influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern …7+influence+of... · influence of...

Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissionsof modern passenger carsT. Garbe, M. Hönig, W. Kaszás, J. Klose, H. Bröker, E. PottVolkswagen AG

Motivation for e-fuels

climate protection

CO2-neutral fuels(dependent on crude)

air quality

optimized fuel properties(dependent on fuel chemistry)

use

regenerative

fuel

significantly

less exhaust gasregenerative fuel CO2-separation

PTX process

CO2

reg. energy

page 2

Influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern passenger cars

• Necessity of increased efforts concerning climate protection

• Climate protection in the traffic sector

• E-fuels: production, potential and market introduction

• Technical demands on future liquid fuels

• Selected results of gasoline fuels

• Selected results of diesel fuels

• Roadmap gasoline

• Roadmap diesel

• Best practice: R33 Blue Diesel

• Conclusion

page 3

climate

air quality

product









• Roadmap diesel


• Conclusion

climate

air quality

product

page 4

Prognosis of CO2-emissions and global warming

4.000

3.500

3.000

2.500

1.500

1.000

500

0

2.000

cum

ulat

ive

CO2-

emis

sion

s [G

T CO

₂]

1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080

3 °C influence on food supply

2 °C Paris Agreement

currently +2 % per year

2050

2035

0 %

-2 %

-4 %

2016

1,5 °C substantial changes in ecosystems

CO2 decrease per year

page 5

Consequences for the traffic sector

0

CO2-

emis

sion

s [g

/km

]

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

50

100

150

potential of e-mobility

potential of car + powertrain

potential of fuels

130 g/km

95 g/km

.

EU target for passenger cars

RED: 10 % reg.(EU directivefor regenerative fuel)

page 6

only the combination of electric mobility andregenerative fuelscan guaranty to reach the goals

Production of e-fuels

regenerative power• wind• solar• water

renewable biomass• residues 1)

• enhanced biomass2)

1) straw, used cooking oil, sludge, wood, etc.

2) algae, yeast, etc.

Paraffin

Paraffin, ether

CO2

• industry exhaust gases• air

local or temporal electricity surplus

page 7

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Introduction of e-fuels into the market

today tomorrow beyond

15 %

15 %

30 %

40 %

fossilfuels

fuels fromCO2-recycling

sophisticatedbiofuels

fuels fromwaste

conventionalbiofuels

2050

mar

ket p

enet

rati

on [%

]

page 8

Influence on the existing car fleet

regulated (95 g in 2020)

12 Mio. EU-new cars p.a. 228 Mio. EU-existing fleet

page 9









• Roadmap diesel


• Conclusion

climate

air quality

product

page 10

Technical demands on future fuels*

*basis: current fuel quality EN 228, EN 590

• clean combustion, low (zero?) particulate raw emission

• good ignition and good burn out for high efficiency

• support for long time engine stability

• compatibility with engine, aftertreatment system and car adjustment

• suitable for PHEV

• (certain) downward compatibility

page 11

Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand.Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand.

Technical demands on future fuels*

*basis: current fuel quality EN 228, EN 590

• clean combustion, low (zero?) particulate raw emission

• good ignition and good burn out for high efficiency

• support for long time engine stability

• compatibility with engine, aftertreatment system and car adjustment

• suitable for PHEV

• (certain) downward compatibility

page 12

Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand.Development of new fuels, powertrains and vehicles has to go hand in hand.

Difference in PN emission from field fuels1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kW EU5 @ load point 1150 rpm / 32 Nm

8 fuels from 4 different gas stations in one German city, bought during 3 months8 fuels from 4 different gas stations in one German city, bought during 3 months

page 13

Fuel selection for systematic test program

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50

cont

ent

of o

xyge

n co

ntai

ning

co

mpo

unds

/ v

ol.%

aromatic content / vol.%

future fuels

German fuels

page 14

Engine test benchbest fuel outside EN 228

15

0,0E+00

1,0E+06

2,0E+06

3,0E+06

4,0E+06

5,0E+06

6,0E+06

7,0E+06

8,0E+06

9,0E+06

1,0E+07

20_1

000

20_2

000

20_3

000

20_4

000

50_1

000

50_2

000

50_3

000

50_4

000

100_

1000

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1500

200_

2500

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3500

200_

4500

VL_

2000

VL_

3000

VL_

4000

PN [#

/cm

³]

load point / torque/Nm_speed/min-1

E10 Max

E10 Min

Fuel 1

15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50

oxyg

en c

onte

nt /

vol

.%


spread reference

page 15

Engine test benchbest fuel inside EN 228

16

0,0E+00

1,0E+06

2,0E+06

3,0E+06

4,0E+06

5,0E+06

6,0E+06

7,0E+06

8,0E+06

9,0E+06

1,0E+07

20_1

000

20_2

000

20_3

000

20_4

000

50_1

000

50_2

000

50_3

000

50_4

000

100_

1000

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3500

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VL_

2000

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PN [#

/cm

³]


E10 MaxE10 MinFuel 1Fuel 2

16

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50

oxyg

en c

onte

nt /

vol

.%


spread reference

page 16

Engine test benchother test fuels

17

0,0E+00

1,0E+06

2,0E+06

3,0E+06

4,0E+06

5,0E+06

6,0E+06

7,0E+06

8,0E+06

9,0E+06

1,0E+07

20_1

000

20_2

500

20_4

000

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500

50_3

000

50_4

500

100_

2000

100_

3500

150_

1000

150_

2500

150_

4000

200_

2000

200_

3500

VL_

1500

VL_

3000

VL_

4500

PN [#

/cm

³]


E10 Max

E10 Min

Fuel 1 without additives

Fuel 2 without additives

Fuel 3 with additives

Fuel 4 with additives

17

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50

oxyg

en c

onte

nt /

vol

.%


spread reference

page 17

Sooting tendencies of aromatic hydrocarbons

Source: Combustion Generated Fine Carbonaceous Particles, Karlsruhe University Press, 2009

page 18

Influence of aromatic compounds on particle formation

benzenepolyaromatichydrocarbons

formation of soot

CH3

CH

toluenetropylium

radicalreduced formation

of sootReduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms. Reduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms.

page 19

Influence of aromatic compounds on particle formation

CH3

CH

toluenetropylium

radicalreduced formation

of soot

• disorder of the conjugated π-electron system

• inhibition of particle formation

Reduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms. Reduction of particle formation by reducing content of aromatic compounds with more than eight carbon atoms.

page 20

Correlation of different fuel properties to PN emissions1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kW EU5, Golf, meaningful sections from different drive cycles

Property Cold start Acceleration High load

Total aromatics 0,86 0,67 0,36

Aromatics ≥ C8 0,90 0,97 0,79

Aromatics ≥ C9 0,87 0,94 0,78

Ethanol content -0,53 -0,48 -0,34

E150 -0,97 -0,91 -0,60

T80 0,96 0,90 0,67

T90 0,86 0,77 0,75

Final boiling point 0,69 0,74 0,88

Density 0,88 0,63 0,24

Correlation coefficients from linear regression of eight fuels

page 21

Master Thesis H. Bröker

PN reduction by the use of e-gasoline 1st generation (5 cars in WLTP)

raw emission exhaust gas emission

PN e

mis

sion

typical field quality

target e-gasoline 1st generation

GPF efficiency η = 83%*

Source: ACEA

page 22

Research octane number of specific fuel components

Knocking tendency

Ethanol: 130

ETBE: 118

Emission optimized + High RON must be based on oxygenates.E20 RON 102

Emission optimized + High RON must be based on oxygenates.E20 RON 102

page 23

Fuel consumption on test bench1.5L TGI EA 211evo

E10 ROZ 95 E20 ROZ 102 - dedicated engine

page 24

Long term effects by formation of organic deposits

organic deposits possible effects results

- injector coking

- coking of inlet valve

- coking of intake tract

- throttle coking

- OBD mistakes

- higher emissions

- risk of engine deposits

- negative impact on gas flow,spray pattern,mixture behavior

- inner flow handicap

- risk of pre-ignition

page 25

Influence of fuel additives on injectors1.4 L Turbo GDI 103 kW EU5, engine high load ageing run

Outer deposits In-hole deposits Outer deposits

Keep-clean injectors

Outer deposits In-hole deposits Outer deposits

Fouled Injectors

Source SGS Conference 2014, ShanghaiJohnny Shen, Alex Cantlay, Thomas Garbepage 26

Raw emission advantages by the use of e-diesel

NOx-emissions [g/h]

part

icul

ates

[g/

h]

0

1

2

3

4

5

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

diesel

2,0l TDI EA288 – 1.550 1/min, 90 Nm

e-diesel – 1st gen. (100 % paraffin)

e-diesel – 2nd gen. (70 % paraffin, 30 % OME)

page 27

available today:100 % and as a blend component

availability from 2025









• Roadmap diesel

• Best practice: R 33 Blue Diesel

• Conclusion

climate

air quality

product

page 28

Approach for e-gasoline

improved specification• combustion behavior

• oxygenates E20

• low soot formation tendency

• stability and all year quality

production of e-fuels• energy- und CO2-optimized production

• production of optimized base quality

• optimization additive package

fuel gasoline vehicles

efficient powertrains• use of improved

combustion properties

• use of lower soot potential

page 29

plug in concepts• use of improved stability

• use of all year quality

Engine design for new gasoline fuels

EN 228drop in: no modification

E10

paraffin from MTG process

EN 228 modE20 eq

E20 ROZ 102

slight modifications:fuel detection, higher compression ratecombustion optimization

E20E20 with ethanol equivalentsparaffin from MTG process

page 30

Roadmap gasoline fuels

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

EN 228main grade

E10 penetration in whole Europequality optimization for low PN emissions

E20 ROZ 102, min. PN emissions

EN 228 Mod EN228 Modmain grade

for specific use

option: „city-gasoline“

Also see „Auto Fuel Studies 1+2“ at E4tec and Roland Berger

page 31

Approach for e-diesel

specification• introduction of paraffinic diesel into

the market

• new spec. forfuels containing OME

• improved stability

production of e-fuels• energy- und CO2-optimized production

• production of optimized base quality

• optimization additive package

fuel diesel cars

identification of use for air quality improvement

efficient powertrains• use of improved combustion

properties

• use of low soot potential

basic investigation• concept OME blend engine

plug in concepts• use of improved stability

• use of all year qualitypage 32

Engine design for new diesel fuels

EN 590

EN 15940drop in: no modification

high paraffinic share

max. 5 % OME, fleet compatible

EN 15940 modslight modifications:fuel detection, material

30 % OME, can also be operatedwith diesel or paraffinic diesel

OME standard„dedicated vehicle“OME engine, new fuel system, expensive material

100 % OME, no operation with diesel or paraffinic fuel possible

page 33

Roadmap diesel fuel

2020 2025 2030 2035 2040

EN 590 main grade

higher paraffinic share

paraffinic diesel

EN 15940 EN 15940main grade

for specific useslight adaptions of current engines

option: „city-diesel“

paraffin + blend OME

EN 15940 mod. EN 15940 mod.main grade

for specific applicationhardware adjustment

page 34

Concept Diesel R33

• fuel for every diesel vehicle

• same or lower exhaust emissions

• high quality

• suitability for future vehicle concepts

acceptance of customers, public and politics

page 35

R33* Blue Diesel

page 36

7 % FAME from used cooking oil

67 % diesel fuel with performance additive package

26 % paraffinic dieselfrom used cooking oil

20 % CO2-saving

R33* tested in over 280 vehicles

Introduction of R33 Blue Diesel at Volkswagen main gas station 2018/01/30

Conclusions

• The ideal future fuel mix:Green electricity and regenerative hydrocarbon fuels.

• Backbone for fuel decarbonization: Ethanol, methanol to gasoline, paraffinic diesel fuel and methane.

• Gasoline fuel has to be optimized for low particulate emissions byoptimizing the chemical composition, blending oxygenates and dosing additives.

• Paraffinic diesel fuels realizes benefits in short time frame and can be improved in the future by blending OME.

• Methane fueled (CNG) cars guaranty very low emissions immediately.

• Robust roadmap for regenerative fuels integrates sustainability and fuel quality for immediate effects on climate and air quality.

• Research and investments have to be concentrated now to achieve a high impact till 2030.

page 40

climate

air quality

product

Do not put off till tomorrow what you can do today. Thanks for your attention.

page 41

influence of power to liquid fuels on the emissions of modern …7+influence+of... · influence of...

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