influence of biochar and diversified cropping systems on soil physical and chemical properties -...
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Influence of Biochar and Diversified Cropping Systems on Soil Physical and Chemical
Properties
Debbie Aller, David Laird, Ross Mazur, Ken Moore, Roger Hintz
SWCS conference- July 28th 2015
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• Increasing energy demands
• Bioenergy production impacts on soil and water quality (Hatfield, 2015)
• Alternative cropping systems • small grains• perennial grasses• biochar amendments
Rationale
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Biochar
Carbon sequestration
Plant pathogens
Crop yields
GHG emissions
Microbial activity
Soil fertility
Nutrient retention
Soil moisture
Photo credit: http://biochar.ucdavis.edu
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• Long-Term Rotation Plots
• Sorenson Farm- Boone County, IA
Study Site
• Established in 2006• CRBD with split plots• Biochar – 10 tons/ac• 2 biochar ages (2012, 2013)• Biomass, yield, and soil data
• 5 cropping rotations • Continuous corn• Corn, soy, corn, soy, corn, soy• Corn, soy, triticale/soy, corn,
soy, triticale/soy• Corn, corn, corn/SG, SG, SG, SG• Continuous switchgrass
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Background
Goal Hypotheses
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• Determine the effect of biochar, biochar age, and cropping system on soil physical and chemical properties.
• Crop rotations that include triticale, switchgrass, and biochar additions will impact soil quality
• Biochar age will impact soil quality
Lab AnalysisPhysical Properties
• Saturated hydraulic conductivity• Solute transport• Gravimetric water content • Bulk density• Porosity
Chemical Properties• pH and EC • Total C/Total N • C/N ratio
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Results
• Biochar decreased soil ρb compared with no biochar controls. • No effect of biochar age• Continuous switchgrass had a decreased ρb similar to biochar
amended plots
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Cont Corn Corn-Soy Corn-Soy-Tricale Corn-Swg Cont Swg
Rotation
Bul
k D
ensi
ty (g
/cm
3)
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6No biocharBiochar 1 yearBiochar 2 year
No biocharBiochar 1 yearBiochar 2 year
A B AB A B No biocharBiochar 1 yearBiochar 2 yeara
b b
a
b b
a
bb
a
b b
Cont Corn Corn-Soy Corn-Soy-Triticale Corn-Swg Cont Swg
Rotation
Bul
k D
ensi
ty (g
/cm
3 )
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
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Cont Corn Corn-Soy Corn-Soy-Tricale Corn-Swg Cont Swg
Rotation
Gra
vity
Dra
ined
Wat
er C
onte
nt (g
/g)
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
No biocharBiochar 1 yearBiochar 2 year
ResultsB A B B B No biochar
Biochar 1 yearBiochar 2 year
b
aa
a a a
a
a a
b
bb
Cont Corn Corn-Soy Corn-Soy-Triticale Corn-Swg Cont Swg
Rotation
Gra
vim
etric
Wat
er C
onte
nt (g
/g)
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
• Gravimetric water content was greater for treatments with biochar compared to no biochar.
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Cont Corn Corn-Soy Corn-Soy-Tricale Corn-Swg Cont Swg
Rotation
C:N
Rat
io (%
/%)
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10
12
14
16
18No biocharBiochar 1 yearBiochar 2 year
No biocharBiochar 1 yearBiochar 2 year
NSResults
b
a
a aa
a
bb b
a
a
a
Cont Corn Corn-Soy Corn-Soy-Triticale Corn-Swg Cont Swg
Rotation
C:N
Rat
io (%
/%)
8
10
12
14
16
18
• Soil C/N ratio increased with biochar amendment compared to no biochar controls
• No effect of biochar age
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Cont Corn Corn-Soy Corn-Soy-Tricale Corn-Swg Cont Swg
Rotation
pH
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0No biocharBiochar 1 yearBiochar 2 year
A A A B B No biocharBiochar 1 yearBiochar 2 year
a a aa
a
a a
ab
b
b b
Cont Corn Corn-Soy Corn-Soy-Triticale Corn-Swg Cont Swg
Rotation
pH
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
• Soil pH increased with biochar addition compared with no biochar controls
• Soil pH lower in switchgrass rotations compared to other rotations
Results
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Results
• Cropping rotation, biochar presence, and age of biochar appear to have minimal effects on solute transport
• Saturated hydraulic conductivity was highly variable; no differences among treatments
• Biochar • Decreased soil bulk density• Increased gravimetric water content, porosity, soil C/N ratio, and
pH• No effect on EC
• No effect of cropping rotation, biochar presence, and age of biochar on solute transport
• Continuous switchgrass rotation had a similar impact as biochar on soil bulk density and pH
• No difference of biochar age on soil physical and chemical properties 13
Conclusions
Thank you and Questions?
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