions; Outcomes and Evidence Powerpoint presentation for SLAV conference, Victoria, Australia

The School Library Association of Victoria

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Shifting the focus of School LibrariesShifting the focus of School Libraries

From:From: collections, position collections, position and advocacyand advocacy

Through:Through: connections, connections, actions and evidence-based actions and evidence-based practice centering on a practice centering on a shared philosophy and shared philosophy and process of inquiry learningprocess of inquiry learning

To:To: making a real difference making a real difference to student learning outcomesto student learning outcomes

Developing knowledge Developing knowledge and understandingand understanding

A thinking communityA thinking communityFrom Ross Todd’s PPT From Ross Todd’s PPT School Libraries as Knowledge Spaces: Connections and Actions; Outcomes and Evidence

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The Library as The Library as a a Knowledge Knowledge SpaceSpace, not an , not an Information Information

PlacePlace

Ross Todd

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3333Evidence for the benefitsEvidence for the benefits

Student Learning through Ohio School Libraries (2004)• Students appear to indicate that the school library –

not as a passive supply agency, but as an instructional agency – helps them substantially in their learning.

• What is clearly perceived to be of help is the library’s part in engaging students in an active process of building their own understanding and knowledge – the library as an agency for active learning.

• Review of the Findings Powerpoint presentation.

• Researchers: Dr. Ross Todd and Dr. Carol Kuhlthau, Rutgers

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Keith Curry LanceKeith Curry Lance

What Research Tells Us About the Importance of School Libraries• At this point . . . there is a clear consensus in

the results now [2002] available for eight states*: School libraries are a powerful force in the lives of America's children. The school library is one of the few factors whose contribution to academic achievement has been documented empirically, and it is a contribution that cannot be explained away by other powerful influences on student performance.

• White House Conference on School Libraries • *Now 19 states and 1 Canadian province—see

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A European viewA European viewSchool Library and School Librarianship

• The stream of information from TV channels, Internet, CD-ROMs, computer programmes etc. is unending. If the students, when they become adult citizens, are not to feel lost and helpless in the face of such rich sources of information, they must learn [to] devise personal strategies for information retrieval while they are still at school. Information Literacy and “strategies for independent learning skill development” are key components of any school library.

• From a White Paper by Gert Larsen, School Library Advisor, Albertslund, Denmark, p. 7

• Part of Project GrandSlam - General Research and New Development in School Libraries As Multimedia Learning Centres (see project website http://www.gslam.net )

A previous project in the same series

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Competence and Competence and comfort with information and information comfort with information and information sourcessources

• Information literacy is the solution to Data Smog. It allows us to cope by giving us the skills to know when we need information and where to locate it effectively and efficiently. It includes the technological skills needed to use the modern library as a gateway to information. It enables us to analyze and evaluate the information we find, thus giving us confidence in using that information to make a decision or create a product.

• Introduction to Information Literacy, Association for College and Research Libraries (a division of the American Library Association)

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The Key Concept?The Key Concept?