indigenous fruit trees in the tropics : domestication...

INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREES IN THE TROPICS

Domestication, Utilization and Commercialization

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INDIGENOUS FRUIT TREES

IN THE TROPICS Domestication, Utilization and Commercialization

Edited by

Festus K. Aklnnlfesl World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Lilongwe, Malawi

Roger R.B. Leakey James Cook University. Australia

Oluyede C. Alayl and Gudeta Slieshl World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Lilongwe, Malawi

Zac TchoundJeu World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Cameroon

Patrick Matakala World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Maputo, Mozambique -Freddie R. Kweslga Forum for Agricultural Research in A/n'es (FARA), Ghana

in aosocOolioo with !he World A\jrolO<eslry Centre I!CAM)

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Contents

Contributon

Pte'au

PART I: SEnING THE SCENE

1 Settln9 Ptiori.ie. among Indige ....... Frui. T""e Spuiu in A •• ic. : Example. from Sou.he.n, Ea • • e.n a nd We.te.n A •• ic. R"'!Iion. S. F=1. F.K AkIn"I,,,,,1 onde. Ham

2 Towa .... a Dom .... ica.ion Str •• qy for Indigenous Frui. T.ee. in the Tropics RR.B. u.:.kev and F.K Aidnnl,esI

3 C hallenge. to S.imul • • ing the Adop.ion and Impac . o' Indigenou. Frui. T""e. in Tropical A!II"icuhu~ N. Hoq, e. &owe and 1. Dw",i9o?t

PART II : INDIGENOlJS FRlJIT TREE DOMESTICATION IN ASIA, lATIN AMER ICA AND OCEAN IA

4 Dom ... tic. .io n ofT .... e. or Fore.t.: Dewlo pm.nt Pa.hwav- for Frui. T""e Produc.ion in Sou.h·u • • Asi. KF. W"""m

" ""

5 Hom"'9llrden-based Indigenous Fruit T""e Production in ~nins .. lar India B.M K .. mar

6 Nath, .. Fr .. 1t Tr,u Impr""en,ent in Amazonia, An Overview 100 CR. Cl<m€tl~ J.P Comeu"" M.H PI"",*>-Alnduro and K 'I1lJ-<lma

7 The Domestica tion 01 Frui. and Nut Tree Spede. in Van ..... u , o.: .. nia 120 " ubol, A W""",,r and C Sam

PART Ill , REGIONAL DOMESTICATION RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN AFRICA

8 Crea.ing Oppo rtuni.ies for Do me •• in.ing and Com"""",ia llzing Miomoo Indigeno u. Fruit Tree. in Southern Africa 137 F.K AkInnl"'oI. OC Nal-i , G. Slicshl, P MalakaJa. F.R. KweMgo. C Hom. I. Kodze"" J. M~ SA MIl9'omoo, T Chliango <1tld A MIwt>da

') Dom ... ica tio n , U.ili.a tion and Marke ting of Indigen0U5 Frul. Tr,u. in We •• a nd Central Alrica 171 2 . khouoo.;.,,,- A Atongaoo, £. Asooh, A T.oo.",g, C Focheux, D. Fouoo.io=. C M""->. A lkgrand", T Sado, J. Kc.1meg»e. P MMe. H. Toburl<l, P A~ ondM VS€>l1

10 Improving Rural U ",,1ihoods through Dome.tication of Indi!l"nous Fruit Tree . in the Parkland. of the Sahe l 186 A KoIlll9<l"l",. J.C W~b.?r, A U"""""nyo ond B. ~

II The Role of Indigenou. Fr .. i. T",e . in S .... ainable Dryland Agriculture in Eas.ern Africa 2 . Tekl<haI"",,,,,,

PART lV: THE BIOPHYSICAL AND SOCIa-ECONOMIC C ONTEXT OF MIOMBO FRUIT T1iEES

12 Marke.ing of Indi!l"nous Frui.s in Southe rn Afriu I Romadhonl ond E Schmidt

13 uonomico of On-f .... m Production of Indigenou. Fruits 237 D. Mlti->o(er and H Waf",,1

14 Opportun iti ... f01" Commenoia1intio n a nd Ente rp.i ... l>t\Ie lopmen. o f lndi!l"nou. FTuit. in Sou.hern Africa 254 C. Ham. FK. Aldnn(fesj, S. Franzel. D. du F'S JOfdoon. C. Hansmann, ac. Ajayj and C. de Kock

15 The F ..... ibili.~ of Small'Kafe Indi!l"nou. FTuit Proce •• lng En' • • pri.eo in Southe.n Africa D. du F'S. Jotdoon, FK. Aklnnlfe>l. C. Ham and ac. A,ia1O

16 Product Inwlopmenl: Nutri.ional Vaf ... , Pr"" ... i,,!! and U.mza.ion o f Indigeno ... FfUi •• from the Mion,bo Ec .... ~.t.m Z88 J.DK SaIm.1. KadM",. RK. Ndablirunze, FK. Aklnnlfesj and BPI>!. TIIseIru>a

17 The Role of In. ti.utional Arrangemen .. a nd Polic~ on the Conse"'.tion, U.m ... tion and Commercialization of Indigenou. Fruit. in So uthe.n Africa F'A Oduo!. ac. A,iayl. F' Malakala ond FK. Aldnnlfesj

18 Eco l09V and 8iolo!ll' of Ua"""" kirk", .... , St'l"'hno. cocculoidu and Sd • ...,.,a"", bi..-- in Southe.n Af.ica 322 F'W Chi""" and FK. Aklnnlfe<l

19 Germplasm SupplV, Propagatio n and N .... erv Managemont o f Mlombo FfUi. T..,... 341 FK. Aklnnlfe>l. G. SIIcsIiI. A MkonOO, ac. Ajayl, J. Mhan90and 1: Chli""9<1

20 ...... Management in Miombo FfUit T..,eo 369 G. Slieshl, P Barklund, G. Mek R.R. Bandelro, C. Chliln>a, AJ. M",uka. RK. Da~ and FK. AId",,(fesj

PART V: LESSONS FO R COMMOD ITIZING INDIGENOUS FRUIT AND NUT m EES IN THE mOPlcs

21 Accele.at .... Dome.tication and Comm • • d . fin.io n o f Indigenou. F ... it and Nut Tr ... o '0 Enhance Bolter U w lihoods in lhe Tropic.: .... _. and Wa~ Forwa.d 392 FK. Aklnnl"'>I. G. Slieshi. Oc. A,iayl and 1. '!Chou",*"

Indvc 429

This page intentio"ally leftl>l""k

Contributors

OIuyodo C. AjayI. PhD. Is an Agrlcullura! Eoo.-.omlsl ",Uh ,Ile World As""",""'''' C.."", (ICRAF), PO 8m: 30798, Llk"-,g.".,, MaJawt

"""'" K Aklnn~ .. '. PIlD, Is 0 Senior r"", Scien'1sI with the World A.9ro/or""'", C.",,,, (lCRAF). PO 8m: 30798, LI~. Molawt

Paul ~h . PhD. Is "'1m the World A.9r%resl>v Cen"" (/cRAF) We.< and Centra! A/rIc<l Re9lon, Humid Tropic Nodi!, /{/'A 8:"'00. Onne-Who,! Rood, PMB 008, Nchla, EIen-w, fun Hol'COWt. RI"" .. 8:_, NIgma.

Et..r-..r Asaah " ",til the World AsI<fvt""'l! C.."", (/CRAF) We.< 0IId c.,ntro/ A/rIc<l Resioo, Hunlld Tropic Nodi!. BP 16317. l'OOuoo". Can-><roon

A. fIIangana Is ,,"h "'" World A,gro!o.-">t,,, c.mrru (ICRAF) W_ and Centra! A/rIc<l Resioo. Humid Tropic Node. BP 16317, l'OOuoo". Camerootl

R.R Bandel", Is ",til the Ed..,,,*, Mandclane Unlver.<ltl' ~ Mommbiq",.

PIa Backlund, PhD. Is on _ Prof"""" '" "'" SwedIsh Unl""rsj,~ of Agrlcullura! ScIences ISW). Depart"""" of _ MvroJog~ and Ibtll%m.\ Box 7026, SE 75007 Uppsa/a, Sweden.

Colm Ilow.>. PhD. Is ,,'~h ,he C.." ... for Uoo"rutlllMd Crops, Entoiro",,,,,n<ai ScIences Dll-'Woo, Sd>ooI of Clull EngI""",",ng ond ,Ile En""",,,,,,nl. Unl""rsitv of Southampton, Southampton SOl7 IB), UK.

11>omSOl'l Chll.o_ Is a Hortlcuhumllsr wkh &umbwe Agncuhura! Resrorch S"..".. Box 5748, Lim"", MaJatW.

Clem<-nt CM lma, PliD. Is a Jbr ScIent'" ,,'1m the _", Re""""h In>tn~e of Malawi. Zomba, Malawi.

_ W. Chlrwa. PhD, Is a &nlor l«iu",," '" St<llenbosh Unl'-""""l' Depart"""" of Fore.: and Wood ScIetx-<>, 8:elkflbooh 7602, South AfrIca

Chad« R CIomont. PhD, Is a &nlor Sclentisl with ,he InstnUlo NocIonaJ de Aosqui«>< do AmaWtllo, Ali. Andrt Arau;o. 2936 Ai<tm, 69060-001 ManaL1S, A~ Brazil

Jonathan I' Cornell .... PIlI), Is 0 &nlor Sclenllsl with ,he World A.9ro/ore<r", Cent'" (ICRAF). CIP. AparfOOo 1558. Lima 12. ~

•

•

Rogo, It Day, PID, "' 0 AO>l Sdenl'" wj,h ,he CAB in"'maiotlal Africa RegjonaI Cen"", PO Box 633, United N~ A""""". N(ljrobl. Kenya.

CamU"" do Kock b rJ,., CEO of Sp.rll/lly Foodo of Africa PUI Ltd, Hora,.,. 11mbobwe

Ann [)ogr.....o.,_ PhD. is a Sooo/ Sc/"nrlst ~ !he World ~ C..,.", (ICRAF) West and CenrroI A/rioo RegIon. Humid r"""", Node, BP 16317.

-""~ l.o4 D\.Ln5l!l<'r. PIlI), Is wkh lhe Cent'" for V~1lsed Crops. Envl""""",n<aJ Sclencn DIl'IsIotl, School of eMI Engj..,.,,-lng and ,,., Enu)"",,,,,,,,,. Vnl.-sttvofSoutI>amp<on, Sourhampron SOl7 IBJ, UK

CharIy Fa.cr.rux Is wt h lhe World Asrofor"""V C.".", (ICMF) West and C"",roJ Africa Reg/otl, H umid TropjcNO<k, BP 16317, lOOuoo., Cameroon

OMne ful".,djem I< ,,·1Ih !he World A.9oof"'''''v c..,.,.., (ICRAf) West and Cefllfal Africa~. Humid TropjcNode, BP 16317. \OOunde, Cameroon.

SI"",," Fr~L PhD. Is " Principal Agricu~ural Economist ~ ,n., World Agroforestry Cent'" (ICRAF). PO Box 30677, NairobI. Ketlya.

COO Ham Is 0 Lec/w", and Co-ordloo«< of ,he Com""",*,1 Froduc< of ,he Wild (ep Wild!. lkp,,,'m€tU of Fat ... and Wood sa.,...,." lhll""rsj,~ of St.ol.,nbosch, PI1""'" Bag Xl. Ma",land 7602, South Africa-

Ch .... Hammann. PhD, Is a Senior R<=an:het wffh lhe Asrirniural Resrurch C.".,.." Infru~ec-N!efooorb!i. _ Bag X5013 , S<ellenbosch 7599. Sourh -Nazmul H"'l. PhD. Is ,he Director of ,he C""'''' for Un<kru,lIlted Crops. £001",,,, ... ,,,01 ~ Dlvblotl, School of Civil Engf~ng and lhe En"I"",,,,,,"'. Unl""rsII~ of Sourhamprotl, Sourhampl<»l 5017 JB.l, UK

Dan", du 1'8. .Ioordatl Is 0 Le<ru"" a !he Depart""'''' of AgrIcultural Eooo-.omics. Enslon ond RuroJ Lktie~nI. Un,,,,,,,,,,, of PMorlo. Pr<torio (l()()2, South Nri=

I,~ .... ~. PhD. I< 0 _ Har'-"'Sl SclenIIsl ,,'1M ,he World A,grofore>l'V C.", ... (ICRAf), clo D,_ of A,<jricuhuml R~ and Ext""""", 5,h Strffl Extension. PO Box CY594, CoUS€tOOl< Hom"" Zimbabwe.

Antol"" Kallngonl"" PhD, Is 0 &tllor ScIen'1st ",Uh ,he World A,grofore>l'V C.", ... (ICRAF) W ... and c.nlrar A/rIoo R<gIon, BP 320, Bamoko. MoN. ~ ~ Is will ,he World ~ Q>n<", (ICRAF) West md

Centro! Africa Regioo, Humid TrcpIc Ncde, BP 16317. 'IhouOOe, Comerooo. IWhlma K<>ne Is wlM rile World Agrof~'V C""'''' (lCRAF) W ... and c.",rar

A/rIoo Regloo, BP 320, Bamoko. Mall RM. Kuma!, PhD, Is 0 Pro{e>;SOf '" rile Deponmen' of SUulcu~ure and

Asroj"""'11-\ CoI~ of _11-\ Kernla Agnoohum/ Un''''''''''l< Thrlosur 680656, K.=Ja, India

Frrod~ R. II"" ..... , PhD, Is ,he CoordIIl<I« of rhe Sub-Sohoran A/rlrutl Chalkn,}e Frogrumme. PMB CT 173 Canl""'""""" 2 Gowa C"'"". Roman Ridgo!. Accra, Goooo.

Roger R.B. l.mkey, PhD, 10 a Pr-of<=o< of ~ and S""",oobJe DroclcpmerJI, As"*""",,, md ~I Crop< Unll, School of Tnopiro/ !l.I%g)< .10m •• Cool< Unll!el'$ll!l PO Box 681/. Caim<, QId 4870. AuslroIIa

\Il"""nl ubo!, PhD. I< 0 Setllor Re.eanoh€t- with ClRAD, PO Box 946, Alrt_ Vila, Von"",u.

Anxklu. J Masuka I> with :he KulS<J9'l Rese.=h Company (P1J<) Ltd. AlipOrt Ring Rood. PO Boo: 1909. Harn,." Zlm~

Patrick Matakala. PID, I> ,he A1ndpal Sdom'isI with ,no, World A:3ro!Ofettrv Centre (ICRAf) M=mblqlJt'. Za!<a R»IaI 3658. Au. 0". FPtM, 2698 M"""..,..,. Mapu'o 8. Mozamblq"".

Pew MblIe I> ",/th the Work! A:3ro!ore>Irv c"""" (ICRAf) Wes< and C"",ral AjrSm Regloo. Humid Tropic Node. BP 16317, I'OOunde. Camerootl

Charlie Mbosso I> "'ith til.. Work! Asro{ore3lf)! c"ooe (ICRAf) West and Ce",ral A/I1oo RegIoo, Humk! Tropic Node, BP 16317, I'ilotmd<, Cam€roon

Gorald ~ I> a """ &lentl>< ",Uh ,no, Fore"ry Resrorch In .. l,ute of Mawl, Zomba. MaJawl.

Jan,,' M",,1lIIO I> 0 Lecturer with "'" Mruru Unll!€Dltj; fu=tty Depanmenl. PHI!O<t PIlvslolo9Y and ~ PO Box 30772-00100, Najrobj, Ken ...

AlfrM Mkooda I> a HorUookurnllsl, with til.. Work! A.gro(ore"ry C""'''' (ICRAF) Zambia. MS€kra Re""""h 51<IIoo, PO Box 510046. Chkapo, Zambia

Simon A. Mr.iomba Is a PID ~ fi!11ow wl,h ,he lkpart"""" of Plan, ProdU<1lon and SoU ScIerJa, fucull y of N<Iw-oI and Agrlcukw-ol &Ie"""" Unl'-"'rsttv of Ifftorio, 0002 """",*" South Ajrlru.

&-r~ K Ndablku"",. PIlD, Is a &tllOf L"""w",, at 'no D<part"","' of Food ScIe""" and Techno/om< S%; .. "" Unl""rslry of Agrlcuku",. PO Box 3006, Morogoro. Tonza"1a

Pew A. OduaL PhD. I> a Sdom'1>< ,,-nh:he Work! ~ C"""" (ICRAF) Moromblq"", Av. 0". FPLM 2698, Ca!<a _I 1884. Maputo. Moromblq""

Marlo H. PlIWdo-Panduro Is" &s.,a>rl\€f with 'no lnsrUu,o de In''''s<~ de 10 Amozotllo Aeruana. Avda. A""lordo Qulo'lone>. km 2.5. /qui'"", /'Ie",.

Tunu RarrOOhanl, PID. I> Markellrlg Resro,,,,,,,, <II ,he Unlversl'y of H~. H",,,,,,ha,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, 2, 3()419 H~. Oem"my. ~ Sado I> with "'" Work! A;oqor<stry c.mr", (ICRAF) We>: and Central

AjrSm Regloo. Humid Tropic Node. BP 16317, I'OOunde. Camerootl John DK Sa .. , PhD, Is 0 Proft=or ",/th ,no, MQAFF. National Her_urn. PMB Am_VlIo, VanlJ<llU ErIch SchmOlL PID, I> a Prof....,. at ,no, Unl",rsI'y of H~.

Her""""''''''''''''''''2, 3()419 H~. Ckrmany. GOO- Sile>hl. PIlD, I> " """ Manage"",,,, Sdom'1>< ,,-nh :he Work!

Ag""jOrestrv Ce"'", (ICRAF), PO Box 30798, Lliot>gwe Malo", H<>nOf<! Tabun.> Is 0 Markel"'g ~ with :he World A;oqore>lrv Centre

(/cRAF) We>: and c.",<ra/ Ajrtro Regloo. Humid Tnoplc Node, BP 16317.

-.~ Z>c Tchoundiru. PhD, I> a PHndpo1 T"", &lenllSl ",Uh ,he Work! A:3ro!orettrv

Centre (ICRAF) W€sI ond Cen,ral Ajrlro Reg;on. Humid T,opIc Node, BP 16317, I'OOunde, C~ ~ T~klohalmanol. PhD. Is a SrnlOf Lectu,..,- ool of ,he

E"vlronment and NlIIu,a/ Re.ou,,,,,- Unl,-",n!Iy of Wok. ilatl9or, O,,')-'r>edd LL572UW. UK

BoOOarilUrVJka I'M. T1~kwa, PhD. I< a Prof"""", at ,n" Depart"""" of Food ScIe""" ar.d Technology. So/(ajne Unl"""l,>, of Agricu~u~ PO Box 3006, Morogoro. Ta""",la.

AlaIn Tsobo"ll" with ,n" W<>rk! Asrofores:rv Cent'" (/cRN) W ... and Cetl,ra! J1jrSm Regloo, Humid Tropic Node. BP 16317, Yoouoo". Came""",

Ma=l lMnl .. with the Work! Asrofores:rv Centro (/CRAF) WesI and Cetl,ra! J1jrSm Re:9lon. Humid Tropic Node, /cRN Office, KI~. Democratic Republic of Cony<>.

Anno<-oclata Uwarnar!ya .. a Consul""" In As"""''''''", and Envlnotl""",<aJ M"""9<"""'~ BP E570. Bamaka, MaU

l-lemiann Wal""L PhD. Is a Pro(e.so< at ,n" Faculty of Economics and M"""9<"""'~ uloolz VnlU0'Slty of Hanover. K/IrIlg>wotthe, platz. I. 30167 Ha""""" . Ge,man~

Ann~ Wah"" I< wUh ,n" IRD (Instltu, de Rccl>ercn" pour "' D.!vcloppen","'), AgropoJr., M()(IIp/!/IIet. F..,..,.,...

John C Weber, PhD. Is a Senior Comuha", with the Work! Agro/oresrrv Centre (ICRAFI WesI and Centra! A/rlro Re:9lon, BP 320. BamakO; Mall.

K. _ WIenum. PhD, .. a &..lor LocIurer wtll the _ and N_re

C~ R>Ik:y Group. ~ of E~ ScIe.-.ces. 1'.I19rnI"9<'l Un~ POBox47, 6700I\I\ ~i>'9"'I, The~

Kaoru \\Jyamo I< a &-=n", with the /nstWllIO NacIoooJ de ibqulsao do AmazOOIa, Au AndYi A,atjio. 2936 Ak/m 69060-001 Manaus. AIl'llIZ<Jt}<)S, -,

Preface

AQr\rul"'n! 10 at the <'<)N 01. nmII liveIlt.:.xk. n.. viability 0/ rufal 1""'00000. In many dewIoping "",100. b thn<at....ro by ..,.,....,.. Int~~ facrcn w hich

n>d""" option> lor smaII~ farmers and nmII oommunlty """'lb>. 11-.. I~: I~ food and n utrttloro<>llmbalar.c<! In dlets; """""" """,""unities to. off_Iarm and oft ... """" Inromo. e>peei.>Iy to. """""" and chlkWn: and ~ productloo --... 11-.. ~ Impacts 0/ modom IQ'Irulture "'" lurtho, ~ by t"" laos 01. b!od/von.Ity 01. wild _ """"""'" dUo< to <kI~. ~and the ' t~ o/the OOrnm<>l'd'

H ISlOIIc<>lIy. frui t ,,~. """" the ~arll<SI ""'tee of f<>Od!mown to mankind ar.:! wlkl _"""""Ung 0/ Incilgonous fru it ,,~ prroatM hunting ar.:! ~

<qIcultu"'. 11><1-e "'" also SI'OI'oIl link> w ith cui",,,, ar.:! ",1"1on .• tartlng with ' '''' biblical 'fruIt ~ 0/ I~e ' In the Garden 0/ Eden. kwkh hlstocy documonl> how the spies ",n' to the fand 0/ ~ In 1490 "" hOod """" and <:<&ded hUllS from ",,]Uvated Of domestlcatM grapes, porroegrana'". and fills from the Valley 0/ EshcoI (Nwnb.<ts 13:231. An fr.:!lan king was ,~'ed to ... '" encour"!led the ruhlvatlon of mangoe •. jacklrul1s and grape< In 273-2328<:.

while In '"' 300-400. Va...,.ana rommentM 01'1 the Importance 0/ frul ' ""'" In his b<:.>k 01'1 Hlr.:!u aeSI""~CS (Chapte, 4, ,hi. ooI\m .. ). Coconu, cultivation was documontM by a Pe.-'SIan trawlle, vIsI1Ifl\! the Malab ... Coast 0/ KeraIa In 300_100 "" Io,apter 4. th lo ooIumel. More recently. marv>"e01. from AsIa \WN the p<clerted offidal frul ' a t banquet> In Erdand dU~fl\! the reio;ln 0/ o.-n VIctorIa (H!37_1901) ISUva and T_fa. 20(5) . Today. ' ''''''' fru its a", cultlva,ed , <:<JtIlmetClafi,eci ar.:! lou nd In supermarket> worId_wkkl

llIe iI'o:ilgooous fru~ and nu' ,,_ (1FT.) 01. the tropics. ... '" ~n descrtbed a. 'CI~ ~' i»<:auw they .... w boNn ~ by science and ciewlopmen' (leakoy and Nev.,,,,,. 19941. n...., I><M' repre;en' a unique MOet

' ' ''t rouk! be dewloped. domesIlcaled ar.:! "'-"f>ed by farm<.r •. In this """"'. 1FT. diffe, from ''''' conwn1lonal tropical and ",b<ropicaI ha1IcuIturai """ crops such '" mMl\IO IMareif"'" IndI.::<J L ). Of~ (CItru< sInomsIs L ). coconut

,.

(Cocos nud/ern L ). bn?adfrult (Altocmpu. _.). mangosI""n (Glrdnla 1l"llIrJ9OSIa"" L). ramootan (Nep ... llum ~um LI, ho.-.ana (Musa _ .J. papaya (Carica P'\?<1I<l LJ. ca!how (AnaJoo,,;lum ocdden<ak L). caca.o (Tllrobrotna COCQO L ). avocado (_ americana Mill.). \IUd"'" (F1IdIum ~ LI. oil palm IEJaeI< guInee".., Jacq.J ,..-.j rolf"" (Co/foo a.-abim U. which "'" not cown>d by this book. ~ """,Ie> \WI"e typically <kwlopod as crops by """arch Imlltu ... '" par' 0( , ... galn. 0/ t'" coi0niai era. a PfOC"ss which "'" contlnuro >knee ind>p"oo.,,,,,,. aIthouoiih olt«n wlth subslantlaly Jco,o,er lewis 0/ public 1nve>Im<-nI. Tt-.o"" fruit> haw 00:0m.< 'cash crop' commod~le< In t'" ~ rna"",,, and haw ~n ImPl'O'l"'l moc~ with the """'" 01 ow,""as ron>Um<f'S In mind th." _ 01 t'" k>caI propIo wr.:. ,..oouc., them . I, is ofi"" ~ thai t"'''' is 1>0 I>Nd leo" now tr~ C'OpS. 00' In ,.,em' """" tho domesIIcatlon 01 1FT ...... !>eon seon as an opportunity to ~, tho I>Nd< 01 !>X'O" srnaIihoI<I<1- farm<.r. aoo _by '0 .nho""", the

lM21ihoock 0/ more than 5O'J. 0/ t'" wOOd l»Plliatlon 1M"" "" ..... ,han US$Z per day. To ""aI.,., this pot~n1lal role of 1FT. In rural ~n' ,..-.j '0 rat", t"'k 1n'.'T"'lIonaI pro/iIo as new crops. Strr.:.ns ,..-.j l<?akoy 120(4) propo«>d thai the prodoo:s 01 tho.., now ""e crops shoukl bo c;illed Agro(",..,,,,,, T"", Prodocts (AFfPsI to d lSlI'V'1sh them from Non-TImbo>r _ PrOOuct. (N'l'FAiI.

which "'" ."",,,et"'" n2S0Urce> from natUfai f ........ Up un'U tho la'e 1980s t"'''' w,",..m-.:... no IIClcn~1ic worl< "" loo~nou.

fru~ tr..,. and little was knooin abou' ''''k blolcv.r. eroI.oqy Of ooclal Impact on rufal 1»Pll1at1on •. and It was \IO""alIy lIIough' ,ha, th.y are 001 aIYI«""bIo to culUva1lon . Hoo.wvor. su_t.""", f~ haw bNn tho custOOla", 0/ ....... IFT .. ,..-.j In many 11OC1c,1e> t ... .., ~ haw deep cultural '91Iticanc<l, o~ <6>OCiatro with taboos ond communlty r'\II,Jlation. around theII conserva'ion ,..-.j uso . 51"", th« oarly 1990s. tho cIom.>stlca1lon 01 1FT ..... W<:om. a """ ,..-.j act"'" fio2ld 01 =o<ar< h and <i<>wlopmm' led by , ... World ~OI'<'>Iry C"",,., (ICRAF) aoo ~ ar""oo the world . N"",~. and approac .... haw beon <kwlopod. CMe studle> haw ~n produe~l. ,..-.j evIoj.,,,,,,-bawd """arch I. bol"" u,..;."tak.n on the poten~<>l and I.a<lbillty 0/ cIom.>stlco~"" 1FT. ,..-.j comm.2TClallll"" their p.-odoo:s, fo< the bo""fi, 01 rural communltle>.

In this book "'" locu. on the 'und.mJtlli=!' I~nou< fruit ...... In cro.r to further promole """'IIflltion 01 the ,010 th.y can play In m_"II t'" rural dewlopmmt ~ 0/ the new millennium . This role Is cummtly bol"ll hiW1liW1tro by "'" In....-national """'SSfI\eIlt 01 AgrIcultural ~ aoo T""hrrolotl,l lor ~n' IlAi\STDI. whrch r=ovn_ that "'Slal""bIo ~ltu,e Is ~"';"nt on tho muldfunctlonallty 01 farml"ll _ems. supportl"" errvlrorrm<>ntal aoo social sustal .... bill1y. providl"ll fOC<!, enhanct"" ... aIth and nu1r!'Ion. whllo at the """" 1lme p.-omotl"" -=nomic \lKM1h AltOOu~ the ~ptll and princtple< ....,..n'ro In ,hi. t.c.oI< "'" oot unique to t'" tropics. we have chosen '0 concentra'" on tho 1FT 5po<C\e5 01 the tropic> ,..-.j subtropic>. as th<?y have tho great .. t underutUllro poten,lal. This volume .... ~ ~ oontrlbu1lon. p.-ovidl"" Slate-<>f·tho_att InfOfmaUon on 1FT """,.-eh aoo dewklp"",nt '0 rompkmen1 nlstl"" ~ _ prirrdpally from procerolng'l 01 conf.""rrc .. ,..-.j tochnlcal m~tlng'l(ila~,..-.j N",,1orl. 1994: M.>!lhemb.<. 19%: ila!<.y and lzac. 1996: Shumba '" al __ ZOOOI. '!>"dal

Issues 0/ sc~nfllic journal. (ua"",-, and ~. :>(06). and a ra'9l 0/ ~arch artO:les. spoclo» """""II'aph. and <Q'OI"""'..,. __ . ,.... "ud~ repo<tro

In 'h~ book span a wid.;, ra'9l of approaches aoo pr;>Ct"",. ,.... a u'hors ........ ~""" In all fac.<l> of tho fru l' _tt~ ouppIy chain _ from wild cx&.::1Ion to ''''' nu ... ..,.I..--rk>n. cuhivatlon), utUlzation and markotl",,: from ~Ic """arch '0 ''''' practical ....ro. 01 farm ..... market~ Indusny. policy rnak.= aM In"",on

,.... 2 1 chapt~" <XN<!r a w01e "-,rum of topics. ,.... book ~n. with ""...,.aI prlnctples, "",thod. and priOCtlces!ha, anl croos-cunl"" (Chapt." 1--3). aM a serlo< 01 ""'" .tud ... l>CI'05S . ubcortfl"""" (Asia _ Chap"'" 4 aM !>: latin Am<rlca _ Chapt<'r 6: Qc.,anla _ Chapt<1- 7: and Alrtca by '"l/IOn: Soo'''''rn Nnca _ Chapt~r 8: Wes, and ~,ral M.., _ Chapt~r 9: tho Sat.el ,ono _ Chapt~r 11): and E.>st~rn AfrIco _ Chapt<1- II). ~ anl followod by a

"" 01 _"" (Chap! .... 12_21) In lIOU"""n Nnca alm l"" to u.-.k1-SIand tho AFfP ouppt.,. c ..... n from prOOuctk>n '0 tho< market (maoilots. =>nOmb. nu,rI1IonaI va!u~. ~n'ozrp<Iw rkw~n' and f~ao.It.Illty ,....,,,,,,,,nts 01 1FT. _ Chap"''' 12_16), Instl'u~onal policy and Ind~ ~ In utilization 0/ 1FT. (Chapt'" 17), ~ aoo bIoIotl,i, \I<'ffi1pla<m production and pest

ma""'ll"fYl'?n' IChapt~" 19--20) . ,.... final chapt<'r (Chap'''' 21 ) ~ a .yn'~ 01 tho """""pt,. prloc!pies and ~hod •. practice< and reouits, and how 1FT """arch can "" of dlo=! "".-..fi, to fat"""'. odo<ntl, ... rkw~nt commu nities aM Inv-est<n ,',""n rkwlopi"", =""111"" and comm=lailz!"" ''''' ...... tufal ,....,ts. 1Wa<kTs r...ro ' 0 appn>e",'" !ha, 1FT ~ca'k>n must "" vIe\wd wl1hln ' '''' coni"'" 0/ wld.;,r natura! resour"" managonwn' at tho farm and land"""!>,, lewi

This book links tho ozxpioratlon. hU>band..,. and cIorne>tlcatk>n of 1FT. with ''''' market •. and t.t:oader ttansd loclpilroary concem on ' '''' promotk>n 0/ growth and pOWfl.,. rrouctlon feo" rural farm<'n. w., hop.< n win Improvo u~aool"" 01 smaUhok\or r...ro •. constra! n" and p<\OO1I ... as """U as tho< pr_. fo< tho <kw1op"",nt 0/ '''''''rooIoo;jcai and marlo>1-or'.<f1,ed solution> almM at Improvl"" tho llwllt.oodo 0/ >malIhokiors. Four Qlh?SIIon> may as>!« ''''' "',.,.,~ II) HOOI con Jar""", aM ~t"'pr~""u" "",-,cli, from 1FT <Jorn<.<tlco~on and com"",rd.al1za1lon> Ill) !--low can t"" expet\o""" and ~ gained KI far "" In'<oJI"'ted Into srnalihoI<kr farml"" "",'~nu> (III) What """arch topics an, """"1Il"" as prIorI'~ feo" ''''' lutu"'> 11v) Wha1 are tho< dttvers of clla_ In tho dome<tlcotk>n and comnwrd.al1za1lon of 1FT. In tho tropics>

As tho rkw~nt wctCO" nrl""""" Its an~n1lon on """"fly. food .. rurlty and moinutI1t1on. It I. Impc.-t.>'" to think _In abou' tho !>X~n1Ial con1rIbutlon 01 tho 'Cinderella fru its' 0/ t"" tropics. In what \IN hop.< Is a turnl"" point In tropical 1FT ", .. orch and rkwIop""'n~ this book brlfl\IS '011"""" authofs from NrIca, Asia. o...,anla. L>IIn ",,-.., aM Europe. with tIch oxpet\oroce on <Iom""lcot"'" and commo<fCiallzatk>n 0/ 1FT .. In ordor to bfOl>d<.n and ~ our un<kT<tandl"" 0/ tho challe"ll'" and oppoftunj'i<. fad"" tt .... 'h~

comn ... :Htles', and ''''' con_In" tho, pr""""t poo.- f""""" from \1<111"" out of pow<ly. ,.... book Is a n appropriate oxamplo 01 how cooperatk>n """'-n

"""arch. In"""or> and communK'" can siw>aI a """""" 0/ ~ to fatm<1'> In

''''' rkwIopn-..nt 01 ""'" cropI

w. hop.< that thl< book will 001 <>nIy provId.> InformaUon 0I'I.r.., OXI~nt to

which loolgmous frul' IN<'> haw 1>0"" """archro and u~stood. 001 abo show , ... ",,"'nt 0/ cIomeotlc"tlon ......J lechr.olosllcai oo/u,""", .r.., "''''''"nee 0/ ="11",, ......J 0<1"'001"" mar_. and how Instlru,1of\aI proporty <%!hI> and !»I1c;i In1O"",n'lons con IacUllal~ , ... process. and ~rooou,_ fu" ..... ..,..,arCI1 and I"""""",,,, 11'1 'hI> Important a,~"

~u. It Akinnlt...i aoo Rev>< RB. L>akey

References

Leakey, RRB. and I""", "'-.-M.N. (1996) linI<a\Ie. between dome.ticatioo and oomm<rciali.z.tion of oon-_ Io<est products: ifr4>IIc.tions lor agroIorestry. tn Leakey, RRB., Tem", "'-.B" Melnyk, M. and Van""",,,,,, P. {eds) CJomt!mcaffoo IlIId Cotr>mt!~_ 0/ Non--_ F"",., ~ OJ Agrolorestry System.. Noo-lor<st PrOOI.d. No 9 , f __ "'-gricult"fO OrQaniza_ 01 the United Nob""., Rome, PI>- 1- 6

Leakey, RRB. and Newton. "'-.C. {19S4) TropaJ r ,.",..: PoI~nNJ lor CJomt!.,icaffoo IlIId 1M ~ 0/ For~sr R'''I<JCJrce • . HMSO, lorxloo, 264 PIl.

Leakey, RRB. _ Page, T. {20(6) Tflo 'Kleotype concept. _ ilsappllcation tol"" .. tecti ... 01 culti .. ,. 01 trees proWlinQ ourofore. lry I"", products. F<XeSt!I. r""", IlIId li>'elihoods 16, 5-16

Maghembe, J."'-. 11_1 ~""'nf OJ !he eslabli>llmenl 0/ irxJio.Ie"""" lruit I"",. 011"" miombo wocdarxls 01 oouthem "'-l rica. tn: MlVlembe, J.A., NlLlPdnyama, Y. arid Chirw'. PW. {eds) /mpro«ement 0/ J1X1igenous Fruit r """, 0/ Ihtt Miombo _ 0/ &>url>em IllOCo. !eRAf, NoirobO. PIl. 39-~9.

Sln .. rlbo., E.M .• LLIOeI>'Ifli. E. arid HoT>,lUla, A. {20(0) 11>1> Dome.Iic~_ iIDd ~_ 0/ ~ Fruit Tree. OJ 1M SADC RerJion. S"'-DC Tree Seed Networ!<. f>5 PIl

Silva, S . and T ..... ro. H. (2005) FMII. 6r1l5il Frutas. Empre .. <las M e., 5100 P'''',6rozil

Simons. "'-.J. and leakey, RRB. {20(4) Tree domesIicalion in tropical ogro!ore.lry Agr%festry Sysrem. 61, 167- 161

Foreword

ThO. boo!< "" Ind~1>OU< fru~ trNS In u,., tropics docu"",nts ><>me 0/ the wa.,.. In wMch the u"" 0/ Ind~nou. fruit INeo In trodJtI<>nllI and mookrn 'VOIOI'<'>Iry • .,.."",... can sub>lantlally rontrtoote '0 ..rniev!r>;I u,., Millonnlum D<lwlopmon' Goals In low_Income countr\e5, by =atlr>;l new rultlvars 0/ hl17l_value 1rNS.

""'" e' lt<'lpl'l.,,, and m~ opp"",unlt"'. for ""e product.. and crop dive1'>lficatlon and maintenance 01 biodiversity on_farm

I:.Iome<tlcatlr>;l Ind~nou. fru~ IN<'> Is an alternatlve avenue to unIocI<lfl\l the pot""tIais 01 ""r.>tlc materials and Ind~nou. kr>owIedgo In rural commu nltles_ A ...... arch and dewlopmef1t ."',,_ o. t>dvocated tha, red""", t""lr d~~ncy on u,., lew primary ~ultural rommodl1les. based "" c"'atlr>;l nNI and sup"rIor lru~ tr~ cropl. with polentlal I", ""oollshlr>;l value_ I>ddM product. and L>ppIr>;Ilnto omef\llr>;l mar~ opl.)rnm~1es

Indlgmous """ crops are a major opp"",unlty lor ..... t bulkllr>;l lor smaIlhoIdo, I~, Most mat"'" studles ",ported In u,., boo!< have po(nted to

""""",n and chlkl",n M the major ""nclic_ 01 Ind~nou. fruits and fru~ product on!<1prl.,,,_ I:.Iome<tlcation and commercialization Intorwntlon. win help Incm> .. ",tums and markot shares to this SO\Iffl.n, 0/ ' '''' rural populatoo and help ad<ft<.ts "".-.do, lnequall1y In Income and larm opportunl1les

n.e dorrIoSlicatoo 01 klw! lrul' (Actlnidla chi"" ..... ) was a dassic caw 01 a ""'" r.o.:Uruhural fruit 0/ Into,natlonal ill/rtlfica"",,_ I, was finl ",own

comm=:lally In New Zealond In u,., 1930s, despi'" It< more than 1000 ""an' histo<y In China, lbat IIlJ<'CeOIl was acI101wd by farmer_1ro oomeSlicatlon and

comme,dailza1lon efforts, n... "'''''''00 01 ' '''' macadamia nut (Mocodamla Ink'grifolla) from Au.tralla also bo-gan In 1934. moIIvarro by promlslr>;l rna"",' Int.,."" , n.e dornestlcatoo of many ot"'" IN<'> 01 ' '''' tropics was ~ by lIlobaliMtoo .• spOOaIly duo1r>;1 ' '''' coIooial conq"""'_ followed by ~r>;I """"-"t demand that prorr<>ted """arch and rultlva1lon_

For tropicallnd~nou> fru~ we.. larmer-illtwn and """"-"t_1ed partlctpatory

domestication can rut shoo 1he lontl cyc\e> 0/ Improwmem and slow """"'"

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Acknowledgements

We I>CknowIedsIo< fund ing lrom two pr<ljects {19'l7_20051 by ''''' F<deral MIni."" 01 Economic Cooporallon {BMZIGIZI. whlcl1 SUppo<'M tho two

successIw phases 01 Ind ~nou. fru~ """ {IFTI research Imp\emonteroi<ct Pha.., 2 {J>roi<ct No. 2001.7860.8-001.00 and CoritIact No, 81051902). Tho Ca..oolan In""' .... tlonal Dewlopmen' 1lQer.cy (ClDA) Is thanked foo- fundl"ll tho 2.>mbozl Basin AurofON<tIy Projects In tho I .... 10 ""an {Projects 2001.7860.8-001 and 05(\'215761 whlcl1 provided tho eMbling ~nvlronmon' ("'P"CloI/y In staffi"lll lor Impjemonlatlon 0/ other

M;jonallFT Pf~ and ' '''' productlon of ' '''' book We wish to '''''''k and ~ tho SUpporl frorn ''''' ""n\of ~"'Ip

01 ICRI\/' and ~ tho Di~'or G.m.2ra[, Dr INn ..... Garrtty. and ' '''' DOG deslw>ate Dr Tony Strr.on. 101' ' ''''k """""""Imern and aIowi"ll u. to """,arch and cIoctJm<.n, our <l<~' and pu' ' his book !O\I<Iher. We si~ thank aU coile"ll"'" wr.:. gave th.2lr time to """"'" varIou. cilap"'rs 0/ this book In th.2lr n>Spect"" exper'~ , Tho _, v.<>Ukl not have t-n ",<>dabIe aoo substarnlal

wlth<:<J, ""'Ir t.elp and arromdments. In ,hi. book. ,"".., results have oo.n ..,. In a _ COIl1"'" th~

contr!bu' ...... from au'",," wOOd"ll In other OO<1U"""" , We ' MnI< all tho a uthors lrom AsIa. LaUn _ca. 0...,,,,,", and Africa and ,,,,,I, co-authors Spedal ,hanks an< due ' 0 agr1oo.l ...... exl"'''' lrom Sou,h Africa. InclOOI"ll Mr Coo1 Ham, Pro/<SSCO" Van \Iyk. Dr MoIl.>med Karaan 0/ ' '''' s..,llenbosch Unlwnlty, and Dr Ch", Hansmann 0/ ''''' ARC. Dan~ Joordon 01 tho Unlwnlty 01 Prrtc<Ia. South Africa, and to!»Slh""-'<'>l ~ from tho USA. "'P"CialIy Prof""""" Oi", Walkins and Ian MerwIn 0/ CorneD UnlwTsity, In I>ddltlon. we si~ oppNc",'" tho ron,tibutlons and In' er.>ct1ons lrom col~ and coii.>bo.-a'"", In oouth<1-n and ea. .. rn Africa. Including' Prof"""" JUmll'" ~bo. Dr DIa"" Russell. Prolessoo- Joh n DK Saka. Dr Pax~ Chilwa. Dr Bo.~ Ndablkunze, Prol"""", TII..,kwa. Prof""""

Me..... Kwapata, Prol...". Eka du Toll, .r.., late Cha<ie< Mwamba. .r.., Ia'e Dr M. Nslulubo. Dr o.nnis Kayamba:z!nthu. Pro/<'>SOI" E. Sombo. Dr SWN F .... nz ... Dr Ramnl Jamn<>da •. Dr kan-More Baffa. Pro"'""" A\J~"t Temu. Dr I"",,, KadNre. MrAlfn>d Mkonda. M. Jar~ Mhango. Mrlllomson a.1Ia"!/d. M. Caroline Cadu. Mr Re""", Swal. Ms Ewlln.> Sambane and M. Patlont Dhllwd\KI- W. espodilily "'rognkze tt.e c<>rItr!bution< 01 several PhD studen" I",lud lng: Dr Tunu Ram<>dhanl. Dr ~ar MlthOf .... Dr Su..,n Ka.ar\a. Dr KhooI Rama.ct.ela. Simon Mng'omba, W<.Ion MWMe: and ~";ua'" 5Iudentll· l1>orl>on Kru..,. lats ~. Goorge German. JiOOOb Mwlt> and lovo..-.Tembo. WIthout tho contribution< and efficIont Intefactlon. ~ many """archers on Ind~ lru~ t_. thl. bc.>k wouk! not haw b<!como a ",<>lily. All conll1buton to this bc.>k are ac~

l.on:alne llaye and Fannie Goodwe an< <1"""reIy thanked fo< th<2lr ";mlnlstra~w support du~ng the preparation 01 tt.e draft book. 0", sI"""",

thanks also \10 to CloI", Parfin. CAB! development ed it"', lor Inltlal ~Oia""" and Sarah Hulbort. who ,001< eNer to .. " us th~ tt.e Vdfk>u. ___ 0/ completing thl< bc.>k """'n C\al", was on maternity leavo. and Men>dlth CarrolL CABI editorial assI .... nt. We also thank our technical edJtor Nancy Boston. p.-oducUoo ed~Of Tfacy Eluikh, !yJ>e>eIt'" Alan CoNon and In<iel<er Kry. William. lor th<2lf valuable con'tlbutlon •.

Anally. we ,hank our wtw. and chlkl,,,,, for.r..,w w=I paUence. "'wort. Inspiration and undorstandlng as we spent long evenings and weekend< CNef

tho draft chaptef'S I",,.,.; 0/ with them

indigenous fruit trees in the tropics : domestication...

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