induction lamps vs hid lamps

7/27/2019 Induction Lamps vs HID Lamps

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EconoLux Induction LightsEconoLux Induction Lights

Vs.Vs.

High Intensity DischargeHigh Intensity Discharge

(HID) Lights(HID) Lights

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EconoLux Induction Lights Vs. HID Lights - www.EconoLuxIndustries.com Page

EconoLux Induction Lights Vs. High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lights

Introduction:

As the cost of energy increases, people are seeking ways in which to reduce their energy

consumption. Due to these rising energy costs, a great deal of R&D work has gone into findingimprovements in lighting technology so as to consume less energy, while still providing therequired light levels.

The most common form of lighting in use in commercial and industrial applications is HID(High Intensity Discharge) lighting technologies such as Mercury Vapour (MV) lamps, HighPressure Sodium (HPS) lamps and Metal Halide (MH) lamps. In some areas, Low PressureSodium (LPS or SOX) lamps are still used, although they have generally fallen out of favour dueto their almost monochromatic orange light output and abysmal colour rendering.

This paper compares the use of HID lamps in commercial and industrial lightingapplication with using long-life, energy saving EconoLux Induction lamps. The paper shows

scientifically that energy and maintenance savings of between 35% and 75% can be realised byreplacing the inefficient HID lamps with Induction Lamps.

Technology Background:

Before comparing the merits of InductionLamps and HID lamps in commercial andindustrial lighting applications, we will reviewthe technology by which the induction lampsproduce light.

EconoLux Induction Lamps:

External inductor lamps are basicallyfluorescent lamps with magnetic inductioncoils wrapped around a part of the tube (seediagram on right). High frequency energy,from the electronic ballast, is sent throughwires which form a coil around the ferriteinductor. The induction coil produces a very strong magnetic field, which travels through theglass envelope/tube walls, and excites the mercury atoms provided by the amalgam, causingthem to emit UV light inside the tube. The UV light is then up-converted to the visible light wesee by the phosphor coating on the inside of the tube.

The system can be considered as a type of transformer where the inductor is the primarycoil, while the mercury atoms within the tube from a single-turn secondary coil; thus electricalenergy is coupled through the glass wall of the tube to excite the mercury atoms within.

In a variation of this technology, a light bulb shaped glass lamp, which has a test-tube likecentral re-entrant cavity (glass tube), is coated with phosphors on the inside and filled with inertgas and a pellet of mercury amalgam. The induction coil is wound around a shaft which isinserted into the central test-tube like cavity and excited by high frequency energy provided byan external electronic ballast, to produce a strong magnetic field.

The advantages of Induction Lamps are longer lifespan than HID lamps (such as MercuryVapour, High & Low pressure Sodium, and Metal Halide) due to the lack of internal electrodes.Induction lamps also have a very high energy conversion efficiency due to the high frequency

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EconoLux Induction Lights Vs. HID Lights - www.EconoLuxIndustries.com Page 2

electronic ballasts which are 95% to 99% efficient. These benefits offer a considerable costsavings of between 35% and 75% in energy and maintenance costs compared to other types oflamps which they can replace.

As with conventional fluorescent lamps, varying the composition of the phosphors coatedonto the inside of the Induction Lamp tubes, allows for models with different colour

temperatures. Most induction lamps in use are scotopically enhanced types and are primarily5000K models, although 4100K lamps are also used in many applications. Some 6500Kinduction lamps are also used in applications where high visual acuity is required, as thoselights more closely simulate daylight and provide the best value-for-money (maximum VEL).

Ballasts:

Magnetic Induction Lamps require a correctlymatched electronic ballast for proper operation. The ballasttakes the incoming AC power and rectifies it to DC (photoat right). Solid state circuitry then converts this DC current

to a very high frequency which is between 2.65 MHz and13.6 MHz depending on lamp design. This high frequencyis fed to the induction coil wrapped around the ferrite coreof the lamp inductor. The high frequency creates a strongmagnet field in the inductor, which couples the energy through the glass wall and into themercury atoms inside the tube or lamp.

The ballasts contain control circuitry which regulates the frequency and current to theinduction coil to insure stable operation of the lamp. In addition, the ballasts have a circuitwhich produces a large start pulse to initially ionize the mercury atoms and thereby start thelamp. Induction lamps do not start at 100% output as it take a few seconds for the amalgam inthe lamp to heat up and release mercury atoms after the lamp starts. The lamps start at between75% and 85% of output and warm up to full almost imperceptibly within a minute or two.

The close regulation of the lamp by the ballast, and the use of microprocessor controlledcircuits allows the ballasts to operate at an efficiency of between 95% and 99% (depending on themodel) so that only around 1% to 5% of the energy is lost in the induction lamp ballastcompared to the 12% to 17% wasted in traditional core and coil designs.

NOTE: For a more detailed discussion of Induction Lighting technology, please see our The ScienceBehind EconoLux Induction Lamps and How EconoLux Induction Lamps Work publications,available in our on-line library atwww.EconoLuxIndustries.com

High Intensity Discharge (HID) Lamps:

While there are differences in each type of HID (Mercury Vapour, High Pressure Sodiumand Metal Halide) lamps, they all share a common principal of light production. An electricalcurrent, from a suitable ballast, is conducted into the interior of a discharge capsule (sometimescalled and arc tube) by means of electrodes. An arc is formed between the electrodes in thedischarge capsule which, in combination with the gas-fill and other elements present, produceslight. The discharge capsule (arc tube) is suspended in the center of a glass envelope (bulb) bymeans of support wires which usually form part of the electrical circuit bringing current to theelectrodes. The bulb may be evacuated to help insulate the discharge capsule, or it may be filledwith an inert (noble) gas. The diagram on the next page gives a generalised schematic of a HID

type lamp.


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The colour (wavelength) of the light emitted by theHID lamps, depends primarily on the combination of thegas fill and the other elements in the discharge tube:

Mercury Vapour (MV) lamps: use mercury and argongas confined in a central discharge tube/capsule made

of fused quartz. The central tube is mounted within alarger envelope made of glass, which may be clear orcoated with phosphors on the inside. The outer glassenvelope provides protection from UV emissions andthermal insulation of the discharge tube. Tungstenelectrodes, protruding through the walls of thedischarge tube, carry an electrical current from theballast. The current causes the mercury vapour tobecome ionized creating an electrical arc which emitslight with a characteristic blue green colour. In lampswith phosphor coatings on the inside of the glass bulb,the colour of the light appears closer to white since

some of the UV light is up-converted by thephosphors into other colours which are lacking in themain discharge. When the lamp first starts, it appearsto be a dark blue colour as only a small amount of the mercury is ionized at first. As thelamp warms up, the pressure in the discharge tube/capsule increases causing the mercuryemission bands to broaden slightly producing light that appears whiter to the human eye.If the lamp is turned off, or the power fails, the lamp can not be re-lit until the dischargetube has cooled - it is not a hot re-strike type of lamp.

High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamps: use an internal discharge tube/capsule, typicallymade of translucent aluminium oxide (alumina), located inside a glass outer envelope. Theinternal discharge capsule is made of alumina due to the high chemical activity and heat

generated within the tube. The discharge tube contains a mixture of mercury and sodiumwith a xenon gas fill. Electrodes protrude through the walls of the outer glass envelopeand into the arc tube to bring current to the interior of the lamp. HPS lamps are first lit by ashort, high voltage, spike supplied by the ballast, and then glow a dull orange colour. Asthe lamp warms up, it will transition through a phase where the light appears whitish asthe mercury is fully vaporized but the sodium is not yet fully vaporized. Once the sodiumis fully vaporized, the lamps produce a characteristic pinkish/orange colour. Thespectrum emitted by the HPS lamps is wider due to the very high pressure created in thedischarge tube which broadens the emission lines of the sodium, and the emissions fromthe mercury also contribute some blue and green to the light output. Some HPS lampshave a phosphor coating on the interior of the outer glass envelope to further broaden the

output spectrum. If the lamp is turned off, or the power fails, the lamp can not be re-lituntil the discharge tube has cooled - it is not a hot re-strike type of lamp.

Metal Halide (MH) lamps: use a high-pressure mixture of argon gas, mercury, and avariety of metal halides such as sodium/scandium. The mixture of halides will affect thenature of the light produced, by making the light output redder or bluer. Some MH lampsare coated with phosphors on the inner wall of the glass envelope to further improve theoutput spectrum and to diffuse the light. The MH lamps are started by a high voltagepulse from the ballast which ionizes the argon gas. The heat produced by the ionized gasvaporises the mercury and metal halides in the discharge/arc tube. As the lamp warmsup, the temperature and pressure in the arc tube increase producing more light and awider spectrum. Towards the end of their life, the intense heat and chemical activity can

weaken the arc tube and the lamp may explode causing a fire hazard. For this reason,most manufacturers recommend that MH lamps be installed in an enclosed fixture. If thelamp is turned off, or the power fails, the lamp can not be re-lit until the discharge tube has


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cooled - it is not a hot re-strike type of lamp unless it is equipped with a type of ballast thatprovides a hot re-strike function.

All three types of HID lamps produce a large amount of heat during operation which isgenerally carried away by convention of the air around the lamps. Thus they do not use heat-sinks for cooling. The heat produced by HID lamps can be an added hidden energy cost when

they are operated indoors or in an air-conditioned space, as extra energy must be used toremove the heat. This is called the thermal load of the lights.

NOTE: For more information on thermal load, please see our The Science Behind EconoLux InductionLamps publication, available in our on-line library atwww.EconoLuxIndustries.com

HID Ballasts:

Just as with the Induction lamps, HID lamps require a ballast toprovide the correct voltage and current to the lamp. The mostcommon, and lowest cost HID ballast type, is the Core & Coil

ballast (see photo at left). This is essentially a current limitingtransformer which provides the correct voltage and amperage to thelamp. These core & coil ballasts are not very energy efficient as theyconvert between 10% and 17.5% of the power supplied to the lampinto heat. Thus a 400W Metal halide lamp will actually consume475W of energy. The additional 75W is energy lost in the ballast(usually manifested as heat) is referred to as ballast overhead.

Ballasts for HID lamps generally contain additional components such as a capacitor and/or a starter circuit. A high voltage, or high amperage, energy pulse is usually required toinitially ionize the gas within the discharge capsule of the lamp to create a path for current flowbetween the electrodes.

Recently, electronic ballasts for HID lamps have become available. These replace theCore & Coil with sold state components to regulate the power to the lamp, produce the start-pulse, etc. These ballasts are still not widely used as they are usually more costly than the core& coil type, but they are being phased in slowly.

Induction Lamps Vs. HID Lamps:

While induction lamp technology has matured in the last several years, it is oftenoverlooked or underutilized in lighting applications since none of the major lightingmanufacturers promote induction lamps in any significant way. HID lighting technology is

well known, ubiquitous and cheap as it is an older technology that has been available fordecades. However, because it is an older technology, it is generally not as energy efficient asother technologies available on the market.

We will begin by making some general comparisons between the light levels and energyconsumption of the various HID lamps and induction lighting technology. We will then analysesome real-world examples of replacing a 400W HID high-bay fixture, with a 200W Inductionlighting high-bay fixture.

This paper presumes that the reader is familiar with such terms and concepts as ballastoverhead, CRI, Power Factor (Cos-Phi), S/P Ratio, and Visually Effective Lumens(VEL). For readers who are not familiar with these terms and concepts, please see our The

Science Behind EconoLux Induction Lamps publication, available in our on-line library atwww.EconoLuxIndustries.com


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Energy efficiency and CRI:

The major difference between induction lighting and HID lighting (other than lifespan), isin conversion efficiency (energy utilization) and the Colour rendering Index (CRI) of the lamps.Conversion efficiency is a measurement of the amount of light a lamp produces for a givenamount of energy and is measured in Lumens per Watt - Lumens/Watt or L/W.

Induction lamps have a conversion efficiency ranging from 65 L/W in low wattage (8~20W internal inductor types) to 90 L/W in the high wattage lamps (300~400 W externalinductor models).[1] Ongoing research will see some small improvements in thesenumbers. The typical CRI of a 5000K induction lamps is 80~82

Mercury Vapour lamps have a conversion efficiency of between 25 L/W in low wattagemodels (35 W) and 57.3 L/W in high wattage models (1000 W). The typical CRI of an MVlamp is 22 with phosphor coated models typically having a CRI of 43.

High Pressure Sodium lamps have a conversion efficiency of between 39.1 L/W in lowwattage models (50 W) and 94.7 L/W in high wattage models (400 W). The typical CRI ofan HPS lamp is 21 with phosphor coated models typically having a CRI of 32.

Metal Halide lamps have a conversion efficiency of between 70 L/W in low wattagemodels (175 W) and 96.3 L/W in high wattage models (1500 W). The typical CRI of anHPS lamp is 65 with phosphor coated models typically having a CRI of 70.

When considering commercial/industrial lighting and using a 200W lighting fixture as anexample, the induction lamp version has a conversion efficiency of 82.5 L/W, while the HIDequivalent will have a conversion efficiency in the range of 41.4~74.5 L/W. The EconoLuxInduction Lamp fixture will produce 16,500 lumens of light, while the HID version will producebetween 8,280 and 14,900 Lumens of light depending on the type of HID lamp used in thelighting fixture.

Comparison of Light Output, Electrical Energy Consumption and Power Costs

Light Type: 200W MV 200W HPS 200W MH200W

Induction

Nominal wattage (Watts): 200 W 200 W 200 W 200 W

Total actual wattage (Ballast included)*[1]: 232 W 232 W 232 W 204 W

Ballast/Power Supply overhead (Watts): 32 W 32 W 32 W 4 W

Conversion efficiency (Lumens/Watt): 36.2 L/W 79.2 L/W 61.6 L/W 82.5 L/W

Light output (Lumens - Lamp only): 7,240 L 15,840 L 12,320 L 16,500 L

Colour Temperature (Kelvin): 5,900 K 2,100 K 4,700 K 6,500 K

Colour Rendering Index (CRI): 22 21 65 81

S/P Ratio (from chart): 0.80 0.62 1.49 1.96

Output corrected for VEL (VEL): 5,792 VEL* 9,820 VEL* 18,356 VEL* 32,340 VEL*

Energy savings (Watts): 28 W

Cost for 100 hours operation (at $0.10/kWh $): $2.32 $2.32 $ 2.32 $ 2.04

*Note:A difference of +/- 10 to 15% in light levels is barely perceptible to the human eye - VEL figures rounded up/down tonearest whole number. HID ballast overhead averaged at 16%. Clear type HID lamps compared above - results will differ usingPhosphor coated HID lamps.

0 (baseline compared to induction)


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The Induction Lamp produces between 9.7% and 49.8% and 57.5% more light than the HIDfixtures for the same amount of energy input. This is only taking meter lumens as measuredwith a standard light meter into consideration. Once the correction factor for S/P ratio isapplied, the Visually Effective Lumens (VEL) numbers will have an even greater difference.

The table (previous page) provides a quick comparison between a 200W EconoLux

Induction lamp and 200W versions of the three main types of HID lamps. Since the conversionefficiency of the HID lamps varies according to the type of technology used (MV, HPS, MH), andnot all HID lamps are available in 200W models, a more accurate comparison will be provided inthe real world examples further on in this paper.

As we can see from the table (previous page), the 200W Induction Lamp produces 43.2%more light than its brightest competitor (metal halide) for the same nominal wattage, whilesaving 28W and thus using 12% less energy than the MH light, and providing a higher CRI.While a savings of $0.28 per 100 hours may not seem like much, over the lifetimes of the fixture,or many fixtures in an installation, the savings can be significant - and these savings do not evenconsider the cost of maintenance (replacement lamps and labour).

Since the Magnetic Induction Lamp is producing significantly more light than the HIDlamps, one can use a lower wattage Induction Lamp, where the light output is comparable to theHID light, to further increase energy savings. The table (below) compares the 200W Inductionlamp, to its brightest competitor the Metal halide lamp, using an example of a 400W HM lamp.

In this comparison, the Induction Lamp is producing only 19.6% less light than the MHfixture ( a difference of +/- 10% to 15% in light levels is barely perceptible to the human eye), butthe induction lamp is saving 56% percent in energy costs, and saving $2.60 per 100 hours of

operation (with a power cost of $0.10/kWh).

Comparison of L ight Output, Electrical Energy and Power Costs - 400W/200W

Light Type:400W Metal

Halide200W

Induction

Nominal wattage (Watts): 400 W 200 W

Total actual wattage (Ballast included)[1]

: 468 W 204 WBallast/Power Supply overhead (Watts): 68 W 4 W

Conversion efficiency (Lumens/Watt): 74.6 L/W 82.7 L/W

Light output (Lumens): 29,840 L 16,540 L

Colour Temperature (Kelvin): 4,700K 5,000K

S/P Ratio (from chart): 1.49 2.22

Output corrected for VEL (VEL): 38,001 VEL* 31,738 VEL*

Light output increase/decrease (%): 0% (Base) -19.6%*Energy savings (Watts / %): 0W / 0% (Base) 264W / 56.4%

Energy cost for 100 hours operation (at $0.10/kWh $): $4.64 $2.04

* Note:A difference of +/- 10 to 15% in light levels is barely perceptible to the human eye - VEL figures rounded up/downto nearest whole number. HID ballast overhead from manufacturers data sheet. Clear type HID lamps compared above -results will differ using Phosphor coated HID lamps.


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Lifespan:

The next major factor to take into consideration is the operational longevity (lifespan) of

the two types of technologies, Induction and HID. The chart (above) shows the typical expectedlifespan for the most frequently used types of commercial/industrial lamp types.

Internal Inductor lamps generally have a lifespan of between 60,000 and 75,000 hours ofoperation. Since the External inductor types have greater conversion efficiency and longerlifespan, we will focus primarily on that type. External Inductor lamps generally have a lifespanof 85,000 to 100,000 hours (depending on type and model). HID lamps have an averagelifespan of between 8,750 hours (Metal Halide), 20,000 hours (Mercury Vapour) and 22,000 hours(High Pressure Sodium).

In this paper, lamp lifespan is considered as useful life, not merely the time span when thelamp is outputting some light. In order to consider a lamps useful lifespan, we must also takeLumen Maintenance into account. Lumen Maintenance is a measure of how well a lamp typemaintains its light output over its lifespan. As any light source ages, the Lumen outputdeclines - this is called Lumen Depreciation.

Lumen Maintenance, or Lumen Depreciation, information is usually published as LumenMaintenance Curves which will show when the lamp should be replaced. The graph (above)shows the lumen maintenance curves for various commercial/industrial lighting technologies. [1]

Experts recommend that lamps should be replaced once they have depreciated to 70% oftheir initial output level.[2] While a drop in light output from a lamp of up to 15% is almost


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imperceptible to the human eye, a drop in light output of between 15% and 30% is quitenoticeable to the human eye. In addition, some jurisdictions have regulations requiring certainminimum lighting levels be maintained for various kinds of tasks. Once the light output fromany lamp falls below 70% of initial output, it may also fall below minimum output levelsrequired by regulations.

On the graph (previous page) the 70% lumen depreciation point is shown by a dashed redline. We can see that for HID lamps, they reach that line at about 8,500 hours for Metal Halide,about 15,000 hours for HPS and about 16,000 hours for Mercury Vapour. External Inductorlamps reach the 70% line at around 85,000 hours - Magnetic Induction lamps last more than 80%to 90% longer than HID lamps. Naturally, this is an approximation as the exact 70% lumendepreciation point of the HID lamps, and the induction lamps will vary by make and model.

We can also see that light output from the HID lamps drops steeply after the 8,500 to15,000 hour mark (depending on lamp type), while the EconoLux Induction Lamps are stillproducing more than 60% of rated output at 90,000 hours. This means that the induction lampshave a longer grace period for replacing aging lights as they reach the end of their lifespan.Further, the HPS lamps have an annoying habit of strobing on and off when they reach end of

life, while the induction lamps decline gracefully and have no end-of-life strobing.

The useful lifespan of the two types of lighting, HID and Induction, has to be considered asit affects maintenance costs. The faster lamps reach the 70% lumen depreciation point, the moreoften they have to be replaced. In commercial and industrial lighting applications, re-lampingcan be tedious and expensive. In the case of lamps that are mounted in an industrial location,equipment may have to be moved disrupting production, and often scaffolding, or a cherrypicker, has to be brought in to access the fixtures. Even in the case of exterior lighting, re-lamping can cause interruptions in traffic flow and inconvenience workers and/or customers.

Based on the useful lifespan of the HID lamps (between8,500 for MH and 16,000 for MV) compared to the useful

lifespan of Induction Lights (around 85,000 hours), HID lightingfixtures will have a higher maintenance cost due to therequirement to purchase replacement lamps and the cost oflabour to install the replacement lamps; compared topurchasing one replacement lamp and ballast for the inductionlighting every 85,000 hours.

Acquisition (Purchase) Cost:

Having touched on the cost of maintenance, the cost of the initial purchase of the lighting

fixtures must also be considered.HID lighting fixtures are ubiquitous thus there are many manufacturers offering products

in a wide range of prices. HID lamps are also mass produced and as a result are quite low cost.Thus, the purchase price of HID lighting fixtures is usually much lower than induction lightingfixtures, unless one is purchasing a very high quality HID fixture with electronic ballast.

Induction lamps use well established glass and coating technology with electronic ballasts(similar to fluorescent lamp technology). Induction Lamp manufacturing costs are still higherthan HID lamps since there is a lot of labour involved, and HID lamps are generally made inautomated, or semi-automated, factories. Typically an induction lamp lighting fixture will cost30% to 65% more than a a similar output HID based lighting fixture.

While that may seem a large cost difference, the savings in energy and maintenance morethan cover the additional cost of the purchase price. In fact, as we will see in later cost/benefit


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analyses, the induction lighting fixtures often pay for themselves in less than 3 years. Once canoften afford to get a bank loan (if interest rates are low) to cover the cost of the induction lightingupgrade, and pay it back in less than 4 years, while still pocketing monthly savings on powerand maintenance.

Street Lighting:

As energy costs increase, government and municipalities are seeking ways to reduce energyconsumption in public infrastructure. Street-lights operate anywhere from 7 hours to 12 hours per day,and there are seasonal variations depending on the length of night time hours in the location. Reducingenergy consumption for street-lighting by as little as 10% can provide massive cost savings on a city orarea-wide basis.

The photo above shows a demonstration installation of induction streetlights in China. Both theHigh Pressure Sodium street lights on the left of the photo, and the magnetic induction streetlights on theright of the photo, are Type V (circular beam-spread pattern). The configurations is as follows:

Left Poles: A pair of older 250W High Pressure Sodium Lamp fixtures. Actual powerconsumption 310W each (with ballast overhead) = 620W (.62 kWh) per pole.

Right Poles:The upper lamp over the main roadway is a 200W Induction lamp, while the lowerlamp over the side roadway is a 100W Induction lamp. Actual power consumption (Upper 210W +Lower 105W [with ballast overhead]) = 315W (.315 kWh) per pole - almost half the power!

Operating the street lights for an average of 10 hours per day, the HPS lamps (on the left) willconsume 6.2 kWh of power per pole - the Induction Lamps (on the right) will consume 3.15 kWh ofpower per pole - 49.2% less power. The maintenance costs (replacement lamps and labour) will also besignificantly less for the Induction lamps.

As you can see from the picture, the trees under the HPS street-lights on the left appear to be abrown-orange colour, while the trees under the Induction Lamps on the right appear a natural greencolour. Looking at the roadway surface, the portion on the right hand side of the street appears brighterand better lit than the part on the left side of the photo due to the high S/P ratio of the 5,000K magneticinduction lamps.


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Real-World Examples

As some real world examples, we will compare upgrading different types of HID high-bayfixtures with a high-bay fixture using Induction Lighting. We will use the data provided on themanufacturers specifications sheets and will perform additional calculations to determinelighting levels, VEL, power consumption and other factors. We will also provide detailedReturn On Investment (ROI) analysis examples showing the payback and expected annualsavings on an example 50 fixture installation.

We have already established (in a previous table) that Induction lampscan replace much higher wattages of HID lamps with functionally equivalentlight levels. Therefore, we will look at typical high wattage high-bay fixturesused in commercial and industrial lighting applications, and considersuitable Induction Lighting upgrades (such as the model shown in the photoon the right) using 5,000K lamps with an S/P Ratio of 1.96.

High Pressure Sodium:

We will begin with an example of replacing a typical HID high-bay fixture using a 400WHPS lamp, replacing it with a 200W Induction lamp:

Comparison - 400W High Pressure Sodium high-bay Vs. 200W Induction Lighting Fixture[1]

Lighting Fixture Type:400W High

Pressure Sodium200W

Induction


Total actual wattage (Ballast/Power Supply included): 460 W 204 W

Conversion efficiency (Lumens/Watt - lamp only): 94.7 L/W 82.7 L/W

Light output (Manufacturers specifications in Lumens): 37,880 L 16,450.0 L

Fixture Efficiency (Ballast/Power Supply included - Lumens/Watt): 82.3 L/W 81.1 L/W



Fixture Output corrected for VEL (VEL): 20,422 VEL* 31,783 VEL*

Light output increase/decrease (%): 0% (Base) +35.7%

Energy savings (Watts / %): 0W / 0% (Base) 256W / 55.7%


* Note:A difference of +/- 10 to 15% in light levels is barely perceptible to the human eye - VEL figures rounded up/down tonearest whole number. Ballast overhead and light output from manufacturers specification sheets.

Model Number: LHAL220-400-HPS EL-AHB-200W

Ballast/Power Supply overhead (Watts): 60 W 4 W

Colour Rendering Index (CRI): 21 82

Actual Fixture Output (Lumens adjusted for Fixture Efficiency): 32,939 L 16,216 L

Energy Cost per Year (24/7 operation at $0.10/kWh $): $402.96 $178.70


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As we can see from the table (previous page), the Induction Lighting fixture producesabout 17% more light using 55.7% less electrical power, and has a higher CRI providing a morepleasant light with more accurate colour rendering.

Since the Induction lamp is producing 35% more light, more energy savings can be had byusing a 150W Induction Highbay fixture, which would produce 23,635 VEL or approximately

13.5% more VEL output than the HPS fixture, but with a 66% energy savings.

Lifespan and re-lamping

We have previously established, by means of the Lumen maintenance graph (page 8), thatthe HPS lamps reach 70% lumen depreciation at around 15,000 hours; while the ExternalInductor lamps reach the 70% line at around 85,000 hours. As discussed, this affectsmaintenance costs of the fixture for purchasing replacement lamps and re-lamping labourassociated with changing the lamps.

The table below provides the costs involved in maintenance (replacement lamps andlabour to install them) for the two fixture types, HPS and Magnetic Induction. Note that we are

using NAFTA prices in US dollars for this comparison as those figures are readily available onthe internet:

Mercury Vapour:

Mercury Vapour lamps have fallen out of Favour due to being the lowest efficiency of HIDtechnology. In some jurisdictions MV lamps have been banned, or the time period forpurchasing MV lamps is limited, or MV lamps are no longer available and the authorities arepromoting upgrades to the more efficient HPS or Metal Halide lighting types.

None the less, there is still a large installed base of MV lamps so on the next page, we have

a table comparing energy savings gained from replacing a 400W Mercury Vapour High-bayfixture, with a 200W, 5,000K, EconoLux Induction Lighting fixture.

Maintenance Comparison - 400W HPS Vs. 200W Induction Lighting Fixtures[1]

Lighting Fixture Type:400W

HPS

200WInduction

Model Number: HLHAL220-400-HPS EL-AHB-200W

Nominal Wattage (Watts): 400 W 200 W

Manufacturers rated lamp life (Hours): 20,000 Hrs 95,000 Hrs

Lamp life before replacement (at 70% Lumen Depreciation - Hours): 15,000 Hrs 85,000 Hrs

Maintenance analysis period (years);8 Years

(70,080 Hrs of 24/7 operation)

Number of lamp changes required during analysis period: 4.6 0

Cost of HPS replacement lamp (US$): $13.99* N/A

Cost of replacement Induction Lamp and Ballast: N/A $179.95*

Cost of re-lamping fixture (Electrician at $60/Hour): $20.00* $0.00*

Total Maintenance Costs over 8 years (Lamp and Labour)#: $156.35* $0.00*

Notes:

* Prices shown are in US Dollars (USD) - taxes not included. Prices current at time of writing but may have changed.

# Total maintenance costs do not include annual cleaning of the fixtures.


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From the above table, we can see that the Mercury Vapour high-bay has a very lowefficiency. The Induction Lighting fixture produces about 50% more light using 56.2% lesselectrical power, has a higher CRI, and provides a more pleasant light with more accuratecolour rendering.

If the space lit by the MV high-bay fixture was already bright enough (well lit), thismassive increase of over 50% in lighting levels will make the space over lit and is essentiallywasting energy. A better lighting upgrade would be to use a induction high-bay fixture with a120W lamp. This gives us an even greater energy savings, and a faster payback period (see table

on next page).

Comparison - 400W Mercury Vapour High-bay Vs. 200W Induction L ight ing Fixture[1]


Mercury Vapour200W

Induction



Conversion efficiency (Lumens/Watt - lamp only): 66 L/W 82.5 L/W

Light output (Manufacturers specifications in Lumens): 23,000 L 16,500.0 L









Model Number: AL22O-400MV-4T EL-AHB-200W






14/31


The table above shows that using the 120W Induction Lamp fixture, produces about 15%more light using 73.7% less electrical power, has a higher CRI and provides a more pleasantlight, more accurate colour rendering with enhanced energy savings.

Metal Halide:

Many installations have switched from HPS lamps to Metal Halide (MH) lamps due to thewhiter output from the MH fixtures compared to the pink/orange light produced by the HPS

fixtures. MH lamps offer a higher Kelvin and a CRI of 65 (compared to 21 for HPS lamps) thussomewhat better colour rendering - at the expense of much shorter lamp lifespan compared toHPS. This is especially true in commercial/retail applications where the white light from MHlamps is more desirable than the light from HPS lamps which are more commonly found inwarehouses, security and parking/street lighting applications.

Since the Metal Halide lamps have a higher Kelvin and thus a higher S/P ratio, a 200Winduction lamp can replace a 400W MH lamp, but with a noticeable decrease of 19.6% in VEL.Thus a 250W Induction Lamp has to be used to more closely match the light levels.

The table on the following page compares the replacement of a 400W Metal Halide high-bay fixture, with a 250W Induction Lamp high-bay fixture.

Comparison - 400W Mercury Vapour High-bay Vs. 120W Induction L ight ing Fixture[1]


Mercury Vapour120W

Induction


Total actual wattage (Ballast/Power Supply included): 466 W 122.5 W

Conversion efficiency (Lumens/Watt - lamp only): 66 L/W 81 L/W

Light output (Manufacturers specifications in Lumens): 23,000 L 9,720 L






Energy savings (Watts / %): 0W / 0% (Base) 343.5W / 73.7%



Model Number: AL22O-400MV-4T EL-AHB-120W

Ballast/Power Supply overhead (Watts): 66 W 2.5 W





15/31


The table above shows that using the 250W Induction fixture, produces only 3% morelight (which is not perceptible to the human eye) using 44.4% less electrical power. TheInduction Fixture has a higher CRI and provides a more pleasant light with more accuratecolour rendering.

However, the Induction Lighting fixture offers additional advantages. Due to the steeplumen decline of Metal Halide lamps, the figures shown are for a new MH lamps. One canexpect to replace the MH lamps about every 8,000 hours thus the Induction lamp will save thecost of about 9 replacement MH lamps (over a 10 year lifespan) plus the labour for re-lamping.

In addition, the MH lamps tend to become yellower as they age (making is obvious which lampsare older in a multi-fixture installation), while the colour balance of the induction lamps does notchange over their lifespan.

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO):

When considering replacing conventional lighting fixtures, with energy efficient lightingfixtures, one should consider Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). TCO takes into account the costof the initial purchase and installation of the fixture, the cost of energy to operate the fixture, andthe cost of maintenance (re-lamping and labour) over the useful lifespan of the fixture.

The tables on the following pages, show a complete analysis of the upgrades to EconoLuxInduction Lamps for the previous scenarios with HID lamps (MV, HPS & MH). These analysisinclude not only the light output levels and power savings as shown in the previous tables, but

Comparison - 400W Metal Halide High-bay Vs. 250W Induction Lighting Fixture[1]


Metal Halide250W

Induction



Conversion efficiency (Lumens/Watt - lamp only): 75 L/W 83 L/W

Light output (Manufacturers specifications in Lumens): 30,000 L 20,750 L





Light output increase/decrease (%): 0% (Base) +3%




Model Number: HH400A22PSQ EL-AHB-250W






16/31


also the cost of fixture purchase and installation so as to provide total cost of ownership (TCO)over the expected 10 year lifespan of the induction lamps.

At the end of each table, there is a Payback section using an example installation of a 50fixtures, operated 24/7, which is not an uncommon mode in industrial and some commercialapplications. The payback section uses the monthly savings per fixture to indicate how many

months it will take to payback the cost of the induction lighting fixtures from power andmaintenance savings (in months). Naturally, there will still be power costs for the inductionlighting fixtures after that time period, but those will be considerably reduced compared to thecost associated with the HID fixtures.

The tables use North American (NAFTA) prices for fixture and lamps costs, as well as forre-lamping labour and installation costs. These tables are based on an power cost of $0.12 (USdollars) per kWh which is typical for large scale commercial and industrial NAFTA rates.Naturally, if your power costs are over $0.12 (US dollars) per kWh, the savings would be greaterand thus the payback period would be shorter. The tables also presume that the cost of powerwill remain at $0.12/kWh for the 10 year analysis period, an unlikely scenario with everincreasing power costs. Similarly, the cost of re-lamping labour over the 10 year period is the

same and is not adjusted for increases in labour costs. The tables are meant as a guideline as anactual cost/benefit and TCO analysis would have to take exact power, labour and lamp costs,adjusted for expected increases, into account. Unfortunately, there are large and comprehensivetables, thus they have to be presented with smaller text, and split across two pages.

Real World Example - Wallpacks

The photo above shows a comparison of two Wallpack type fixtures - commonly used for perimeter,exterior security, and underpass lighting.

Left:A 70W High Pressure Sodium (HPS) lamp. The wattmeter (insert) shows that with the ballastincluded, it is actually consuming 119W of power. The 70W HPS lamp is rated at 74.5 L/W thus it isproducing 5,215 meter Lumens. When adjusted for the S/P ratio of 0.62, the lamp is producing 3,233 VEL

Right:A 40W, 5000K, Induction Lamp. The wattmeter (insert) shows that with the ballast included, itis actually consuming 46W of power. The 40W Induction lamp is rated at 73 L/W thus it is producing2,920 meter Lumens. When adjusted for the S/P ratio of 1.96, the induction lamp is producing 5,723 VEL.

The EconoLux induction lampproduces 43.5% more light useful to human vision (VEL), whileconsuming 61% less energy!


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400W High Pressure Sodium Highbay Vs. EconoLux 200W Induction Highbay

PARAMETERS HPS Fixture Induction Fixture Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage - 400W Highbay ALHB-200 Model

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W HPS 200W Induction Lamps

Nominal Fixture Wattage (Watts) - 400 200 W

Colour Rendering Index (CRI) - 21 80~82 CRI

Average Rated Lamp Life (Hours) - 20,000 95,000 Hours

Actual Power Consumption (Watts) - 460.0 204.0 W

Actual Ballast Overhead (Watts) - 60 4 W

Kilowatt Hours of Power Used (KW/Hr) - 0.460 0.204 kWh

Energy Savings (Watts) - 0 (Reference) 256 Watts

Energy Savings (%) - 0 (Reference) 55.7 %

Lumens Per Watt (L/W) - 94.7 82.7 L/W

Lumen Output (Meter Lumens ) - 37,880 16,540 Lumens

Actual Lumens/Watt (ballast overhead included) - 82.3 81.1 L/W

Lumen Output (adjusted for fixture efficiency) - 32,939 16,216 Lumens

Scotopic/Photopic Ratio (S/P Ratio) - 0.62 1.96 S/P

Visually Effective Lumens - 20,422 31,783 VEL/PL

Light Level Difference (Increase/decrease %) - 0 (Reference) 35.7 %

HPS Lamp life in Months (1 month = 730 Hrs) - 13.7 N/A Months

Induction Lamp Life in Months (1 month = 730 Hrs) - N/A 130.1 Months

Maintenance analysis period 10 years (Months) - 120 120 Months

Number of HPS Re-Lamps Required - 8.8 N/A LampsCost Of Replacement HPS lamp (NO Tax $) - $13.99 N/A $

Number of Induction Re-Lamps Required - N/A 0 Induction

Cost of Induction lamp (NO Tax $) - N/A $129.95 $

Total Cost of Lamps required ($) - $122.54 $0.00 $

Labour Cost per re-lamp Cycle (Labour at $15/hr - ($) - $5.00 $15.00 $

Cost of re-Lamping Labour ($) - $43.80 $0.00 $

Total Maintenance Costs (Lamps and Labour - $) - $166.34 $0.00 $

Maintenance savings During Analysis period ($) - 0 (Reference) $166.34 $

P

Operating Costs Analysis Period (10 years in Months) - 120 120 MonthsCost of Power Per Kilowatt Hour ($) - $0.120 $0.120 $

Actual Fixture Power Consumption - KW/Hr) - 0.460 0.204 kWh

Cost Of Power per Hour of operation ($) - $0.055 $0.024 $

Cost of power 24/7 for one month (1 month = 730 Hours - $) - $40.30 $17.87 $

Total Cost of Power Over Analysis Period ($) - $4,835.52 $2,144.45 $

Electrical Power Savings ($) - 0 (Reference) $2,691.07 $

Power Savings Percentage (%) - 0 (Reference) 55.7 %

Total Maintenance Costs (Lamps and Labour ($) - $166.34 $0.00 $

Total Cost of Power & Maintenance over 10 years ($) - $5,001.86 $2,144.45 $

Total Power & Maintenance Savings over Analysis period ($) - 0 (Reference) $2,2857.41 $

GEN

ERAL

ELECTRICAL

OPTICAL

RE-LAMPINGCOSTS

POW

ER&MAINTENANCECOSTS


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HIGHBAY- 400W High Pressure Sodium Highbay Vs. EconoLux 200W Induction Highbay

PARAMETERS HPS Fixture Induction Fixture Unit

Operating Costs Analysis Period of 10 Years (Months) - 120 120 Months

Retail Cost of Fixture (NO Tax) ($) - $183.00 $495.00 $Installation Labour ($) - $30.00 $30.00 $

Cost of Installed Fixture ($) - $213.00 $525.00 $

Cost of Power & Maintenance over Analysis Period ($) - $5,5,001.86 $2,144.45 $

Cost of Installation and Operation of One (1) fixture over10 years (120 months - $) -

$5,214.86 $2,669.45 TCO $

Monthly Cost of Ownership ($) - $43.46 $22.25 $

Savings Per Month ($) - 0 (Reference) $21.20 $

Cost of Installation and Operation in Analysis Period of 10Years ($/fixture) -

$5,214.86 $2,699.45 TCO $


Savings Calculation - Number of fixtures - 50 Fixture(s) #

Savings Per Fixture /Per Month ($) - $21.21Per Fixture/

Month$

Total Savings per month ($) - $1,060.59Monthly savings

on 50 Fixtures$

Total Savings per year ($) - $12,727.04Annual Savings on

50 Fixtures$

Payback period (Months) - 0 (Reference) 24.8 Months

Fixture Name/Wattage -400W HPSHighbay

ALHB-200Induction

Model

COSTOFOWNERS

HIP

PAYBACK

From the above table, we can determine that replacing 50, 400W HPS high-bay fixtures inour example installation, will pay for itself in 25 months - less time if power costs are over $0.12/kWh. However, the light level produced by the Induction Lighting upgrade is more than 35%brighter, so we can try a similar analysis using the next available lowest wattage InductionLamp, 150W, in order to save additional energy, and shorten the payback period.


19/31



PARAMETERS HPS FixtureInductionFixture

Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -HPS Highbay

400W

EconoLux

ALHB-150WModel

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W HPS 150W Induction Lamps









O

Lumens Per Watt (L/W) - 94.7 82 L/WLumen Output (Meter Lumens ) - 37,880 12,300 Lumens


Actual Lumen Output (adjusted for fixture efficiency) - 32,939 12,059 Lumens

Scotopic/Photopic Ratio (S/P Ratio) - 0.62 1.96 S/P



HPS Lamp life in Months (1 month = 730 Hrs) - 13.7 N/A Months



Number of HPS Re-Lamps Required - 8.8 N/A Lamps

Cost Of Replacement HPS lamp (NO Tax $) - $13.99 N/A $




Labour Cost per re-lamp Cycle (Labour at $15/hr - $) - $5.00 $15.00 $




Operating Costs Analysis Period (10 Years in Months) - 120 120 Months

Cost of Power Per Kilowatt Hour ($) - $0.120 $0.120 $



Cost of power 24/7 for one month (1 month = 730 Hrs - $) - $40.30 $13.40 $







GENERA

L

ELECTRICAL

OPTICAL

RE-LAMPINGCOSTS

PO

WER&MAINTENANCECOSTS


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PARAMETERS HPS FixtureInductionFixture

Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -400W HPSHighbay

EconoLux

ALHB-150Model

Operating Costs Analysis Period (Months) - 120 120 Months

Retail Cost of Fixture (NO Tax) ($) - $183.00 $485.00 $

Installation Labour ($) - $30.00 $30.00 $


Cost of Power & Maintenance over Analysis Period ($) - $5,001.86 $1,608.34 $

Cost of Installation and Operation of 1 fixture over 10 years ($) - $5,214.86 $2,123.34 TCO $



P


$5,214.86 $2,123.34 TCO $




Month$

Total Savings per month ($) - $1,288.13Monthly savingson 50 Fixtures

$

Total Savings per year ($) - $15,457.60Annual Savings

on 50 Fixtures$


COSTOFOWNERSHIP

PAYBACK

From the above table, we can determine that replacing 50, 400W HPS high-bay fixtures inour example installation, with 150W Induction Lighting, will pay for itself in 20 months - lesstime if power costs are over $0.12/kWh. The light levels produced by the 150W fixtures arefunctionally equivalent as they are about 13% brighter (a light level difference of +/- 12.5% to15% is barely perceptible to the human eye), and colour rendering will be much better.

However, with this approach, we save over 66% in energy costs (as well as maintenancecosts), and shorten the payback period from 25 months to 20 months compared to using 200W

Induction Lamp fixtures.

The table on the next page shows the analysis for upgrading a 400W generic MercuryVapour high-bay fixture, with a 200W, 5000K Induction Lamp based high-bay fixture:


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400W Mercury Vapour Generic Highbay Vs. EconoLux 200W Induction Highbay

PARAMETERS MV FixtureInductionFixture

Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -Mercury

Vapour 400WEconoLux

ALHB-200WModel

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W MV 200WInduction

Lamps









Lumens Per Watt (L/W) - 66 82.5 L/W




Scotopic/Photopic Ration (S/P Ratio) - 0.8 1.96 S/P



Mercury Vapour Lamp life in Months (1 month = 730 Hrs) - 13.7 N/A Months


Maintenance analysis period 10 years (Months) - 120 120 MonthsNumber of MV Re-Lamps Required - 8.8 N/A Lamps

Cost Of Replacement MV lamp (NO Tax $) - $18.80 N/A $








Operating Costs Analysis Period (10 Years in Months) - 120 120 Months









Total Cost of Power & Maintenance over 10 years ($) - $5,107.06 $2,144.45 $Total Power & Maintenance Savings over Analysis period ($) - 0 (Reference) $2,962.61 $

GENERA

L

ELECTRICAL

OPTICAL

RE-LAMPINGCOSTS

POW

ER&MAINTENANCECOSTS


22/31




Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -400W MVHighbay

EconoLuxALHB-200W

Model










$5,320.06 $2,669.45 TCO $




Month$


on 50 fixtures$

Total Savings per year ($) - $13,253.06

Annual Savings

on 50 fixtures $


COSTOFOWNERSHIP

PAYBACK

Again, the table shows a considerable energy and maintenance savings by upgrading theMercury Vapour Fixtures to Induction Lighting fixtures with a 24 month payback. However, aspreviously mentioned, the Induction Lighting is much more energy efficient producing morethan 50% more light output so the area would be over-lit.

The table on the next page shows the optimum replacement of the 400W Mercury Vapourfixtures with 120W Induction Lighting fixtures which will produce functionally equivalentlighting levels:


23/31




Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -Mercury

Vapour 400WEconoLux

ALHB-120WModel

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W MV 120W Induction Lamps





Actual Ballast Overhead (Watts) - 66 2.5 W


Energy Savings (Watts) - 0 (Reference) 343.5 Watts


Lumens Per Watt (L/W) - 66 81 L/WLumen Output (Meter Lumens ) - 23,000 9,720 Lumens






Mercury Vapour Lamp life in Months (1 month = 730 Hrs) - 13.7 N/A Months



Number of MV Re-Lamps Required - 8.8 N/A Lamps

Cost Of Replacement MH lamp (NO Tax $) - $18.80 N/A $



















GENERA

L

ELECTRICAL

OPTICAL

RE-LAMPINGCOSTS

POW

ER&MAINTENANCECOSTS


24/31



PARAMETERS MV Fixture Induction Fixture Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -MV Highbay

400WEconoLux

ALHB-120WModel

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W MV 120W Induction LampsOperating Costs Analysis Period (Months) - 120 120 Months


Installation Labour (Labour ar $30/Hr - $) - $30.00 $30.00 $







$5,320.06 $1,782.72 TCO $




Month$


on 50 fixtures$


on 50 Fixtures$


COSTOFOWNERSHIP

PAYBACK

From the above table, we can determine that replacing 50, 400W Mercury Vapour HIDhigh-bay fixtures in our example installation, with 120W Induction Lighting will pay for itself in17 months - less time if power costs are over $0.12/kWh. The light levels produced by the 120Wfixtures are functionally equivalent as they are just over 15% brighter (a light level difference of+/- 12.5% to 15% is barely perceptible to the human eye), and the colour rendering in the spacewill be much better.

However, with this approach, we save over 73% in energy costs (as well as maintenance

cost savings), and shorten the payback period from 24 months to 17 months compared to using200W Induction Lamp fixtures.

The table on the next page shows the analysis for replacing a 400W generic Metal Halidehigh-bay fixture with a 200W Induction Lamp based high-bay fixture. As shown in the previoussummary tables, this is not the ideal replacement, but it is presented here to provide a completeset of comparisons:


25/31


400W Metal Halide Generic Highbay Fixture Vs. EconoLux 200W Induction Highbay

PARAMETERS MH FixtureInductionFixture

Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -Metal Halide

Highbay 400WEconoLux

ALHB-200WModel

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W MH200W

InductionLamps









Lumens Per Watt (L/W) - 74.6 82.7 L/W






Light Level Difference (Increase/decrease %) - 0 (Reference) -19.6 %

Metal Halide Lamp life in Months (1 month = 730 Hrs) - 13.7 N/A Months


Maintenance analysis period 10 years (Months) - 120 120 MonthsNumber of MH Re-Lamps Required - 8.8 N/A Lamps


















Total Cost of Power & Maintenance over 10 years ($) - $5,128.08 $2,144.45 $Total Power & Maintenance Savings over Analysis period ($) - 0 (Reference) $2,983.64 $

GENERAL

ELECTRICAL

OPTICAL

RE-LAMPINGCOSTS

POW

ER&MAINTENANCECOSTS


26/31


400W Metal Halide Generic Highbay Fixture Vs. EconoLux 200W Induction Highbay


Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -400W Metal

HalideEconoLux

ALHB-200WModel

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W MH 200W Induction Lamps










$5,341.08 $2,669.45 TCO $




Month$


on 50 fixtures$

Total Savings per year ($) - $13,358.18

Annual Savings

on 50 fixtures $


COSTOFOWNERSHIP

PAYBACK

While replacing a 400W Metal Halide fixture with a 200W Induction Lamp fixture isfeasible, saves over 56% in energy costs, saves on re-lamping and maintenance costs, and has apayback of 24 months - the light level difference of 19.6% is likely to be noticeable.

However, unless the Metal Halide fixtures have been re-lamped in the last couple ofmonths, the light level difference is likely to be far less noticeable since the MH lamps have avery steep rate of lumen decline (see chart on page 8). There is an argument to be made that the200W Induction fixtures will be perfectly satisfactory and will provide functionally equivalent

light levels given the fast lumen depreciation of the MH lamps.Since it is desirable to match the light levels as closely as possible, the usual approach is to

upgrade 400W MH lamps to 250W Induction Lamp fixtures - see table on next page:


27/31


400W Metal Halide Vs. EconoLux 250W Induction Highbay


Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -Metal Halide

Highbay 400WEconoLux

ALHB-250WModel

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W MH250W

InductionLamps





Actual Ballast Overhead (Watts) - 59.0 5 W




Lumens Per Watt (L/W) - 75 83 L/W







Metal Halide Lamp life in Months (1 month = 730 Hrs) - 13.7 N/A Months


Maintenance analysis period 10 years (Months) - 120 120 MonthsNumber of MH Re-Lamps Required - 8.8 N/A Lamps









Operating Costs Analysis Period (Months) - 120 120 MonthsCost of Power Per Kilowatt Hour ($) - $0.120 $0.120 $










GENERAL

ELECTRICAL

OPTICAL

RE-LAMPINGCOSTS

POW

ER&MAINTENANCECOSTS


28/31


400W Metal Halide Vs. EconoLux 250W Induction Highbay


Unit

Fixture Name/Wattage -400W Metal

Halide HighbayEconoLux

ALHB-250WModel

Fixture/Lamp Type - 400W MH 200W Induction Lamps









Cost of Installation and Operation in Analysis Period of 10Years ($/fixture) - $5,274.42 $3,220.56 TCO $




Month$

Total Savings per month ($) - $855.77Monthly savings

on 50 fixtures$


on 50 fixtures$


COSTOFOWNERSHIP

PAYBACK

Upgrading the 400W Metal Halide fixture with a 250W Induction Lamp fixture doesincrease the cost and power consumption slightly - but gives a 3% increase in light levels toprovide functionally equivalent lighting. This approach still saves over 44% in energy, offersadditional re-lamping and maintenance costs, and still has a payback of only 32 months.


29/31


Specialized Induction Lamps

HID lamps, such as Metal Halide and High pressure Sodium lamps are also used extensively inAgricultural applications (growing plants). These lamps are used either as a replacement for natural light, oras a supplement to natural light to extend the growing day, allowing crops to reach maturity faster, whichreduces crop cycle times and increases yields. As with HID lamps used in conventional lightingapplications, HID lamps used for plant/grow lighting also suffer from high energy consumption and shorter

lifespan than Magnetic Induction Lamps. They also have additional drawbacks, such has high heatproduction. This can increase the cost of operations for a greenhouse as the high heat increasesevaporation, which may require the plants to be watered more frequently. The greenhouse can incuradditional energy and equipment costs for ventilation and/or cooling. In addition, the high heat outputrequires mounting the lamps further away from the plants, thus more power is needed to insure the plantsget adequate light levels.

Perhaps the biggest drawback to using HID lamps for agriculture, is that these lamps do not producethe ideal spectrum for growing plants. Plants primarily need high energy blue light and lower energy redlight; they make very little use of green light which is mostly reflected (which is why plants look green).

The spectrum of light typically used by plants lies between 360 nanometers (UVA/deep blue) and 700nanometers (deep red). This wavelength region is known as Photosynthetically Active Radiation or PAR.[3] Within that 360~700 manometer (nm) region, various pigments within the plants have peak absorptionof differing amounts and at different wavelengths (colours). The various absorption peaks can be averaged

into an overall light absorption curve showing the spectrum of light most plants need. This curve is calledthe PAR curve.

The graph on the right has the PAR curve(the plants light absorption curve) shown as adashed dark blue line. This has been overlaid

with the spectral output curves of varioustypes of HID lamps used in plant growingapplications. You will note that all of theHID spectra are very spiky and do not matchthe PAR curve. They are not really providingthe proper spectrum and light energy that theplants need to thrive.

EconoLux Industries has devoted two

years of R&D to creating specialized inductionlamps, with an output spectrum which closelymatches the PAR curve. These lamps also provide the benefits of lower energy use, long lifespan, and a lowheat signature (less heat production).

The graph on the left again shows thePAR curve as a dashed dark blue line. Thisis overlaid with the output spectra of theEconoLux ELPL series of plant/growinduction lamps. EconoLux offers threedifferent types of these induction lamps, theGP type is for general purpose applications,the VG type is for growing vegetative plants

which need more blue that red light, and the

FL type is for growing budding/flowering/fruiting plants which require more red thanblue light.

You will note that all three types ofthe ELPL series of induction plant/grow lights offer a much closer match to the PAR curve than any of theHID lamps shown in the previous graph. Replacing HID plant/grow lights with these specialized inductionlamps can save energy, as they can usually replace an HID lamp of about twice the wattage. In addition, thelong lifespan of 80,000 to 85,000 hours saves money on re-lamping supplies and labour; while the low heatsignature means these lamps can be place closer to the plants to deliver more light energy. Finally, the closematch to the PAR curve increases plant growth and crop yields.

Since these are specialized lamps, we have not provided a cost/benefitanalysis table since the savings will vary according to the number and type ofHID lamps which are replaced with the ELPL plant/grow lamps. Typically,energy and maintenance savings are in the 35% to 70% range (not including

ventilation/cooling savings).


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Environmental Aspects

The major impact of Induction Lighting on the environment is a lowering of electricalenergy usage, and thus the lowering of CO2 and other greenhouse gasses produced during thegeneration of electricity. However, we should also consider the environmental impact of the

manufacturing and disposal of these light sources:

Induction Lamps:

While Induction lamps use Mercury, they contain less mercury, and use far less mercuryper hour of operation, that convention (HID) lighting. In addition, the mercury is in solidamalgam form so it can be easily recovered and is less likely to produce localcontamination (hot-spots) if a lamp is accidentally broken.

Induction lamps have the further advantage that they are made of glass, they have metalcomponents, the phosphor coating in EconoLux lamps is non-toxic, there is very littleplastic (mostly the insulation on the induction coil), and the mercury amalgam is easily

removed. As a result, the lamp can be broken down into its component parts at end-of-life,and the vast majority of those parts can be recycled.

Note: For more information on the environmental aspects of Induction Lighting, see ourEnvironmental Aspects of EconoLux Induction Lights or our Mercury Usage in Lighting publicationsavailable in our on-line Library atwww.EconoLuxIndustries.com

EconoLux Magnetic Induction Lamps Advantages:

Very long lifespan compared to conventional lighting technologies and LEDs - 95,000 to100,000 hours for external inductor lamps.

High energy conversion efficiency ranging from 60 L/W in low wattage models to 90 L/Win high wattage models.

Provides substantial energy savings of between 35% and 75% in most applications.

Typically, induction lamps are guaranteed for 5 years but with an expected lifespan ofbetween 60,000 to 100,000 hours (between 6.8 and 11.5 years of 24/7 operation), theysubstantially reduce maintenance and re-lamping costs.

Magnetic induction lamps have excellent lumen maintenance characteristics producinghigher light output for a much longer time than competing HID technologies.

Induction lamps are instant-on type. They initiate at between 70% and 80% of outputand take 45-120 seconds to reach full output. This instant on characteristic makes themideal for use in applications with occupancy or motion sensors.

Induction lamps provide hot re-strike (instant re-start) eliminating long lamp re-starttimes associated with other HID lighting technologies.

Induction lamps operate at high frequencies and are flicker-free reducing eyestrain andimproving workplace safety.

Induction lamps have a high Scotopic/Photopic (S/P) ratio which improves visual acuity,reduces fatigue and eye strain, thereby improving working conditions.

Induction Lamps are environmentally friendly containing only solid amalgam mercurywhich is completely recyclable, other commercial lighting types contain hazardous liquid

mercury. Al the other glass and metal components of the induction lamps can also berecycled at end-of-lamp-life.


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References:

1] From Manufacturers specifications and data sheets

2] Operations and Maintenance Manual for Energy Management, By James E. Piper - Published by M.E. Sharpe,ISBN 0765600501, 9780765600509

3] "Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) is defined as the photons of radiation in the 400 to 700 nmwaveband. PAR is a general term that can describe either the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPF), or thephotosynthetic irradiance (PI)." - Plant Physiology: Manipulating Plant Growth with Solar Radiation - DennisDecoteau, Ph.D., Department of Horticulture, The Pennsylvania State University.

Image Credits:

1] Induction Highbay fixture on Cover and page 11 - Courtesy of Neo Yang

2] Street light photo page 10 - Courtesy of FJJK China

3] All other photos, charts, graphs and diagrams - 2012 - Michael Roberts - All Rights Reserved

Summary

Magnetic Induction Lamps offer an economically viable way to improve lightingconditions while reducing energy consumption, and other operational and maintenance costs.At the time of writing, Induction Lamps also offer better energy efficiency - produce more light

for the same input power - than HID (mercury Vapour, High Pressure Sodium and MetalHalide) lighting. EconoLux Induction Lighting also offers a better Return On Investment (ROI)than HID lighting and is environmentally friendly.

Admin: 7F,KinOnCommercialBuilding,4951JervoisStreet,SheunWan,HongKong

Factory: 9ZhongxinAvenue,Dongguan,GuangdongProvince,PRC.TEL: (English):(+86)18605924298

(English&

): (+86)

186

2168

9926

Web: www.EconoLuxIndustries.com

induction lamps vs hid lamps

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