Industrial RevolutionChapter 9

Honors World History (B)

Coach Simmons

A Different Revolution

• Agriculture paves the way – new improvements, enclosures, seeding (drill), harvesting (machines), crop rotation, livestock breeding

• Industrial beginning in England, Why?1. Natural resources – rivers, iron ore,

harbors2. Wealth and investment into inventions3. Large population and workforce

New Inventions

• Flying shuttle clothed the world (John Kay)• Spinning jenny-water powered wheel (James

Hargreaves)• Reaper improved wheat production (Cyrus

McCormick)• Telegraph and eventually telephone improved

communication (Samuel Morse & A. G. Bell)• All of these machines used in new buildings

called factories

Transportation improvements

• Steam Power led to many inventions

- James Watt improved the steam engine making it more efficient

- Entrepreneurs invested in new technologies (businessmen)

- Steam Boats like the Clermont

- Improved roads such as turnpikes

Railroads

• George Stephenson designed steam-powered locomotive engines

• Liverpool to Manchester first rail line• The Rocket could haul 13 tons @24 mph• Effects of Railroads1. Efficient transportation of raw materials2. More Jobs3. Boosted other industries4. Improved Travel

Chapter 9 Sec 2

Industrialization Changes Life

• Urbanization – movement into cities

• As industry grew the population of cities grew

• Factories sprung up close to resources

• Size of cities doubled, some even quadrupled (Manchester 1775, 45,000 1825, 300,000)

Standard of living

• Growth was so quick the cities were not planned very well

• No sanitation codes, building codes, or development plans

• Elizabeth Gaskell describes this in Mary Burton p.290

• Disease ran rampant (cholera) during this time avg life span 17 yrs.

Working conditions

• Business wanted as much production as possible.

• Led to long hours (14-16) and 6 day work weeks

• Dangerous conditions

• Women and children employed due to cheap source of labor

• Child labor p.290

Class Tensions

• Rise of the middle class

• Industrialization produced massive amounts of wealth and poverty

• Change of social hierarchy landowners v. businessmen

• The working class continued to struggle in poverty (importance of education)

Positive effects of Industrialization

• Creation of jobs for workers – led to healthier diets, housing, cheaper goods

• Need for educated professions

• Fostered technological process

• Created the role of consumer goods

• Needs v. wants

• Created better tax base for governments

Chapter 9 Sec 3

Industrialization Spreads

• Development in the U.S.

• Textile Industry grew rapidly (King Cotton) in the South

• Creation of mill towns

• Women and children were heavily employed in textile industry

• Steel becomes chief source of industrialization in U.S. (Railroads)

Rise of corporations

• Large businesses require large sums of money (Big Business)

• Stocks give entrepreneurs the opportunity

• Corporations are businesses owned by shareholders

• Examples: Standard Oil (Rockefeller) and Carnegie Steel (Carnegie)

Europe Industrializes

• The Napoleonic Wars slowed progress in Europe and allowed Britain to take the lead

• Belgium, Germany, Russia were future stars of industry

• Slowly each country would steal, spy, and cheat to discover these new technologies and copy Britain

• Other countries lacked the resources to industrialize (Spain, Austria-Hungary)

Industrial Impact

• Shifted balance of world power

• Widened gap of wealth

• Led to imperialism (exploitation of overseas colonies) Chp 11

• Changed daily lives of the people

• Increased opportunities and participation of people in government

Chapter 9 Sec 4

Industrial philosophy

• Capitalism – privately owned factors of production with ability to invest capital

• Laissez faire – businesses run business with no interference

• Rise of the Free Market• Adam Smith – “Wealth of Nations”1. Self-interest = people work for own good2. Competition = forces people to be better3. Supply and demand = price reflects market

value

Another Industrial philosophy

• Socialism – publicly owned factors of production in which capital is used for good of all

• Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham “greatest good for the greatest number of people”

• Robert Owen and Utopian ideas• Socialist vowed for government control of

economy to end poverty and create equality

Marxism

• Radical solution: The Communist Manifesto

• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

• “Haves” v. “Have-nots”

• Middle class sat back while the proletariat did all the work (leads to revolt)

• Communism – end to private ownership all goods and services shared equally

Reforms

• Formation of labor unions to protect workers rights

• They used collective bargaining tactics to negotiate deals

• Strikes were planned if negotiations failed• Skilled working positions had greater power to

strike• Factory Act of 1833 – child labor reduced• Mines Act – prevented women and children from

working underground• Ten Hours Act – 10 hr day for women and

children

Reform Spreads

• Britain first to abolish slavery in 1833 most other industrial nations followed within the 19th century

• Motives for abolitionist?

• Women’s Rights

• Jane Addams (Hull House)

• Free Public school systems

• Reform of prisons (rehabilitation)