Industrial Revolution

Goals:Name economic conditions necessaryExplain why these were revolutionaryIdentify transportation improvementsDescribe positives and negatives

Industrial RevolutionWhat is it?Industrial-work or labor relatedRevolution-sweeping changes to current ideas/practicesIndustrial Revolution-important changes to the way people workedNo longer making everything by hand-use of machinesWhy was England the leader in this revolution?

Why England?

Natural resources in abundanceCoal, iron ore, riversLaborers1750-1800 50% increase in populationImproved farmingPotato-from AmericaEnglish government forced farm workers off land Enclosures for wealthy landownersCapitalWealthy people started new ventures & invested money in new factories

The Revolution Spreads1860-Germany was industrialized1870s-United States was a powerful industrial countryProcess continues todayEconomists divide world countries into 2 categoriesIndustrialized-resources and capital neededDeveloping-lack and industrial economy

Inventions

Steam engine improvements-James Watt 1773 Steam engine that powered wheelsFlying shuttle-John Kay 1733Carries thread from 1 side to the other-improved cloth makingSpinning Jenny-James Hargreaves 1764Spinning wheel with 8 wheels instead of 1 Spinning Mule-Samuel Crompton 1778Spin thread 150 miles long from 1 pound of cottonCotton Gin-Whitney 1793-picked seeds from cotton 50 times faster than by hand

Mass ProductionWhitney-made little money from cotton ginBetter gun manufacturerUsed to be made by hand-each was differentWhitney made parts that were identicalThose parts assembled alike-now parts can be replaced by anyoneMass production-making large amounts of the same thing, usually identicalLess time to make things, less expensive to buy, more is produced

Steel

1856-Henry BessemerBessemer process- removed impurities from iron-produced steelStronger than iron and more flexibleNations with large amounts of coal and iron began building steel plantsGermany-Ruhr Valley, England-North, US-Pittsburgh, PA

Transportation ImprovementsDirt roads-difficult to travel onTelford & McAdam-2 layer and crushed stone roadsCanals-1st 1760s in England, 1825 in the USCoal easier to move & cheaper BUT expensive & needed waterSteam locomotive was answer

Steam Engine

Powered the steam locomotive1st engine for pumping water out of coal mines1763-James Watt improves it-to turn wheelsTextile machines used wheels-steam engine was a natural fitFactories previously used water to power them but had to be near running water sourceWith steam engines-factories to be built anywhereBy 1800-over 500 engines were powering factoriesRailroadsStephenson-The Blucher30 tons at 4 MPH1829-The Rocket30 MPHBecome the most important form of transportationIndustry grew from need for rails, cars, and locomotives, workers to build them

Changes-Positive & NegativeEngland-the workshop of the worldBefore 1750s-most people stayed near home-rarely went more than 10 milesEngland made over the worlds clothEngland passed laws so technology & people wouldnt leave the country and other countries industrializePrices of goods much lower & quality was better

United States1789-Samuel Slater memorized plans for a spinning machine Snuck on a ship to the US-1793 built 1st thread-making machine in USLowell-in Mass. Provided schools & clean places to live-very few owner followed in his footstepsDevelopment of new power sources:Electricity-EdisonOil-gasoline-Gottlieb Daimler

Changes to Cities

Populations grew quicklyUnhealthy conditions-Garbage filled streetsWhole families workedDangerous machinesNo workers comp or doctors to help themLabor unions grew