indonesian pearls

1Indonesian Pearls

Ministry of Trade of The Republic of Indonesia

2World Class Quality Product

3Indonesian Pearls


I n t r o d u c t i o n

To introduce Indonesia’s potential products which are spread in almost every province,

TREDA provides information about those products so that the general public will be more

familiar with them. For this purpose TREDA has organized an effort to collect and analyze

relevant information related to the potentials and specific advantages of each of the

products.

This booklet entitled “Indonesian South Sea Pearl” presents a complete account on

one of the Indonesian potential products, namely Pearl and its related end product,

Pearl Jewelry. The reader is invited to a journey around this majestic product, starting as

from its hatchery, farming, harvesting up to being created into elegant pieces of jewelry.

Indonesia, for sure, is the biggest producer of South Sea Pearls in the world. It is

estimated that around 124,810 hectares of Indonesian equatorial seas provide suitable

habitats for Pinctada Maxima, the oysters producing the majestic pearls. With such a

huge potential area for pearling activities, Indonesia has the potential to produce at

least 20 tons of pearl per year.

The story is enriched with flashy illustrations to convey meaningful and attractive

information on pearl and pearl jewelry that will satisfy your curiosity and give better

understanding on this elegant product. A better comprehension on lndonesian Imperial

Gold Pearl will lead to better appreciation and greater enjoyment in owning and wearing

this exotic gift of nature from Indonesian pristine waters.

ErwidodoDirector General

Trade Research And Development Agency (TREDA)

5Indonesian Pearls

M e s s a g e

It is our great pleasure to share with you the wealth of our natural products. As an

equatorial country, Indonesia is endowed with the richest marine coastal sea beds biota.

As such Indonesia is a major producer of non edible fishery products including pearls,

thanks to the pristine marine environment which provides the best possible environment

for pearl producing oysters. Indonesia is the biggest producer of South Sea Pearls in the

world market!

The Queen of the South Sea Pearls is the Imperial Gold Pearl that is produced only by

the Pinctada Maxima oysters living in optimum habitat in Indonesian waters. Indonesian

South Sea Pearls have a very distinct appearance due to their unique natural luster that

exhibits a gentle inner glow which is a combination with subtle reflection of colors.

Imperial Gold color is the rarest of all and the most majestic.

In the hands of skilled Indonesian artisans, the elegant pearls are being made into a

great variety of exotic jewelry with ethnic touches. With a rich cultural heritage, the pearl

jewelry produced by Indonesian craft persons will surely enrich the choices for people

with refined artistic taste around the world. This book is dedicated for those who enjoy

the majestic natural products created into elegant pieces of artistic works.

Mari Elka Pangestu

Minister of Trade Republic of Indonesia

7Indonesian Pearls

C O N T E N T S

INDONESIAN, THE BIGGEST PRODUCER OF SOUTH SEA PEARL

PEARL THE ADORABLE LIVING GEM

INDONESIAN SOUTH SEA PEARL

THE SOUTH SEA PEARL CULTURE INDUSTRIES IN INDONESIA

INDONESIAN PEARLS AND PEARL JEWELRY IN WORLD TRADE

SOME MASTERPIECES OF INDONESIAN PEARLS JEWELRY

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1Indonesian Pearls

Indonesia, with its more than 17,000 lush tropical is-

lands, of which around 3,000 are inhabited, is the larg-

est archipelago country in the world. The chain of is-

lands extends 4,500 kilometers West to East and 2,000

kilometers North to South. Situated southeast of the

Asian mainland and north and northwest of Australia,

this string of emeralds is cast between the Indian and

the Pacific oceans. These factors have created a highly

diverse environment that is rich in natural resources

(oil, iron, gold, tin, nickel) as well as in terms of both

terrestrial and marine biodiversity.

Indonesia boasts 95,181 kilometers of coastline which

is among the longest in the world. As such, Indonesia

is endowed with the richest marine coastal sea-beds

biota. Many kinds of crustaceans such as lobsters,

crabs, and shrimps as well as various types of mollusks,

such as clams and oysters are among Indonesia’s ma-

jor fishery products. Indonesia is also a major producer

of non-edible fishery products called pearls, thanks to

the pristine marine environment which provides the

best possible environment for pearl-producing oys-

ters. Indonesia is the biggest producer of South Sea

Pearls in the world market! The data on the table shows

Indonesia accounts for 41.2% volume share of South

Sea Pearl, followed by Australia at 34.2%, Philippines at

18.1% and Myanmar at 5.5% .

Indonesia,The Biggest Producer of South Sea Pearls

Indonesia is the richest country

with regards to marine biota,

particularly those living in

coastal sea-beds as their habi-

tats. As such, Indonesia sup-

plies the biggest quantity of

South Sea Pearls.

Producing Production (2005) %

In InCountry Kan Kilogram Share

Indonesia 1,022 3,833 41.2%

Australia 850 3,187 34.3%

Philippines 450 1,688 18.1%

Myanmar 136 510 5.5%

Others 22 83 0.9%

Total 2,480 9,300 100.0%Source: Pearl World Journal, 2005

3Indonesian Pearls

CROWN OF ST. EDWARD

The Official crown of England Source : “The Book of The Pearl”.

The CZARINA OF RUSSIA,

Source:”The Book of The Pearl”.

THE ADORABLE JEWELS THOUGHOUT THE AGES

Pearls have been known to mankind since the beginning of civilization.

They were considered as one of the most valuable and to this day are still

highly esteemed as gems for their beauty and splendor. The Sumerians of

Mesopotamia and the Babylonians, the Egyptian Kingdoms, the Persian and

the Chinese draped themselves with either pearl or mother of pearl jewelry

since 3000 BC. A fragment of the oldest known pearl jewelry, found in the sar-

cophagus of a Persian princess who died in 520 BC, is displayed in the Louvre

Museum in Paris. In the Americas, both the Incas and Aztecs prized pearls for

their beauty and magical powers.

The Romans prized pearls as the ultimate gems and turned pearls into

many kinds of decorative accessories. During the classical Roman period, only

persons above a certain rank were allowed to wear pearl jewelry. In the West,

most European countries in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries had laws

regarding who could and could not wear pearls. Teachers and lawyers, for

example, could not wear fringes or chains with pearls. For quite a long time in

history, pearl was a symbol of power and wealth. Emperor Napoleon Bonapar-

te and his wife Josephine’s preference to pearls induced a growing demand

for this natural gem. Pearls have been considered ideal wedding gifts because

they symbolize purity and innocence. In the Hindu religion, the pre-

sentation of an un-drilled pearl and its piercing has

become part of the marriage ceremony.

Pearls display the qualities of elegance, pu-

rity and perfection. As such, this natural gem

has been taken as symbols for many supreme

ideas. To the ancients, pearls were a symbol of

the moon and had magical powers. People have

also attached different meanings to various col-

Pearl, The Adorable Living Gem


The oyster soothe irritations caused by those external or internal

stimuli (such as sand grains, mollusk eggs, parasites and other for-

eign particles) by secreting a brownish solution called conchiolin

ors of pearl. White pearls have been perceived as the symbol of purity. Rose

and pink pearls symbolize love. Wealth is symbolized through golden pearls.

Pearls with peacock green color symbolizes romance. Sapphire blue pearls

were taken as the symbol of eternity, while black pearls symbolize dignity.

WHAT IS A PEARL ?

Pearl is an organic “gem”, that is, a gem that comes from a living thing (oth-

er examples of organic gems include coral and amber). A pearl is a living gem,

and each pearl is a miracle of nature. It is a lustrous concretion (i.e. a rounded

mass of compact concentric layers built up around a nucleus) produced by

certain bivalve mollusks, including mussels and oysters. The pearl is an abnor-

mal growth resulting from the invasion of the body of the mollusk by foreign

matter. The oyster soothe irritations caused by those external or internal stim-

uli (such as sand grains, mollusk eggs, parasites and

other foreign particles) by secreting a brownish solu-

tion called conchiolin. Conchiolin is a fibrous protein

that makes up the inner part of the oyster shell. Over

this conchiolin, the oyster coats the invading material

with layer upon layer of nacreous material. The conchi-

olin binds the nacre together. Nacre is the hard pearly

internal layer of the oyster shells. It takes thousands of

very thin layers of this nacre to make a single pearl.

The materials making up the pearl is secreted by

the mantle (i.e., the part of the oyster’s internal body

with glands that secrete a shell-producing substance)

as the response to the irritant material. It is a remark-

able feat of nature that a living oyster produces such

an exquisite work of art. Since pearl is made through

a biological process inside the oysters, no two pearls

are identical. It is understood then why the Latin word

for pearl is margarita which means “unique”. (In the ro-

mance languages (Spanish, French, Italian), margarita

means pearl).

Nacre, also referred to as mother-of-pearl, is com-

posed primarily of aragonite crystal. Aragonite crystal

is a solid material in which the component atoms are

Each pearl is made through a

biological process inside the

oysters. A pearl is made of

thousands layers of conchiolin.

5Indonesian Pearls


Denticle

Digestive gland

Mounth

Stomach

Rectum

Pericardial cavity

Mantle

Gill

Adductor muscle

Basic Anatomy of an Oyster

arranged in a definite pattern and whose surface regularity reflects its inter-

nal symmetry. The crystals that are lined in symmetry within layers making

up the pearl create prismatic effect as light travels through each layer. This

prismatic effect contributes to the light-reflecting qualities of pearl known as

its luster and iridescence.

OYSTERS, The Creatures That Present the Adornments

- Oysters and Their Environment

Oyster is a member of the families Ostreidae (true oysters) or Aviculidae

(pearl oysters), bivalve mollusks found in temperate and warm coastal waters

of all oceans. A bivalve mollusk is any soft-bodied invertebrate of the Mol-

lusca family whose body is protected by two symmetrical shells. These shells

that enclose the mollusk are made of calcium carbonate secreted by a soft

mantle covering the body.

It is well known that the ecological characteristic of the bottom of the

pearl natural beds plays a vital role in the production

as well as quality of pearls. Rocky or gravelly bottoms

are more suitable. Areas rich in phytoplankton which is

consumed by oyster, are good but there should not be

noxious blooms. A mild current is necessary not only as

a source of oxygen-rich seawater, but also to bring in

fresh plankton as well as for the removal of metabolic

products, and the oysters’ solid waste matter. If the

water current is strong, the formation of the nacreous

layer is faster, but the quality of pearls is inferior.

- Major Genera of Pearl Oysters

Biologists tell us that around 15 genera of oysters

may produce pearls of commercial values: 9 (nine)

belong to the sea-water oysters and another 6 (six) of

fresh-water types. However, only a few that dominates

as the producers of commercial pearls in world trade.

The most well-known of sea-water pearl oysters is of

the genus Pinctada. Pinctada occur in several seas of

the tropical belt and in the sub-tropical region. There

three major Pinctada sub-species: Pinctada Maxima,

7Indonesian Pearls

Pinctada Margaritifera, and Pinctada Imbricata/Fucata. Of the fresh-water

types, Hyrriopsis Schlegelli (Biwa pearl mussel) is the most well-known.

The gold/silver-lip pearl oyster Pinctada Maxima occupies the central Indo-

Pacific from Myanmar to the Solomon Islands. Its bio-geographical distribu-

tion is stretching along the coasts of Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesian archi-

pelago, the Philippines, down to the north coast of Australia. This species are

found at depths ranging from low tide level down to 80 meters. The central

portion of this range, the Indonesian Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, Aus-

tralia and the Philippines, has or had prolific shell grounds. Pinctada Maxima

oysters produce South Sea Pearls, due to the fact that their breeding grounds

known as the South Sea.

Pinctada Maxima is observed to have various external colors: light yellow-

ish-brown, green, dark brown or purple. The nacre (i.e. the hard pearly inside

Pinctada Maxima oyster, known as Gold - Lip or

Silver - Lip oysters produce the rare and most valu-

able pearls of gold and silver color.

Pinctada Maxima is the

most well-known of sea-wa-

ter pearl oysters. Pinctada

occur in several seas of the

tropical belt and in the sub-

tropical region.

layer of the oyster shell) has a clear and rich luster. Part

of the nacre close to “its mouth” can have a golden or

silver band of varying width. This gives Pinctada Max-

ima its common name of gold-lip or silver-lip oyster.

Pinctada Maxima is the largest species of the genus:

its body size ranges from 20 to 30 centimeter with a

weight that may reach up to 6.3 kilogram.

Pinctada Margaritifera, the black-lip pearl oyster,

ranges from the Persian Gulf, Red Sea, Sudan, Papua

New Guinea, Australia, French Polynesia, Indonesia,

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Southwestern part of

the Indian Ocean, Japan and the Pacific Ocean, the

Gulf of Cali¬fornia, and Mexico.

Pinctada Fucata exhibits a variety of color morphs

ranging from the commoner reds and browns to greens,

bronzes and creams. The nacre is of a cream to golden

color with a hard metallic luster. The largest specimens

are up to 10 cm in diameter. Pinctada Fucata also has

a wide distribution from the Eastern Pacific (Venezu-

ela) to the Western Pacific Ocean (Korea and southern

China), Australia, Indian Ocean to the Red Sea and the

Persian Gulf.


Hyriopsis Schlegeli is freshwater mussels which are common throughout

the world, but those used for pearl cultivation are mainly found in freshwater

rivers, lakes and ponds. In China they are even found in places like the farm-

ers’ irrigation ditches. The mussels are extremely adaptable to local condi-

tions. Their luster is usually not as high as with other oysters used for pearl

cultivation.

TYPES OF PEARL

From the way it is formed, we can group pearl into three categories: natu-

ral pearls, cultured pearls and imitation pearls. Before the depletion of natural

pearl beds, about a century ago, all pearls that were discovered were natural

pearls. Today natural pearls are very rare, and are often sold at auctions in

New York, London and other international venues at investment prices. Natu-

ral pearls are, by definition, all types of pearls formed by accident, without

human intervention. They are the product of chance, with a beginning that is

an irritant such as a burrowing parasite. The chance of this natural occurrence

is very slim as it depends on unwelcome entry of foreign material that the

oyster is unable to expel from its body.

A cultured pearl undergoes the same process. In case of natural pearl, the

oyster is working alone, whereas cultured pearls are the products of human

intervention. To induce the oyster to produce pearl, a technician purposely

implants the irritant inside the oyster. The material that is surgically implant-

9Indonesian Pearls

ed is a piece of shell called Mother of Pearl. This technique was found and

developed by a Japanese inventor, Kokichi Mikimoto, who patented the tech-

nique in 1916.

Imitation pearls are a different story altogether. In most cases, a glass bead

is dipped into a solution made from fish scales. This coating is thin and may

eventually wear off. One can usually tell an imitation by biting on it. Fake

pearls glide across your teeth, while the layers of nacre on real pearls feel grit-

ty. The Island of Mallorca in Spain is known for its imitation pearl industry.

THE VARIETY OF CULTURED PEARLS

A few well known types of cultured pearls are Akoya Pearls, South Sea

Pearls, Tahiti Cultured Pearls, Freshwater Cultured Pearls plus other types like

Mabe Cultured Half Pearls and Keshi Pearls.

The term Akoya refers to nucleated saltwater pearls cultivated in the Akoya

oyster. Today, the majority of Akoya pearls are cultivated in Japan, and China.

Because the oyster is relatively small, its pearls generally grow from 2 millime-

ters to 9 millimeters, or very rarely, 10 millimeters.

Tahiti cultured pearls are cultivated using the local

species of the black lipped pearl oyster Pinctada Mar-

garitifera (ranging in sizes between 12 to 15 centime-

ters). The more common sizes of the pearls are 9 to 13

millimeters. The exuberant colors of these pearls range

from gold through green to aubergine or purple, to

dark hues including jet black. Generally, the darker the

pearl, the more valuable it is. True peacock black pearls

are quite rare and expensive. Only a limited quantity of

Tahiti cultured pearls develop as a round or a perfect

drop.

Freshwater cultured pearls are cultivated in several

species of pearl mussel. Freshwater mussels are com-

mon throughout the world, but those used for pearl

cultivation are mainly found in freshwater rivers, lakes

and ponds. Colors come in white, champagne, cream,

This necklace is composed of four

strands of beautiful Indonesian South

Sea Pearls, adorned by emeralds and

three bigger pearls. The gorgeous

luster of pearls enhanced by the lively

shiny emeralds create a harmonious im-

pression of a splendid piece of jewelry.

Collection of Permata Bunda


These jewelry masterpieces combine the best

of both tradtiobal artistic heritage and the

splendo of Indonesian mabe pearls. The im-

pressive pieces are hand crafted in silver and

elegantly hand engraved.The brooch and ear-

rings are surely stylish adornment for people

with refined artistic taste, pleasant to see, and

even more to wera.

orange, pink, purple, lilac, mauve, dark blue and brown. However, the bewil-

dering array of attractive colors in which these pearls are presently being

marketed strongly suggests that color treatments are being performed on

these pearls.

Mabe is a term commonly used in the pearl trade to describe a cultured

half-pearl that is grown on the inside of a shell. Depending on the form of the

nucleus the farmer inserts into the oyster, several shapes can be produced,

including round, oval, cushion, drop and heart.

Keshi pearls are naturally formed in the soft tissue of most cultured pearl

bearing oysters. However, these pearls are the by-product of a culturing pro-

cedure, and must be recognized as such. Keshi pearls from both white and

black South Sea pearl oysters can reach any size from 4 to 10 millimeters

above. The fact that it is the only pearl resulting from seawater cultivation

without a man-made nucleus makes the Keshi pearl special and appreciated

by true pearl lovers worldwide.

11Indonesian Pearls


Indonesian

South Sea Pearls12

World Class Quality Product

13Indonesian Pearls

Throughout history, the natural South Sea pearl has been regarded as the

prize of all pearls. The discovery of the most prolific South Sea pearl beds of

specifically in Indonesia and the surrounding region like North Australia in

the early 1800’s culminated in the most indulgent era of pearls in Europe in

the Victorian era. The South Sea pearl is distinguished from all other pearls by

its magnificent thick natural nacre. This natural nacre produces an unequalled

luster, the one which does not merely deliver “shine” as with other pearls, but

a complex soft, intangible appearance which changes mood under different

light conditions. It is the beauty of this nacre which has endeared the South

Sea pearl to expert jewelers with discriminating taste over the centuries.

South Sea pearls are naturally produced by one of the largest pearl-bearing

oysters, the Pinctada Maxima, (also known as Silver-Lipped or Gold-Lipped)

oyster. This silver or gold lipped mollusk can grow to the size of a dinner plate

but are highly sensitive to the environmental condition. This sensitivity adds

to the cost and rarity of South Sea pearls. As such, Pinctada Maxima produces

pearls of bigger sizes ranging from 9 millimeters to as much as 20 millimeters

with an average size of around 12 millimeters. Thanks to the nacre thick-

ness, South Sea pearl is also famous for the variety of unique and desir-

able shapes found. On top of those virtues, the South Sea pearl also

has an array of colors from cream through yellow to deep gold and

from white through silver. The pearls may also display a lovely

“overtone” of a different color such as pink, blue or green.

Today, as is the case with other natural pearls, the natural

South Sea pearl has almost disappeared from the world pearl

markets. The vast majority of South Sea pearls available today are

cultivated on pearl farms in the South Sea.

13Indonesian Pearls


THE SPECIAL VIRTUES OF INDONESIAN SOUTH SEA PEARLS

In order to appreciate the special distinctions of the South Sea Pearls, for

which Indonesia is the leading producer, one can assess their beauty in terms

of luster, color, size, shape and surface quality.

Pearls with the majestic color

of Imperial Gold is produced

only by oysters cultivated

in Indonesian waters.

In terms of luster, South Sea pearls, both natural

and cultured, have a very distinct appearance. Due to

their unique natural luster, they exhibit a gentle in-

ner glow which is noticeably different from the sur-

face shine of other pearls. It is sometimes described as

comparing the glow of candle-light with that of a fluo-

rescent light. Occasionally, pearls of very fine quality

will exhibit a phenomenon known as orient. This is the

combination of a translucent luster with subtle reflec-

tions of color.

The most popular colors of South Sea pearls are

white or white with various colored overtones. Over-

tones can be almost any color of the rainbow, and are

derived from the natural colors of the nacre of the

South Sea pearl oyster. When combined with a trans-

lucent intense luster, they create the effect known as

“orient”. Colors that are dominantly found include, Sil-

ver, Pink White, White Rose, Golden White, Gold Cream,

Champagne and Imperial Gold. Imperial gold color is

the rarest of all. This majestic color is produced only by

the oysters cultivated in Indonesian waters.

South Sea cultured pearls dominate the pearl world

in size, and are generally between 10mm and 15 mil-

limeters. When bigger sizes are found, rarer pearls

above 16 millimeters and occasionally in excess of 20

millimeters are highly prized by connoisseurs.

If beauty is in the eye of the beholder, then South

Sea Pearls offer a myriad of opportunities of beauty to

In this grandeur ring, the impe-

rial gold pearl is the central point

of attraction. The peridot stone

from Burma (green) and Yellow

saphire from Thailand complete

the look.


15Indonesian Pearls

This majestic brooch is a splendid combination of Indonesian South Sea

Pearls and Blue Sapphire. The superb luster of pearls coupled with the

liverly glitters of sapphire gems create a majestic beauty, pleasing the

eyes of the beholders and to the mind of the wearer.

INDONESIAS IMPERIAL GOLD PEARL IS THE QUEEN OF SOUTH SEA PEARL

Indonesia produces South Sea Pearls that are cultivated from Pinctada

Maxima, the largest species of oyster. As an archipelago with a pristine envi-

ronment, Indonesia provides the optimum environment for Pinctada Maxima

to produce high quality pearls. Indonesia’s Pinctada Maxima produce pearls

with more than a dozen of color shades. The rarest and most valuable pearls

produced are the ones with gold and silver colors. A range of delicate shades,

among others, silver, champagne, brilliant white, pink and gold, with the

Imperial Gold Pearl as the most magnificent of all pearls. The Impe-

rial Gold Color Pearl produced by oysters cultivated in pristine

Indonesian waters is in reality the Queen of South Sea Pearl.

behold, as no two pearls are exactly the same. Due to the thickness of their

nacre, South Sea cultured pearls are found in an exciting variety of shapes.

Pearl nacre is a beautiful matrix of calcium carbonate crystals and special sub-

stances produced by the oyster. This matrix is laid down in perfectly formed

microscopic tiles, layer upon layer. The thickness of the pearl is determined

by the number of layers, and the thickness of each layer. The appearance of

the nacre will be determined by whether the calcium crystals are “flat” or

“prismatic”, by the perfection with which the tiles are laid, and by the fineness

and number of layers of tiles. The effect on the pearl’s beauty depends on

the degree of visibility of these perfections. This surface quality of the pearl

is described as the pearl’s complexion.

Although shape does not affect the quality of a pearl, the demand for par-

ticular shapes does have a bearing on value. For convenience, South Sea cul-

tured pearls are graded into these seven shape categories. Several categories

are further divided into numerous sub-categories: 1) Round; 2) Semi-Round;

3) Baroque; 4) Semi-Baroque; 5) Drop; 6) Circle; 7) Button.

17Indonesian Pearls

For nearly 400 hundred year, pearls and pearl

shells have been the most beautiful objects which

have reached the outside world from the many

islands of the Indonesian Archipelago.

The Indonesian Pearling Industries

DEVELOPMENT PEARL CULTIVATION IN INDONESIA

The trial tests of pearl culture in Indonesia started in Buton, Southeast

Sulawesi as from 1921 by a group of Japanese experts led by Dr. M. Fujita, a

leading researcher in pearl cultivation. The venture was financed by the Mit-

subishi Corporation from Japan. The test culture was using the Golden Pearl

Oyster (Pinctada Maxima Jameson) collected from the Arafura Sea, specifi-

cally around the Aru Islands Group. After seven years of trial and error, the test

culture finally succeeded in producing rounded pearls with attractive colors

and luster. Thereafter, the sponsor, Mitsubishi Corporation, established the

South Sea Pearl Corp. Ltd. (Nanyo Shinju Kabushiki Kaisha) which was operat-

ing the pearl farming business. The operation ended in 1941 due to the World

War II.

In 1958, the trial test activities for pearl culture were resumed by Indonesian

researchers and experts from the Indonesian Center for Marine Fishery. The ef-

forts were then continued by the Indonesian Research Center for Marine Fish-

ery as from 1962. The trial tests for pearl culture of Pinctada Margaritifera were

conducted in the Gulf of Jakarta and in Semayang Island, Riau Islands Group.

The Research Center also tested the pearl culture of Pinctada Lentiginosa in

the Kalabahi Gulf, Alor, East Nusa Tenggara. The tests did not come out as ex-

pected. As from 1960, pearl culture activities were started using wild Pinctada

Maxima oysters collected from their natural habitat. From 1990s onwards, pearl

farming started using adult oysters reared from hatcheries.

17Indonesian Pearls


PEARL FARMING ACTIVITIES

Pearl farming activities starts with site selection leading to constructing

pearling facilities for cultivation activities.

Site Selection

In pearl farming activity, the selection of culture site is of paramount im-

portance, since the oysters require specific environmental conditions in which

they can grow healthily and produce high quality pearls. Due consideration

has to be given to critical factors such as salinity, water temperature, speed of

water currents, as well as to being free from industrial and domestic effluents

that pose serious hazards to pearl culture. Sheltered bays are ideal locations

for pearl oyster farms. They offer good protection to the culture structures

such as rafts and cages. Shallow coastal waters where the sea is calm most of

the year also provide a suitable site.

Left to Right

* Checking the oysters in the post-grafting

period.

* Floating rafts are frames to hang the pock-

ets in which the oysters are kept during

cultivation.

* Equipment to operating shell including tools

to insert nucleus.

* Sometimes the oyster will reject the nucleus

but the saibo tissue is retained and a pearl

forms around this. A pearl formed in this

manner is called a keshi pearl.

Pearls Cultivation

Pearl cultivation operation can be divided into several phases as follows:

collection of healthy adult oysters, hatchery production, nursery rearing,

growing, grafting/nucleation, pearl formation and harvesting. At each stage

a number of different culture methods are used. The method chosen depends

upon the species cultured and the location or environment of the cultiva-

tion. In Indonesia, pearl farmers have developed methods and techniques for

Pinctada Maxima that have been adapted for specific characteristics of Indo-

nesian tropical marine environmental conditions.

19Indonesian Pearls

For the selection of good quality brood stock,

namely the healthy and productive male and female

oysters, before the 1990s the main source for pearl-

ing activities was collection of adult wild oysters from

the sea-beds. However, after successful trial testing of

hatchery techniques, as from early 1990s Indonesian

pearl farmers have relied on the hatchery production

for pearling oysters. Hatchery production allows selec-

tive breeding for desirable traits and assures a contin-

ual supply of juveniles

Pearl Farming & Pearling Process

Pre-graftingconditioning

Grafting / inserting the

Nucleus

Post-grafting care

Pearling culture(Pearl formation) HARVESTING

Post-harvesting

Loose Pearls

Ready forMarket

( 12 - 24 months )

40 days

Wild Oysters

Selection

Two dozwns of healthy adults

HATCHERY

Nursery Rearing On-growing

MATURE OYSTERS

(+/- 2 years of

>12 cm in diameter)

(Up to 6 mounths) (Up to 18 mounths) ( 12 Up to 24 mounths)


Taking out the mantle from healthy oyster to get the required char-acteristics of the intended pearl.

“Saibo”, a small piece of mantle tissue is taken out of each valve of the donor oyster.

The technician carefully inserts the nucleus into the oyster through a slit into the oyster’s body.

Harvesting is done by taking out the pearl from inside the oyster. The one shown is the case in which the oyster is not re-inserted.

During this hatchery phase, oysters’ larvae need

micro alga (i.e. aquatic photosynthetic organism) as

their food. A balanced diet consisting of a number of

species of micro-algae has been used in commercial

hatcheries for pearl oysters from spawning until settle-

ment. In Indonesia, the pearl farmers’ needs for larval

feeds are supplied by the Technical Service Units under

the Ministry of Marine And Fisheries Affairs spread all

over the pearl farming regions.

Good quality oysters generally will be ready to be

nucleated at 21 to 24 months of age. From the time of

nucleation, it takes approximately 18 months to two

years for the pearl to grow to a desirable size, namely

around 10 to 12 millimeters in diameter. (In extreme

cases, the period may be lengthened up to 3.5 years

after nucleation). A medium quality pearl is estimated

to have 1,000 layers of nacre on it, resulting in a nacre

thickness of around 0.4 to 0.5 millimeters. A thickness

of around 2 millimeters (nucleus plus nacre layers) af-

ter 2 years is just acceptable. The daily deposition of

nacre can vary from zero to seven layers per day. The

main factors that determine the rate of deposition are,

among others, the water temperature and the physiol-

ogy of the individual oyster. The culture period neces-

sary is also dependent on the size of the nucleus.

When the desirable size of pearl is achieved, harvest

can be done. Harvest is done using two methods. For

oyster that has the potential to produce good quality

pearl, the existing pearl will be taken out by another

mean of operation and re-inserted directly with new

nucleus. The rest of the oysters will be killed and the

pearl harvested. Not all oysters harvested produce

pearls. A harvest is considered good when more than

55% oysters harvested are containing pearls.

21Indonesian Pearls

The process of inserting the nucleus into oyster requires the utmost care.

The nuclei are produced from freshwater mussels of Unionids genus found in the Missisippi wa-ters. The shells are cut into cubes and then rounded off to make them suitable for insertion.

The harvested pearls are then washed with neutral soap or salt brine to

remove slime and dirt. Then they are rinsed with clean fresh water, dried and

sorted. Sorting process results in different categories of harvest results: gem

quality pearls, misshapen pearls and reject pearls. The distribution of each

group depends on the quality of men-nature cooperation, where nature dom-

inates. Gem quality pearls are then further weighed and sorted according to

size, color, surface characteristics and luster. Misshapen pearls are marketed

for use in various pieces of jewelry. Reject pearls are used in pharmaceuticals.


This magnificent necklace combines

beautifully Indonesian pearls and styl-

ish beads finely ornamented with dia-

monds. The beads represent aquatic

animals accompanying the pearl oysters

in the seabeds. The impressive luster of

pearls enhanced by lively glitters of dia-

monds create an elegant impression of a

lovely piece of jewelry.


23Indonesian Pearls

GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS TO SUPPORT THE PEARLING INDUSTRY

To promote Indonesian pearls, a series of integrated activities have been

organized, among others, promotional exhibition both within the country

and overseas, pearl auctions and trade fairs. The Indonesian Government

through the Ministry of trade encourage and support pearl businessmen to

actively participate in international trade fairs in jewelry so as to penetrate

the world market. On top of those, the Indonesian Government has also es-

tablished the Annual Indonesian Pearl Auction in Surabaya started as from

2007. This annual event is organized jointly by the Government through the

Ministry of Fishery and Marine Affairs in coordination with Asbumi (Indone-

sian Pearl Culture Association)

At production stage, the Indonesian Government through the Ministry of

Fishery and Marine Affairs supports the pearling industries through research

and development activities with regards to breeding of high quality oysters

and improvement in pearling activities. The Government also provides high

quality feeds for spats to pearl farming business, on top of providing techni-

cal training on grafting and farming management.

As the guidelines for the activities to develop the pearling industries, the

Government promulgated the Presidental Act No.32/1990 on The Manage-

ment of Pearl Cultivation Areas which regulates spatial arrangements that

specify boundaries to ensure the environmental conditions that are condu-

cive for pearling industries. Law no. 24/1992 on Spatial Management of Land

Use specifies areas allocated for different purposes that includes areas for

pearling activities.

The Government facilitated the establishment of Asbumi (Indonesian

Pearl Culture Association) as the intermediary with the pearling business. As

an independent entity, the organization’s overall objective is to collectively

improve the quality of Indonesian pearls in order to have a strengthened po-

sition in the world market.

A pearl consists of the nucleus

covered by thousand layers of

conchiolin. Conchiolin is crys-

talline material that reflects the

lights creating the pearl’s luster.


PRODUCTION CENTERS OF INDONESIAN PEARL FARM-ING

As the biggest producer of South Sea Pearl, Indonesia recorded produc-

tion figure of 12 tons in 2005. This figure is expected to increase to 18 tons

by 2009. Indonesian cultured South Sea pearls are produced in the following

areas: 1) the waters surrounding Bali; (2) Nusa Tenggara (Lombok and Sum-

bawa); (3) Sulawesi (Celebes); (4) Maluku (Moluccas) islands, and in 5) Papua

Province.

Bali’s pearl farms are located in the calm waters off the island’s north-west-

ern coast, in the Buleleng District, near Gerokgak.

Nusa Tenggara is the biggest producer of high quality South Sea Pearls in

Indonesia. There are several pearl farms in the West Nusa Tenggara region of

Lombok, known for its “golden pearls” from the Gold-Lipped oyster. Lombok

has over 24 active pearl farms, on or near Sekotong’s ten islands, on south-

western tip of Lombok. Pearls produced by pearl farms in Nusa Tenggara in-

creased from 689 kilograms in 2001 to 1,800 kilograms in 2005 and around

2,000 kilograms in 2006. In 2009, total pearl production is expected to reach

2.8 tons.

ESTIMATED FARMING AREA POTENTIAL BY PRODUCTION CENTERS (IN HECTARES)

B A L I, 18,900

NUSA TENGGARA , 23,380

SULAWESI, 10,500

MALUKU, 31,125

PAPUA, 37,200

OTHER, 3,705

(Source: Provincial Offices of Marine and Fishery Affairs)

25Indonesian Pearls

Pearl farming on Sulawesi island takes place within Tomini Bay, in the

waters off of the Togian Islands archipelago, and around the Banggai Archi-

pelago off Sulawesi’s north-east coast.

Maluku (the Molucca islands) are located in the eastern part of Indonesia

near Malaysia. Pearl farming in the Moluccas (Maluku Province) takes place

around the Aru Islands group (Aroe Islands), a cluster of 95 islands in the Ara-

fura Sea, and on Ambon Island in the Seram island group. Pearling has been

a part of Aruese trade for hundreds of years. Pearl culturing began on Aru in

the early 1900s as part of Kokichi Mikimoto’s quest for the Pinctada maxima’s

perfect growing conditions.

Papua Province is a remote and unpolluted region that is known as the

“The last primitive land on the earth.” In this Papua province, pearl farms are

located within the Raja Ampat (Four Kings) archipelago, at Alyui Bay’s Waigeo

Island.

ESTIMATED PRODUCTION POTENTIAL BY PRODUCTION CENTERS ( WEIGHT IN TONS)

B A L I, 3.00

NUSA TENGGARA , 3.72

SULAWESI, 1.68

MALUKU, 5.00

PAPUA, 6.00

OTHER, 0.60

(Source: Provincial Offices of Marine & Fishery Affairs)


Indonesia boasts of having 95,181 kilometers of coastline which is one among the longest in the world

Production Centers of Indonesian Pearl Farming

Bali

Lombok

27Indonesian Pearls

Maluku

Sulawesi

Ambon

Papua

BaliEstimated Potential Production3,5 TonEstimated Potential Farming Pearl22,000 Ha

Nusa TenggaraEstimated Potential Production3,7 TonEstimated Potential Farming Pearl24,000 Ha

SulawesiEstimated Potential Production3,0 TonEstimated Potential Farming Pearl18,000 Ha

Maluku ( incl. Ambon )Estimated Potential Production4,0 TonEstimated Potential Farming Pearl26,000 Ha

PapuaEstimated Potential Production5,0 TonEstimated Potential Farming Pearl32,000 Ha

29Indonesian Pearls

Natural Pearls

Unworked Cultured Pearls

Source: Indonesia’s Central Bureua of Statistics, 2007

The biggest quantities of Indonesian unworked cultured pearls (HS

710121) were exported to Japan (with an average share of 65%), followed

by Australia (13%), Hongkong (7 %) and Singapore (5 %).

Indonesian Pearls in Figures

More than half (58%) of Indonesian Natural Pearls (HS 710110) were

exported to Japan. The second export destination country is Australia

followed by Phillipine, Hongkong and Singapore .

Exports by Country of Destinations

COUNTRY 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*1 JAPAN 6,000 12,299 2,149 4,764 5,146 3,7712 AUSTRALIA 130 1,656 2,084 4,833 7,315 1,7473 HONGKONG 993 - 265 101 2 -4 SINGAPORE 504 - 16 - - -5 OTHERS 20 - - - 44 - TOTAL 7,646 13,955 4,514 9,699 12,508 5,518


COUNTRY 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007* 1 JAPAN 659 1045 561 88 - 762 AUSTRALIA 702 - - 1 - -3 PHILIPPINE - - 507 - - -4 HONGKONG 26 40 117 155 3 -5 SINGAPORE 110 - 26 27 - - 6 CHINA - - - 38 - -7 OTHERS 19 - - 5 2 12 TOTAL 1,516 1,085 1,211 314 5 88

HS 710110 Thousand USD


* Jan-June 2007

* Jan-June 2007


Worked Cultured Pearls

Japan is also the biggest export destination for Indonesian worked cultured

pearls (HS 710122), followed by Hongkong (37%)

COUNTRY 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

1 JAPAN 1,065 2,087 116 623 536 437

2 HONGKONG 1,113 0.36 - 2 209 125

3 SINGAPORE 17 0.05 25 46 119 163

4 OTHERS 114 0.21 - 51 32 13

TOTAL 133,178 2,707 141 722 896 739



Articles of Pearls

Source: Indonesia’s Central Bureau of Statistics, 2007


* Jan-June 2007

* Jan-June 2007

COUNTRY 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

1 JAPAN 150 93 174 - 143 142

2 HONGKONG - - - 12 123 344

3 UNITED STATES 82 4 33 - - 916

4 CHINA - - - - 118 -

5 OTHERS 20 34 3 28 65 17

TOTAL 252 131 210 40 385 1,419

31Indonesian Pearls

Exports By Province

Unworked Cultured Pearls

After a dip in 2004, Indonesian exports of unworked cultured pearls (HS

710121) rebounded to reach more than US$ 12 millions. The fluctuations

had been influenced by pearling cultivation related to climatic conditions.

HS 710121


Thousand USD

Natural Pearls

HS 710110


Thousand USD

PROVINCE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

1 B A L I 297 747 455 3 3 -

2 D K I JAKARTA 1.081 338 752 243 2 88

3 CENTRAL JAVA 110 - - - - -

4 EAST JAVA 3 - 4 41 - -

5 NUSA TENGGARA 26 - - - - -

6 EAST KALIMANTAN - - - 27 - -

TOTAL 1,517 1,085 1,211 314 5 88

* Jan-June 2007

PROVINCE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

1 B A L I 318 - 1,449 5,454 7,633 1,934

2 D K I JAKARTA 3,363 135 100 3,680 4,283 3,139

3 NUSA TENGGARA 48 100 - 167 48 29

4 SULAWESI 259 56 101 223 223 21

5 PAPUA 2.,155 2,962 1,158 - - -

6 SUMATERA - - 424 73 - -

TOTAL 6,144 3,252 3.232 9,596 12,188 5,122

* Jan-June 2007


Except for a dip in 2005, Indonesian exports of Pearl Jewelry (HS 711610)

shows encouraging trend to reach almost US$ 400,000. DKI Jakarta is the

dominating export for the product, followed by Bali.



Articles of Pearls

Indonesian export of worked cultured pearls (HS 710122) also experi-

enced a dip in 2004. Thereafter, export values had rebounded, although

had not reached the levels in the previous years. Bali is also the major

exporting port for Indonesian worked cultured pearls (HS 710122).

Worked Cultured Pearls

HS 710122


Thousand USD

PROVINCE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

1 B A L I 182 151 108 687 757 696

2 D K I JAKARTA 1,744 1.937 338 - 92 42

3 NUSA TENGGARA - - - 35 46 -

4 SULAWESI 380 - - - - -

TOTAL 2,306 2,088 141 722 895 739

* Jan-June 2007

PROVINCE 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007*

1 D K I JAKARTA 1 109 200 - 143 93

2 B A L I 78 5 341 28 123 295

3 EAST JAVA 23 17 8 120 118 16

4 PAPUA - - 2 - - -

TOTAL 102 130 551 148 385 504

* Jan-June 2007

33Indonesian Pearls

The brooch displays the magnificence

of Indonesian South Sea Pearls. The

beholders’ eyes will be surely attracted

to the two silver white pearls. The skill-

ful hands of Indonesian artisans finely

crafted all the “leaves and flowers” that

are ornamented with glittering diamonds.

The brooch is hand crafted in platinum

that have been beautifully hand en-

graved. This brooch will become a styl-

ish adornment for people with refined

artistic taste, pleasant to see, and even

more so to wear.

Collection by

Handara Exclusive Jewelry


Major Importing Countries

J A PA N

Source: Intracen, WTO, 2007

For Japan, Indonesia is the third major supplier of all pearl types (HS

710110, plus HS 710121 plus HS 710122), with import shares ranging

from 14% up to 21%.

FR.POLYNESIA28.7%

AUSTRALIA31.4%

INDONESIA14.1%

HONG KONG13.0%

OTHERS12.9%

Import 2005

HS 710110HS 710121HS 710122

In Hongkong’s imports, Indonesia has always been a major supplier

of pearls (at the third place) with shares ranging from 12% up to

17%)

(Source:Intracen, WTO, 2007)

H O N G K O N G

Import 2005

HS 710110HS 710121HS 710122

USA, PR, USVI6% CHINA

14%

INDONESIA12%

JAPAN19%

OTHERS23%

AUSTRALIA%

35Indonesian Pearls

For Australia, Indonesia has been a major supplier for all types of

pearls (HS 710110, HS 710121 and HS 710122) with an average

share of 28%.

USA, PR, USVI7% FR. POLYNESIA

8%

HONG KONG14%

PHILIPINES18%JAPAN

7%

INDONESIA28%

OTHERS18%

A U S T R A L I A

(Source:Intracen, WTO, 2007)Import 2005

HS 710110HS 710121HS 710122


World Demand for Different Type of PearlsCummulative from 2001 to 2005

World Trade

The demand for pearl products has steadily increased at annual

average growth of 5.2% in value terms. Total world imports grew

from US$ 1.142 billions in 2001 to reach almost US$ 1.4 billions in

2005. The demand for pearl increased in line with general market

growth of jewelry with precious gems. The precious gems jewelry

accounted for the bulk majority of jewelry sales in the world.

World Import of All Type of Pearls 2005

( Source: Intracen, WTO, 2007 )


Pearls natural w hether or not w orked or graded, $71,114

( 5% )

Pearls cultured unw orked, $432,908 ( 31% )

Pearls cultured w orked, $893,009 , ( 64% )

The demand is dominated by cultured pearls, namely pearls that

were produced through cultivation of pearl oysters. Of the cultured

pearls, the ones that have been worked (HS 710122) dominated at

an average share of 62%, with unworked cultured pearls (HS 710121)

37Indonesian Pearls

Exporting Countries of Unworked Cultured Pearls 2005


-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

FrenchPolynesia

Hong Kong(SARC)

Japan UnitedStates ofAmerica

Australia Indonesia OTHERS

HS 710121Thousand USD

Exporting Countries of Worked Cultured Pearls 2005


HS 710122Thousand USD

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

Hong Kong(SARC)

Japan Australia China Oceania Nes Indonesia OTHER


Some Masterpieces of Indonesian Pearl Jewelry

39Indonesian Pearls

The imagination of Indonesian craftsmen reaches beyond pearls to cover decorative usage of the

smooth and white shell surface of the oysters, the producers of pearls. From their trained hands, a

variety of attractive handicrafts made of the oysters’ inner shell have been created displaying creative

designs. The creativity of Indonesian craftmanship has combined pearls, nature’s perfect gems, with

other beautiful materials to produce a great variety of ornaments for the body, including necklaces,

bracelets, brooches, rings and earrings.


Indonesian South Sea Pearls constitute the dominating gems in the above four rings. The ring with Imperial Gold, Pink White and Bluish White Pearls

are enhanced by diamonds, another type of precious gems, framed beautifully onto the surface just beneath the pearl which is the crown jewel of the

ring. In the ring crowned with Silver White Pearl, the piece is also ornamented with Sapphire gems that multiply its beauty. The rings are hand crafted

by skillful Indonesian craft person in gold and wonderfully engraved with utmost refinement. The jewelry artist designed the ring to clearly display the

magnificence of pearls which become the pointer to lead the viewer in enjoying their splendor. Harmonious combination of pearls and other precious

gems makes the rings to become majestic ornaments to display artistic taste of the wearer, symbolizing grace and elegance.

41Indonesian Pearls

The center point of stylish neckwear is the three elegant

Silver White Pearls coupled with stylish the Blue Topaz

triangle. With the beads made of translucent aqua-ma-

rine as the necklace string, the combination of pearls

and topaz creates a piece of jewelry with a class of its

own. Both the necklace and earrings display a majestic

beauty, pleasing to the eyes and soothing the senses of

both wearer and the beholders.


LIST OF EXPORTERS

1 ARTHA SAMUDRA, PT Jl. Jati Padang Baru Blok D1-A Jakarta Selatan Telp : (021) 7804361 Fax : (021) 7801674 [email protected] CP : Rajendra Nasution 2 BIMA BUDIDAYA MUTIARA, PT Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD Jakarta Barat 11240 Telp : (021) 6918204 - 05, (0374) 44641 Fax : (021) 6918206, (0374) 44641 Cp : Ahasveros Soumokil 3 BIMA SAKTI MUTIARA, PT Gedung Bidakara Lt 6 Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 71-73 , Jakarta Selatan 12760 Telp : (021) 83793260 Fax : (021) 83793258 CP : Syamsoelbahri 4 BUDIAYA WAEGIO, UD Jl. Raya Pluit Samudera No. 7 Jakarta Utara 14450 Telp : (021) 6692962, (021) 6346115 Fax : (021) 6622910, (021) 6346117 Pasir Hitam Desa Morus Pulau Waegio Barat Kab. Raja Empat Papua CP : Richard Sinaya

6 BUDIDAYA MUTIARATAMA INDONESIA (BUMI), PT Jl. Duren Tiga No. 38, Jakarta Selatan 12870 Telp : (021) 7992485 Fax : (021) 7988640, 7992238 CP : Lyta Iswarini Hapsari 8 CAHAYA CERMELANG, CV Jl.Urip Sumoharjo No. 166 , Makasar 90232 Telp : (0411) 452670 - 71 Fax : (0411) 452460 CP : Harold Tandra 9 CAHAYA KEMILAU ABADI, CV Jl. Pemuda No. 245 Kolaka, Sulawesi Tenggara Telp : (0405) 22410 Fax : (0405) 22410 Jl. A. Yani No. 42 C-D Kendari Telp : (0401) 395886 Fax : (0401) 395889 CP : Herlina Vitus Horens 10 CENDANA INDO PEARL, PT Jl. Waru No. 26 Rawamangun Jakarta Timur 13220 Telp : (021) 4700409 Fax : (021) 4892282 [email protected] CP : R.P. Poernomo 11 CHAMAR SENTOSA PT. Jl. Jenderal Sudirman No. 136 Kupang Nusa Tenggara Timur 85119 Telp : (0380) 83270 Fax : (0380) 831044 CP : Tony Pitoby

12 DAFIN MUTIARA, PT Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD Jakarta Barat 11240 Telp : (021) 6918204 - 05

Fax : (021) 6918206 Jl. Dobo Kab. Maluku Tenggara Telp: (0917) 21088 Fax: (0917) 21088 CP: Korneles Teb 13 DISTHI KUMALA BAHARI, PT Jl. Tirtayasa III/8 Jakarta Selatan Telp : (021) 7265477 Fax : (021) 7232311 [email protected] CP : Indira Hartato 14 DUTA ARU INDAH, CV Jl. Ikan Mujair No. 14 Surabaya Jawa Timur Telp : (031) 3559271 Fax : (031) 3559036 CP : Benny Gunawan 15 HARNACARAKA, PT Pondok Indah Plaza II No. 14 Jl. Metro Pondok Indah Jakarta Selatan12310 Telp : (021) 7500158 - 9 Fax : (021) 7500183 CP : Haryadi Usman 16 HIKARI LAMPUNG PERMAI, PT Jl. Ahmad Dahlan No. 20 Pahoman Bandar Lampung 3500 Telp : (0721) 26198 Fax : (0721) 251401 CP : Yoshioki Harada 17 KENDARI MUTIARA INDONESIA, PT GrahaSurya Internusa Build Lt. 12 Suite 1205 Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Kav. X-0 Kuningan Jakarta Selatan 12950 Telp : (021) 5277784 Fax : (021) 5276676 CP : Seiji Yoshiyoka 18 KOSUMA MUTIARA, PT Jl. Pemuda No. 26 Mataram Lombok Nusa Tenggara Barat Telp : (0370) 641740 Fax : (0370) 634410 CP : Nursia C. Latumahina 19 KRIDA MARGARITAS, PT Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2 BD Jakarta Barat 11240 Telp : (021) 6918204 - 5 Fax : (021) 6918206 CP : Robert Sukendy

20 KYOKKO SINJU INDONESIA, PT Jl. Lombok No. 62 Menteng Jakarta Pusat 10350 Telp : (021) 31908535 - 6 Fax : (021) 31908537 CP : Sukamoto

21 MALUKU PEARL DEVELOPMENT, PT Gedung Arya Lt. 2 Jl. Gondangdia Lama No. 40 Jakarta Pusat 10350 Telp : (021) 3152084 Fax : (021) 3152084 CP : Patria Hanoach Pieter

22 MANEI SOUTHERN PEARL, PT Nusantara Building Lt 6 Jl. MH. Thamrin No. 59 Jakarta Pusat 10350 Telp : (021) 31936501 Fax : (021) 31926033 CP : Buddyman Rijono 23 MAXIMA MUTIARA, PT Jl. Sumbawa No. 21 Menteng , Jakarta Pusat 10350 Telp : (021) 3914290 Fax : (021) 31923682 CP : Takajo 24 MEGAPURA ARU MUTIARA, PT Jl. Petojo Sabangan 8/44 , Jak-Pus 10160 Telp : (021) 3459977 Fax : (021) 3806162 CP : Jhon Andreas 25 MOLLUCAS MARICULTURE, PT Jl. Raya Pluit SamuderaNo. 7 Jakarta Utara 14450 Telp : (021) 6692962 Fax : (021) 6622910 CP : Norman Z. Analau 26 MUTIARA NUSA BUNGA, PT Jl. Menteng Dalam Raya No. 3 Jakarta Selatan 12870 Telp : (021) 8299461 Fax : (021) 8299461 CP : Sukamto 27 NTT KURI PEARL, PT Jl. Senjaya IV No. 96 Jakarta Selatan 12110 Telp : (021) 72792588 Fax : (021) 72792589 CP : Takashi Natori 28 NUSA INA PEARL, PT Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD Jakarta Barat 11240 Telp : (021) 6918204 -05 Fax : (021) 6918206 Jl. Dobo Kab. Maluku Tenggara Telp : (0911) 34144 Fax : (0911) 34144 CP : Willy Tjoa 29 NUSANTARA PEARL, Fa Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD Jakarta Barat 11240 Telp : (021) 6918204 -05 Fax : (021) 6918206 CP : Anthony Tanios

30 ORIENTAL MUTIARA INDONESIA, PT Jl. HR. Rasuna Said Kav. X-O Kuningan Jakarta Selatan 12950 Telp : (021) 5277784 - 6 Fax : (021) 5276676 CP : Seiji Yoshiyoka

31 PALOMA AGUNG, PT Gedung Selmis Lt. 2 Jl. Asem Baris Raya 52 Blok-2 No. 8/9 Tebet Jakarta Selatan 12830 Telp : (021) 8357317 Fax : (021) 8295418 CP : Satrio Wibowo

32 PERMATA BUNDA, CV Jl. Cikini Raya No. 24 , Jakarta Pusat 10330 Telp : (021) 31934551 Fax : (021) 3106687 CP : Ratna Zhuhry

33 RISARIO MUTIARA, CV Jl. Hasil Raya No. 1 Semarang, Jawa Tengah Telp : (024) 8318933 Fax : (024) 8446782 CP : A. Kengrry Retranubun 34 RISUN JAYA, CV Jl. Blambangan 20 X Kuta, Bali Telp : (0361) 767177 Fax : (0361) 767176 CP : H. Muhammad Sunhaji 35 SELAT ALAS, PT Jl. Tenun No. 8 Cakranegara Kota Mataram Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat Telp : (0370) 626819 Fax : (0370) 627360 CP : Budiyanto Halan 36 TIMOR OTSUKI MUTIARA, PT Gedung Gajah Unit ABC Lt. 3 A# BIII Telp : (021) 6692962 Fax : (021) 6692910 CP : Kozuki Hiroaki 37 TIRTAMAS MUTIARA, PT Gedung Bidakara Lt 6 Jl. Gatot Subroto Kav. 71-73, Jakarta Selatan 12760 Telp : (021) 83793260 - 61 Fax : (021) 83793258 CP : Jane Maramis 38 TOFICO, PT GMT Building Lt. 4 Jl. Widjaya 1 No. 5 Kebayoran, Jakarta Selatan Telp : (021) 7252038 / 39 Fax : (021) 7252052 CP : Yoshiyuki Matsumoto 39 YELLU MUTIARA, PT Jl. Gedong Panjang No. 2-BD Jakarta Barat 11240 Telp : (021) 6918204 - 05 Fax : (021) 6918206 Jl. Perikanan No. 53 Sorong Irian Jaya Telp : (0951) 325400 Fax : (0951) 328201 CP : Fony Gonga

Indonesian Pearl Culture Association( ASBUMI )

Tiara Buncit Building, Blok A-5, Lt. 2Jl. Kemang Utara IX No. 9, Jakarta Selatan

12760Telp. (62-21) 7919 6537, 919 5583

Fax. (62-21) 7919 6537

APPI (Asosiasi Produsen Perhiasan Indonesia)

Jl. Gajah Mada Tower, Room 2007Chairman : Loe Iskandar

Secretary General : Iskandar

43Indonesian Pearls

JI. M.I. Ridwan Rais No.5 Building I - 3th Floor Jakarta 10110 INDONESIA Phone [62-21] 384 8667, 345 6318, 3841961 Ext1200 Fax. [62-21] 384 6106 E-mail. [email protected] (62-21) - 3848666,384 1961 Ext.1384(62-21)-3441759 sesjen@depda9•90.id (62-21) - 384 8662, 3841961 Ext.1226 (62-21) - 384 8662 [email protected]

Secretary General JI. M.1. Ridwan Rals No.5 Building I, 4th Floor Jakarta Pusat Phone Facsimile E-mail

Inspectorate General JI. M.1. Ridwan Rais No.5 Building I, 10th Floor Jakarta Pusat

MINISTRY OF TRADE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA

Directorate General of Domestic Trade M.I. Ridwan Rais No.5 Building I, 6th Floor Jakarta 10110 - INDONESIA Phone (62-21) - 3858183,385 8193, Ext.1105, 1103 Fax (62-21) - 3857338 E-mail. [email protected]

Directorate General of Foreign Trade JI. M.I. Ridwan Rals NO.5 Building ii, 1st Floor Jakarta 10110 - INDONESIA Phone (62-21) - 3858204, 3860940 Ext.1192, 1104 Fax (62-21) - 3858190 E-mail [email protected]

Directorate General of International Trade Cooperation JI. M.1. Rldwan Rais NO.5 Building I, 5th Floor, Jakarta 10110 - INDONESIA Phone (62-21) - 344 0408,3858171 Ext.1004 Fax (62-21) - 385 8185 E-mail. [email protected]

National Agency for Export Development (NAFED) JI. Kramat Raya No. 172 Jakarta 10430 - INDONESIA Phone (62-21) - 31900901,310 0569 Ex1.413 Fax (62-21) 319 04914 E-mail. [email protected]

Commodity Future Trading Regulatory Agency (COFTRA) Gedung Bumi Daya Plaza 4th Floor JI. Imam Bonjol NO.61 Jakarta 10310 -INDONESIA Phone (62-21) 315 6315 Fax (62-21) 315 6135 E-mail. [email protected] Website www.bappebti.go.ld

Trade Research and Development Agency (TREDA) JI. M.1. Ridwan Rais NO.5 Building 17th Floor Jakarta 10110 - INDONESIA Phone (62-21) 344 0060, 384 1961 Ext.1360 Facx (62-21) 345 2393 E-mail [email protected]

INDONESIAN COMMERCIAL ATTACHE

Australia Indonesian Embassy. 8, Darwin Avenue, Yarralumia Canberra A.c.T. 2600 Australia Phone : (6162) - 625 08654 Fax : (6162) - 62730757 E-mail : [email protected] atperdag@ cyberone.com.au Website : www.kbri-canberra.org.au

Japan Indonesian Embassy .5-2-9, Higashi Gotanda Shinagawa-ku Tokyo 1410022, Japan Phone : (81-03) - 344 14201,344 70596 Fax : (81-03) - 344 71 697 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

South KoreaIndonesian Embassy. 55, Yoido-dong Young deoung po-ku Seoul South Korea. Phone : (0082-2) - 782 7750, 783 5371 Fax : (0082-2) - 780 4280, 783 7750 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

People’s Republic of China Indonesian Embassy . San Li Tun Diplomatic Office Building B, Beijing 100600, China Phone : (00861) 653 24748, 653 25400-3014 Fax : (00861) 653 25368 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Thailand Indonesian Embassy . 600 - 602 Petchburi Road Rajthevi PO BOX 1318 Bangkok 10400, Thailand Phone : (0066-2) - 2551264, 255 3135 ext.123 Fax : (0066-2) - 2551264, 2551267 E-mail : [email protected] indagtha [email protected]

Philippines Indonesian Embassy . 185, Salcedo Street. Legaspi Village, Makati City Metro Manila Philippines Phone : (632) - 892 5061-68, 894 4561 Fax : (632) - 892 5878, 867 4192 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Malaysia Indonesian Embassy Jalan Tun Razak No.233 Kuala Lumpur 50400, Malaysia Phone : (0060-03) - 214 52011 Or 21434835 ext. 308 Fax : (0060-30) - 214 7908, 214 48407 E-mail : [email protected] indagkl@ pd.jaring.my

India Indonesian Embassy. 50-A Chanakyapuri New Delhi 110021 India Phone : (0091-11)-61141000,6886763 Fax : (0091-11) - 688 5460, 687 4402 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Saudi Arabia Indonesian Embassy Riyadh Diplomatic Quarter PO. Box 94343 Riyadh 11693 Saudi Arabia Phone : (0966-1) - 488 2800, 488 2131 ext.120 Fax : (0966-1) - 488 2966 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] Egypt Indonesian Embassy. 3, Aisha EL Taimoira St. Garden City PO BOX 1661 Cairo 1661, Republic of Egypt Phone : (20-2) - 794 4698,794 7200-9 Fax : (20-2) - 796 2495 E-maii : [email protected] hardaw j [email protected]

Austria Indonesian Embassy Gustav Tschermak Gasse 5-7 Wina A-1180 Austria Phone : (431) - 476 2341 Fax : (431) - 479 0557 E-mail : [email protected]

United Kingdom Indonesian Embassy 38 Grosvenor Square. London W1 k 2HW United Kingdom Phone : 44-20) - 772 909613, 749 97881 Fax : (44-20) - 7945 7022 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]


Australia Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - 5ydney Level 2 , 60 Pitt Street Sydney 2000, Australia E-mail : [email protected]

Brazil Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - 5ao Paulo Edifico Park Lane Conj. 111, Alamedia Santos No. 171 Cerquiera Cesar, CEF: 01419.002 Sao Paulo Phone : (55) -11 - 326 30472 Fax : (55) -11 - 325 8126 E-mail : [email protected] djamia [email protected]

Japan Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPe) - Japan ITM-4-J-8, Asia and Pasific Trade Center 2-1-10 Nanko Kita, 5uminoe-ku Osaka 559-0034 Japan Phone : (06) - 6615 5350 Fax : (06) - 6615 5351 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Germany Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Hamburg Glockengie~erall17 20095 Hamburg

Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC)

Italy Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Milan Via General Fara 39 Milan

Hungary Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Budapest H-1051 Budapest, Bajcsy-Zsilinszky ut.12, IV Floor, No. 205 Budapest Hungary Phone : (36-1) - 317 6382 Fax : (36-1) - 266 0572 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

South Africa Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Johannesburg Suite 02/E4 Village Walk Shopping Centre Sandton Johan-nesburg South Africa Phone : (27) - 118 - 846 240 Fax : (27) - 118 - 846 242 E-mail : [email protected]

United States of America Indonesian Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) - Los Angeles 3457, Wilshire, Blvd, Suite 101 Los Angeles 90010 USAPhone : (213) - 3877041 Fax : (213) - 3877047 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Netherlands Indonesian Embassy . 8, Tobias Asserlaan 2517 KC The Hague, The Netherlands Phone : (31) - 703108115 Fax : (31) -7036 43331 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Germany Lehter Strasse 16-17 0-10557 Berlin 53175 Germany Phone : (49-30) - 478 0700 Fax : (49-30) - 478 07209 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Belgium Indonesian Mission to The European Communities Boulevard de la Woluwe 38 Brussels B-1200, Belgium Phone : (322) - 779 0915 Fax : (322) - 772 8190 E-maii: [email protected] atperi [email protected]

Italy Indonesian Embassy Via Nomentana, 55 00161 Rome Italy Phone : (0139-6) - 420 0911, 420 09168 Facsimiie : (0129-6) - 488 0280, 420 10428 E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]

Spain Indonesian Embassy 65, Calle de Agastia Madrid 28043 Spain Phone : (34-91) - 413 0294 Fax : (34-91) - 415 7792 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Russia Indonesia Embassy . Commercial Attache Office Korovy val7 Ent 3, FI. 8 Apt 76 Moscow 117049, Republic Russia Phone : (7-095) - 238 5281, 238 3014 Fax : (7-095) - 238 5281 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

United Arab Emirates Indonesia Trade Promotion Center (ITPC) Flat NoA03, ArbitTower, 4th Floor, Baniyas Street, Deira P.O. Box 41664 Dubai U.A.E Phone : (971 4) - 422 78544 Fax : (971 4) - 422 78545

Denmark Oerehoej Aile 1, 2900 Hellerup Copenhagen, Denmark Phone : (45-39) - 624 422, 624 883 (D) Fax : (45-39) - 624 483 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Canada Indonesian Embassy 55 Parkdale Avenue Ottawa Ontario KIY 1 ES Canada Phone : (613) -7241100 Fax : (613) - 724 7932 E-mail : [email protected] budh i@indonesia_ottawa.org Website : www.indonesia_ottawa.org

France Indonesian Embassy 47-49 Rue Cortambert Paris 75116 France Phone : (33-1) - 450 302760, 450 44872 Fax : (33-1) - 450 45032 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Switzerland Indonesian Mission to The United Nations and Other International Organizations 16, Rue de Saint Jean Geneva 1203 Switzerland Phone : (0041-22) - 339 7010 Fax : (0041-22) - 339 7025 E-mail : [email protected] a [email protected] alfons-sa [email protected]

Singapore 7 Chatsworth Road Singapore 249761 Phone : (65) - 6737 5420, 683 95458 Fax : (65) - 6737 5037, 6735 2027 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected]

Hong Kong Consulate General 127-129 Leighton Road Causeway Bay Hong Kong Phone : (852) - 289 02481, 289 04421 Fax : (852) - 289 50139 E-mail : [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

United States of America 2020 Massachusetts Avenue, N. W. Washington DC ca 20036 United States of America Phone : (202) - 775 5350, 775 5200 ext. 350 Fax : (202) - 775 5354, 775 5365 E-mail : [email protected]

Indonesian Economic and Trade Office

Taiwan (a province of China) Indonesian Economic and Trade Office to Taipei 6F,

NO.550, Rui Guang Road, Nelhu District (Twin Head Building) Taipei 114 Taiwan

Phone : (886-2) - 875 26170 Fax : (886-2) - 874 23706

E-mail : [email protected] Note:

For your complete reference on the Republic of Indonesia representative offices

wor!d-wide, please kindly access: www.deplu.go.id

45Indonesian Pearls


creative by :

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Picture taken by :

double P creativeDarwis TriadiDisthiMaku-maku

Ministry of Trade Republic of IndonesiaJl. M.I. Ridwan Rais No. 5. Building 1-7th FloorJakarta 10110 Indonesia

Telp. : (62-21) 3440060Fax. : (62-21) 3452393

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