What does this cartoon say about working conditions during the Industrial Revolution?

Britain’s textile industry would be the first to be transformed. By 1800, several inventions had modernized the cotton industry.

1733 – John Kay – “Flying Shuttle”

A shuttle sped back and forth on wheels. The flying shuttle, a

boat-shaped piece of wood to which yarn was attached,

doubled the work a weaver could do in a day.

1787 – Edmund Cartwright - “Power

Loom”

Run by water-power. Sped up weaving.

1779 – Samuel Crompton –

“Spinning Mule”

Combined the features of the spinning jenny

and the water frame to make thread that was stronger and finer.

1769 – Richard Arkwright – “Water

Frame”

Used water-power from rapid streams to drive

spinning wheels.

1764 – James Hargreaves –

“Spinning Jenny”

A spinning wheel used to weave yarn. It

allowed a spinner to work 8 threads at a

time.

1765 – ___________ – “Steam Engine”

Need for a cheap, convenient source of power was met with the invention of the steam engine.

James Watt

Road Transportation John McAdam – Paved Roads – Early 1800s

Equipped roadbeds with a layer of large stones for drainage. On top, he placed a smoothed layer of crushed rock. Previously, rain and mud often made roads

impassable and men were known to drown in potholes.

Steam Locomotives George Stephenson – “The

Rocket” - 1829

Railroads spurred industrial growth by giving manufacturers a cheap way to transport material and finished products.

Railroad boom created hundreds of thousands of new jobs for both railroad workers and miners.

The railroads boosted England’s agricultural and fishing industries, which could transport their products to distant cities.

By making travel easier, railroads encouraged people to take distant city jobs.

Factory Work Was Harsh:

• There were rigid schedules with _______________________

• Work was the same day after day, week after week.

• There were high injury rates. Frequent accidents ___________________________

• There was no ___________. Workers were fired for being sick, working too slow, or for no reason at all.

• Women and children were _________________

• Wages were low

long hours and few breaks

(Ex: lost limbs in machines)

job security

paid less than men

Urbanization:

• Cities became more common and more populated – some ______________________

• People migrated to cities looking for work, especially unemployed farmers due to the ______________.

• Cities were dirty and dangerous. There was a lack of sanitation laws, no fire and police departments, no running water.

Enclosure Acts

doubled or tripled in size

I. Change in Social Structure

A. The ______________

Aristocratic nobles and landowners were still in control

B. The Capitalist Upper Class

They were ____________ who used their money to buy and

build factories and run large businesses.

C. The New Middle Class

Professionals, investors, merchants

They were financially stable, educated, and they _______ to

become upper class.

D. The New Working Class

Lowly, unskilled, mechanical, poor, __________________

Traditional elite

aspired

entreprenuers

uneducated workers

III. Labor movements

• Formed seeking better wages and working conditions.

• Workers organized into unions and threatened to strike.

• Eventually, laws limiting child labor, shorter working hours, and safer working conditions were introduced.

IV. New economic structures

• Emerge to address the new industrial society.

V. New government functions

• School compulsive until age 12, and even beyond

• Wider welfare measures and regulatory roles

• __________________ – Gave the Parliamentary right to vote to most middle-class men

Reform Bill of 1832

VII. New directions in artistic expression

_____________ – Artistic and intellectual movement that originated in the late 18th century and stressed strong emotion, imagination, freedom from classical correctness in art forms, and rebellion against social conventions.

The Wanderer above the Snowfields by Caspar David Friedrich

Romanticism

Urbanization: The movement of people to the cities

The Industrial revolution brought rapid urbanization.

The enclosure movement pushed people off the farms and into the cities

• Factory work was difficult and dangerous• Typical shifts lasted 12 to 16 hours• If you complained, you were fired.• If you got sick, you were fired.• If you got hurt and could no longer work,

you were fired.

Factory owners hired women because they could pay them less

Women with families worked 12 hours a day and were still expected to cook, clean, etc. when they finally got home.

Families needed the income working children could provide.

Children could be hired at very low wages Children worked in the same dangerous

factories, for the same long hours

1) Workers protested their conditions

These protests were put down violently by the British government

David Ricardo “The Iron Law of

Wages” Workers should be paid

only enough to survive If they make more

money, they will have more children, become poor & die off from starvation

Robert Owen: Set up ideal working community called “New Harmony.” Workers worked less, children were taken care of while parents worked… productivity and profits increased.

A change in the way work was done. A change from making goods by hand, to using machines.

A. Charles Townshend – Learned that crop rotation led to longer lasting fertile soil.

B. Jethro Tull – Invented a seed drill – a cart with a dropper that would plant seeds more efficiently.

How Did It All Start?How Did It All Start?

I. It began with an Agricultural Revolution in the 1700s. New ways of planting and growing crops were introduced.

Old way of planting seeds

The Seed Drill

Improved Seed Drill

This led to:

1. ______________________________

2. __________ ___________________

3. _____________________________

4. ______________________________

C. Enclosure Movement: Rich landowners bought land of village farmers and enclosed it with fences.

Discovery of more productive farm methods to increase production

Larger profits for wealthy farmers

Small farmers now unemployed – move to the cities to find work

Cities grew - Urbanization

III. Why was England the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?

A. England had resources - ________, _______, _______, ________ and _______________.

B. England had a wealthy upper class and bourgeoisie that used their capital to build mines and factories and buy machines and large farms for profit.

C. England’s economy was strong because it had colonies that supplied resources.

D. England’s naval superiority was an advantage because it protected trade routes.

harborsa good climate

workerscoal iron