indigenous architecture of kerala | vernacular architecture study

7/21/2019 Indigenous Architecture of Kerala | Vernacular Architecture Study

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Z]IZN]IA MT ? MGNBY EGNBBN (=>::7/=E>:)



..Cla—s lwb klubtry..

Eirn`n

virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 3/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n

;

NKEBLS@IACIHIBQ

D gnvi klhpìtia tgds riplrt flr sihistir DW ,mnkgi`lr aicrii lf

nrkgdtikturi wdtg tgi gi`p lf hy fnku`ty, hy tinkgirs, hy ainrist

frdiba nba fnhd`y hihmirs, wdtglut tgidr gi`p tgds wlre wns `dei tl

sinrkg wntir db tgi aisirt. Fdrst nba flrihlst D lffir hy sdbkirist

crntdtuai tl hy sumoikt db-kgnrci nba cudai, Hs. Enon` Nrsgd, wgl

gnvi cudaia hi nba supplrtia hi tgrlucglut hy risinrkg lvir

EI]N@N N]GDQIKQY]I.

D wluà `dei tl ixtiba hy crntdtuai tl tgi GLA lf Nrkgdtikturi

Aipnrthibt Nr. Mgupdbair Zn` [dbcg Aglt flr gds sgnrdbc gds

dhhibsi eblwìaci nba Nr. ]nbodt Enur Olgn` flr gir vnùnmì

succistdlb, prikdlus tdhi flr tgi adskussdlb lvir tgi tlpdk. D wluà

`dei tl tgnbe tgi stuaibts lf BDQ Kn`dkut wgl gi`pia hi db tgi

siklbanry antn kl`ìktdlb.

D wluà `dei tl ixpriss hy crntdtuai tl hy frdibas nba hntis. Fdbn``y

D lffir hy sdbkirist crntdtuai tl hy pnribts nba fnhd`y flr tgidr `lvi

nba tgidr supplrt wgdkg gi`pia hi tl krlss n`` tgi guraìs klhdbc

db hy sukkissfu` iaukntdlb `dfi.

Hs. Mgnbu Egnbbn

M.N]KG DW sih

=>::7/=e>:




NM[Q]NKQ

EI]N@N ds lftib bnhia ns ‗CLA—[ LSB KLYBQ]T— tgds ds blt lb`y

miknusi lf dts trnadtdlbs mut dts gdstlry cilcrnpgy nba hishirdzdbc

skibdk minuty hneis dt tgi p`nki bixt tl ginvib. Eirn`n ricdlbn``yrifirria tl ns Eirn`nh, ds n stnti db tgi slutg-wist ricdlb lf Dbadn lb

tgi Hn`nmnr klnst sipnrntia my wistirb cgnts frlh tlp nba sdai.

Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi ds n edba lf nrkgdtikturn` styì tgnt ds hlst`y fluba

db Dbadnb stnti lf Eirn`n nba n`` tgi nrkgdtikturn` wlbairs lf eirn`n

stnbas lut tl mi u`tdhnti tistdhlbdn`s flr tgi nbkdibt vdsgwnenrhn

stgnpntgds lf eirn`n. Qgi nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n gns miib dbfùibkia my

Arnvdadnb nba Dbadnb Viadk nrkgdtikturn` skdibki (Vnstu [gnstrn) lvir

twl hd`ìbbduh. Qgi Qnbtrnsnhukgnyn, Qgnkgu-[gnstrn,Hnbusgyn`nyn-Kgnbarden nba [d`pnrntbn nri dhplrtnbt nrkgdtikturn`

skdibkis, wgdkg gnvi gna n strlbc dhpnkt db Eirn`n Nrkgdtikturi styì.

Qgi Hnbusgyn`nyn-Kgnbarden, n wlre aivltia tl alhistdk nrkgdtikturi

ds lbi sukg skdibki wgdkg gns dts strlbc rllts db Eirn`n.

Qgi nrkgdtikturn` styì gns ivl`via frlh Eirn`n—s piku`dnr k`dhnti nba

`lbc gdstlry lf dbfùibkis lf dts hnolr hnrdtdhi trnadbc pnrtbirs `dei

Kgdbisi, Nrnms nba Iurlpinbs. Qgi kgnrnktirdstdk ricdlbn` ixprissdlb lf

Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi risu`ts frlh tgi cilcrnpgdkn`, k`dhntdk nba gdstlrdkfnktlrs. Cilcrnpgdkn``y Eirn`n ds n bnrrlw strdp lf `nba `ydbc db mitwiib

wistirb sinmlnra lf pibdbsu`nr Dbadn nba klbfdbia mitwiib tgi

tlwirdbc Sistirb Cgnts lb dts inst nba tgi vnst Nrnmdnb sin lb dts wist.

N ricdlbn` kgnrnktir db klbstruktdlb dbklrplrntdbc tgi Arnvdadnb krnft

sed``s, ubdqui flrhs lf Muaagdst mudàdbcs, aisdcb klbkipts lf viadk

tdhis nba knblbdkn` tgilrdis lf Mrnghnbdkn` Ncnhdk prnktdkis db `lkn``y

nvnd`nmì hntirdn`s nba sudtia tl tgi k`dhntdk klbadtdlbs wns fdbn``y

ivl`via db Eirn`n. Qgi k`dhntdk fnktlrs tgus hnai dts sdcbdfdknbtklbtrdmutdlbs db aivi`lpdbc tgi nrkgdtikturi styì, tl klubtir wittist

k`dhntdk klbadtdlbs klupìa wdtg ginvy guhdadty nba gnrsg trlpdkn`

suhhirs. Qgi nrkgdtikturn` styì lf Eirn`n tihpìs gns nb dbgiribt

sdhp`dkdty. Eirn`n tihpìs gnvi n adstdbkt styì lf tgidr lwb my tgi `nvdsg

usi lf wlla, stlbi nba hitn`s.




9

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6

DBQ]LAYKQDLB

Qgi ku`turn` girdtnci lf nby klubtry ds siib mist

ixplsia db dts nrkgdtikturn` hlbuhibts. Qgi wnys db

wgdkg tgi mudàdbcs nri aisdcbia, klbstruktia nba

aiklrntia spine blt lb`y tgi tikgbdkn` nba nrtdstdk

knpnmd`dtdis lf tgi krnftshib, mut n`sl lf tgi nspdrntdlbsnba vdsdlbs lf tgi pirkiptlrs, flr wglh tgi

klbstruktdlb ds lb`y n hiaduh flr tgihntdk ixprissdlb.

Frlh tgi sdbcì awi``dbcs tl tgi hncbdfdkibt iadfdkis,

nrkgdtikturi n`sl rifìkts tgi guhnb ibainvlur

hiitdbc tgi ivir kgnbcdbc slkdn` biias. Eirn`n

nmlubas wdtg hnby sukg nrkgdtikturn` hlbuhibts-

prigdstlrdk hicn`dtgs, tlhms, knvis, tihpìs, hlsquis,

kgurkgis, tgintris, glusis, pn`nkis nba pum`dkmudàdbcs, mud`t nba riblvntia lvir kibturdis

riprisibtdbc n pnblrnhn lf nrkgdtikturn` aivi`lphibt.

Blbi lf tgisi strukturis ds viry mdc5 tgi nistgitdk

nppin` lf tgisi mudàdbcs hndb`y nrdsi frlh tgi

sdhp`dkdty lf flrh nba fubktdlbn` pirfiktdlb.

Qgi kgnrnktirdstdk ricdlbn` ixprissdlb lf Eirn`n

nrkgdtikturi risu`ts frlh tgi cilcrnpgdkn`, k`dhntdk nbagdstlrdk fnktlrs. Cilcrnpgdkn``y Eirn`n ds n bnrrlw strdp

lf `nba `ydbc db mitwiib wistirb sinmlnra lf

pibdbsu`nr Dbadn nba klbfdbia mitwiib tgi tlwirdbc

Sistirb Cgnts nba tgi vnst Nrnmdnb sin. Fnvluria my

pìbtdfu` rndbs nba mrdcgt subsgdbis, tgds `nba ds ùsg

criib wdtg vicitntdlb nba rdkg db nbdhn` `dfi. Db tgi

ubivib tirrndb lf tgds ricdlb guhnb gnmdtntdlb ds

adstrdmutia tgdke`y db tgi firtdì `lw-`nbas nba spnrsi`ytlwnras tgi glstdì gdcg`nbas. Kùstiria glusis nri

rnri`y siib db vd``ncis. @nrci kdtdis nri n`sl nmsibt db

tgds `nbasknpi. Qgi nrkgdtikturi lf tgds ricdlb gns miib

lf n guhmì sknì, hircdbc wdtg bnturi. Qgi flrh lf tgi

mudàdbcs wdtg `lw wn``s, s`lpdbc rllf nba prloiktdbc

knvis wns hlst`y ivl`via frlh k`dhntdk klbsdairntdlbs -

flr prltiktdlb frlh ixkissdvi rndb nba dbtibsi sl`nr

rnadntdlb. Qgi sittdbc lf tgi mudàdbc db tgi lpibcnraib p`lt wns ncndb bikissdtntia my tgi riqudrihibt

lf wdba flr cdvdbc klhflrt db tgi guhda k`dhnti.

Fdc. >.>\ZL@DQDKN@ HNZ LF EI]I@N

Fdc. >.;\[QNQI [IN@ LF EI]I@N



Eirn`n—s Fnhi

[tnti syhml`s lf Eirn`n

Nbdhn` Dbadnb i`ipgnbt

Mdra Crint Glrbmd``

Fdsg Zinr` [plt

F`lwir Cl`aib [glwir Qrii F`lwir

Qrii Klklbut trii


3

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7

=.> K`dhnti lf Eirn`nNkklradbc tl Murinu lf Dbadnb [tnbanras, Dbadn gns miib advdaia dbtl fdvi adffiribt

ricdlbs wdtg adstdbkt k`dhntis db wgdkg Eirn`n klhis ubair tgi wnrh ‛ guhda ricdlb.

Qgi k`dhnti lf Eirn`n ds kgnrnktirdzia my ginvy rndbfn`` nba gdcg ri`ntdvi guhdadty, nba

ri`ntdvi`y hlairnti tihpirnturi. Db iffikt, Eirn`n gns lb`y twl prialhdbnbt sinslbs-rndby nba ary sinslbs. Qgi rndby sinslb `nsts flr nmlut gn`f lf tgi yinr, wgdkg gns

crint`y aitirhdbia tgi kgnrnktir lf mud`t flrh wdtg dts kgnrnktirdstdk s`lpdbc rllf.

[uhhir klhis ubair tgi ary sinslb wdtg glt nba guhda anys nba bdcgts nba dbtibsi

sl`nr rnadntdlb aurdbc tgi any tdhi.

Sdba spiia nba adriktdlb ds aitirhdbia my tgi sinslb nba tgi tihpirnturi adffiribkis

mitwiib `nba nba sin. Zrialhdbnbt wdba adriktdlb aurdbc hlbsllb pirdla, d.i., Oubi

tl [iptihmir ds wist tl [lutg wist nba tgi iffikt lf `nba mriizi ds blt alhdbnbt

aurdbc tgds pirdla. Aurdbc Lktlmir ‛ Blvihmir, wdba adriktdlb kgnbcis frlh [lutg -Sist tl Blrtg - Inst. Qglucg prialhdbnbt`y slutg wist, tgi wdba ds dbfùibkia my tgi

prisibki lf ltgir tlplcrnpgdkn` finturis dbkùadbc tgi prisibki lf `nrci wntir mladis.

Sdtg nrluba >=: ‛>1: rndby anys pir yinr, Eirn`n gns n wit nba hnrdtdhi trlpdkn`k`dhnti dbfùibkia my tgi sinslbn` ginvy rndbs lf tgi slutgwist suhhir hlbsllb nba

blrtginst wdbtir hlbsllb. Nrluba 69% lf tgi rndbfn`` lkkurs frlh Oubi tl Nucust

klrrisplbadbc tl tgi slutgwist hlbsllb, nba tgi rist frlh [iptihmir tl Aikihmir

klrrisplbadbc tl blrtginst hlbsllb. [lutgwist hlbsllb5 Qgi hldsturi-`naib wdbas,

lb rinkgdbc tgi slutgirbhlst pldbt lf tgi Dbadnb Zibdbsu`n, miknusi lf dts tlplcrnpgy,

miklhi advdaia dbtl twl pnrts? tgi "Nrnmdnb [in Mrnbkg" nba tgi "Mny lf Mibcn`

Mrnbkg". Qgi "Nrnmdnb [in Mrnbkg" lf tgi [lutgwist Hlbsllb fdrst gdts tgi Sistirb

Cgnts db Eirn`n, tgus hnedbc tgi nrin tgi fdrst stnti db Dbadn tl rikidvi rndb frlh tgi[lutgwist Hlbsllb. Blrtginst hlbsllb? Qgi adstrdmutdlb lf prissuri pnttirbs ds

rivirsia aurdbc tgds sinslb nba tgi klà wdbas frlh Blrtg Dbadn pdke up hldsturi frlh

tgi Mny lf Mibcn` nba prikdpdtnti dt db tgi inst klnst lf pibdbsu`nr Dbadn. Db Eirn`n, tgi

dbfùibki lf tgi blrtginst hlbsllb ds siib db slutgirb adstrdkts lb`y. Eirn`n's rndbfn``

nvirncis ;,>:3 hh (>== db) nbbun``y. [lhi lf Eirn`n's ardir `lw`nba ricdlbs nvirnci

lb`y >,=9: hh (14 db)5 tgi hlubtndbs lf instirb Daueed adstrdkt rikidvi hlri tgnb

9,::: hh (>43 db) lf lrlcrnpgdk prikdpdtntdlb? tgi gdcgist db tgi stnti. Db instirb

Eirn`n, n ardir trlpdkn` wit nba ary k`dhnti privnd`s. Aurdbc suhhir, tgi stnti ds prlbitl cnì flrki wdbas, stlrh surcis, kyk`lbi-ri`ntia tlrribtdn` alwbplurs, lkknsdlbn`

arlucgts, nba rdsis db sin ìvi`. Qgi hinb and`y tihpirnturis rnbci frlh >4.7 ºK tl

;6.3 ºK. Hinb nbbun` tihpirnturis rnbci frlh =9.: ‛=3.9 ºK db tgi klnstn` `lw`nbas

tl =:.: ‛==.9 ºK db tgi instirb gdcg`nbas.

[QNQDKN@ ANQN

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4

=.= Cilcrnpgy lf Eirn`n

Qgi stnti ds wiacia mitwiib tgi @nesgnawiip [in nba tgi Sistirb Cgnts. @ydbc

mitwiib blrtg `ntdtuais 7º>7' nba >=º17' nba inst `lbcdtuais 31º9=' nba

33º==', Eirn`n ixpirdibkis tgi guhda iquntlrdn` trlpdk k`dhnti. Qgi stnti gns n klnst

lf 94: eh (;3: hd) nba tgi wdatg lf tgi stnti vnrdis mitwiib >> nba >=> eh (== ‛39

hdìs). Cilcrnpgdkn``y, Eirn`n knb mi advdaia dbtl tgrii k`dhntdkn``y adstdbkt ricdlbs?

tgi instirb gdcg`nbas5 ruccia nba kll` hlubtndblus tirrndb, tgi kibtrn` hda-`nbas5

rl``dbc gd``s, nba tgi wistirb `lw`nbas5 klnstn` p`ndbs. Qgi stnti ds `lkntia nt tgi

ixtrihi slutgirb tdp lf tgi Dbadnb sumklbtdbibt nba `dis binr tgi kibtir lf

tgi Dbadnb tiktlbdk p`nti5 gibki, dt ds sumoikt tl klhpnrntdvi`y `lw sidshdk nba

vl`knbdk nktdvdty. Zri-Knhmrdnb nba Zìdstlkibi cil`lcdkn` flrhntdlbs klhplsi tgi

muè lf Eirn`n's tirrndb. N kntnstrlpgdk f`lla db Eirn`n db >;1> KI arnstdkn``y hladfdia

dts tirrndb nba klbsiquibt`y nffiktia dts gdstlry5 dt n`sl krintia n bnturn` gnrmlr flr

spdki trnbsplrt. Qgi instirb ricdlb lf Eirn`n klbsdsts lf gdcg hlubtndbs, clrcis nba

aiip-kut vn`ìys dhhiadnti`y wist lf tgi Sistirb Cgnts' rndb sgnalw. Flrty-lbi lf

Eirn`n's wist-f`lwdbc rdvirs, nba tgrii lf dts inst-f`lwdbc lbis lrdcdbnti db tgds

ricdlb. Qgi Sistirb Cgnts flrh n wn`` lf hlubtndbs dbtirruptia lb`y binr Zn`neena5

gibki n`sl eblwb Zn`cgnt , wgiri tgi Zn`neena Cnp mrines tgrlucg tl prlvdai nkkiss

tl tgi rist lf Dbadn. Qgi Sistirb Cgnts rdsi lb nvirnci tl >,9:: h (14=: ft.) nmlvi

sin ìvi`, wgdì tgi gdcgist pines rinkg nrluba =,9:: h (7=:: ft.). Nbnhuad, tgi

gdcgist pine db slutg Dbadn, ds nt nb iìvntdlb lf =,649 hitirs (7,71= ft.). Qgi

iìvntdlbs lf tgi instirb plrtdlbs lf tgi Bd`cdrd Gd``s nba Zn`bd Gd``s rnbci frlh =9:

nba >,::: h (7=: nba ;;:: ft.).

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 10/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n>:

Gd`` nba Vn`ìys- Qgi bnrrlw

pdiki lf `nba lb tgi instirb

mlrair, k`lsi tl tgi Sistirb

Cgnts, ibklhpnssis

prikdpdtlus gd``s, aiip vn`ìys

nba clrcis wgdkg nri klviria

wdtg tgdke wllas. N`hlst n``tgi rdvirs lf tgi stnti

lrdcdbnti giri.

Hda`nba Z`ndbs- Qgisi p`ndbs

wgdkg `di n`lbc kibtrn` Eirn`n,

nri `lkntia db tgi wist lf tgi

gd``s nba hlubtndbs.

Klnstn` Mi`t-Qgi bnrrlw mi`t

lf klnstn` `nba n`lbc tgi

Nrnmdnb [in ds kgnrnktirdzia

my pnaay fdiàs, rlws lf

klklbut triis nba siribi,nba mnkewntirs dbtirbn``y

`dbeia my rdvirs nba db`nba

wntirwnys.

Mnkewntirs nba ]dvirs-Qgi

Mnkewntirs klbsdsts lf `neis

nba dbìts lf lkinbs wgdkgstrnccì lut db tgi `nba. Qgi

`nrcist mnkewntir ds tgi

Vihmnbna @nei wgdkg

stritkgis lut dbtl tgi Nrnmdnb

[in nt Klkgdb Zlrt. Qgiri nri

14 rdvir/`neis f`lwdbc db tgi

stnti lf Eirn`n nhlbc tgih

16 f`lws tl tgi wist nba tgiltgir ; f`lw tl tgi inst. Qgiy

ivl`vi frlh Sistirb Cgnts

nba rusg tlwnras tgi wist

dbtl tgi Nrnmdnb [in.

Qgi tlplcrnpgy nba tgi cilcrnpgdkn` ri`dif

finturis nri hnreia my adstdbkt kgnbcis

frlh inst tl wist nba klbsdsts lf-Qgi

Sistirb Cgnts- Qgi hdcgty Sistirb Cgnts,

n siquibki lf ]lkey Hlubtndbs, iacis tgi

instirb mlubanry lf Eirn`n nba nskibas

rlucg`y uptl >,9:: h nmlvi sin ìvi` wdtgtgi `lfty pines rdsdbc uptl =,9:: h.

Eirn`n's wistirb klnstn` mi`t ds ri`ntdvi`y f`nt

tl tgi instirb ricdlb, nba ds krdsskrlssia my

n bitwlre lf dbtirklbbiktia mrnkedsg knbn`s,

`neis, istunrdis, nba rdvirs eblwb ns

tgi Eirn`n Mnkewntirs.

FDC? =.3? QLZLC]NZGDKN@ KGN]Q LF EI]N@N



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L F E I ] N @ N [

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M N K E S N Q I ] [ N B A A

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>=

=.; Ku`turi lf Eirn`n

Eirn`n lffirs n ku`turn` enìdalsklpi db dt `dtirnturi, `nbcunci, husdk, anbki, tgintri nba

rdtun`s5 tgi pùrn`dst mnsds lf Eirn`n ku`turi & nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n 1 ku`turi hlsndk ds

rifìktia db dts nrt flrhs. Qgi ku`turi lf Eirn`n ds adstdbkt wdtg nb nahdxturi lf

dbbuhirnmì fnkits lf vnrdlus ku`turis. Qgi trnadtdlb lf k`nssdkn` nrts wgdkg gns miib

ixdstia db Eirn`n flr hlri tgnb n tglusnba yinrs Nri?

• Hlgdbdynttnh (tgi anbki lf ibkgnbtriss)? Dt ds lbi lf tgi crnkifu``y iìcnbtk`nssdkn` anbki flrhs wdtg `nsyn ns tgi prialhdbnbt iìhibt.

• Entgnen`d? Qgi spiktnku`nr anbki arnhn lf Eirn`n dbticrntis anbki,husdk, plitry,

nba gdstrdlbdks.

• Elladynttnh? [nbserdt arnhn pirflrhia db Eirn`n-tgi làist ixdstdbc k`nssdkn`

tgintri flrh db tgi ibtdri wlrà, gnvdbc lrdcdbntia hukg miflri Entgnen`d nba hlst

ltgir tgintrdkn` flrhs.

• Flè nrts nri? Qgiyynh, tgdrn, Huadyittu, enauvnen`d , Vi`nen`d, eneenrdssbntnen

eneenrdssbntnenh, Kgnvdttubntnenh, Mgnarnen`dpnttu, pu`ùvnbpnttu nbaQgdruvntgdrnen`d nri slhi lf Eirn`n—s flè nrt flrhs.

• Hnrtdn` Nrts? En`nrdpnynttu ds nb nbkdibt trnadtdlb lf hnrtdn` trndbdbc nba Adskdp`dbi.

• Qgu``n`? Qgds nrt ds kgnrnktirdzia my sdhp`dkdty lf prisibtntdlb, wdt & guhlur.

• Zllrnhs ? Qihpì fistdvn`s usun``y klbtdbui flr n buhmir lf anys. N klhhlb

kgnrnktirdstdk lf tgisi fistdvn`s ds tgi gldstdbc lf n gl`y f`nc wgdkg ds tgib mrlucgt

alwb lb`y lb tgi fdbn` any lf tgi fistdvn`. [lhi fistdvn`s dbkùai Zllrnhs, tgi hlst

fnhlus lf tgisi midbc tgi Qgrdssur Zllrnh.

• Lbnh ? Dt ds n gnrvist fistdvn` kiìmrntia my tgi pilpì lf Eirn`n, Dbadn. Dt ds n`sl tgistnti fistdvn` lf Eirn`n. Lbnh Fistdvn` fn``s aurdbc tgi Hn`nyn`nh hlbtg lf Kgdbcnh

(Nuc - [ip) nba hnres tgi klhhihlrntdlb lf Vnhnbn nvntnrn lf Vdsgbu . Dt ds lbi

lf tgi fistdvn`s kiìmrntia wdtg hlst buhmir lf ku`turn` iìhibts. [lhi lf tgih

nri Vn``nh En`d, Zu`deen`d, Zlleen`nh, Lbnttgnppnb, Qguhmd Qgu``n`, Lbnvd`ù,

Enzgkgneeu`n, Lbnplttnb, Nttgnkgnhnynh itk.

FDC. =.>>\@IFQ YZ ? QG]D[[Y] ZLL]YH / @IFQ AB HLGDBDTNQQNH / KIBQ]I FLLA J LBNH / ]DCGQ ENQGNEN@@D



>;

Db klhpnrdslb wdtg tgi rist lf Dbadn, Eirn`n ixpirdibkis ri`ntdvi`y

`dtt`i siktnrdnbdsh. Nkklradbc tl =::> Kibsus lf Dbadn fdcuris, 96.=% lf Eirn`n's

risdaibts nri Gdbaus, =1.3% nri Hus`dhs, >4% nri Kgrdstdnbs, nba tgi rihndbdbc :.>%

fl``lws ltgir ri`dcdlbs. Qgi hnolr Gdbau knstis

nri An`dt, Izgnvn, Qgdyyn, Nrnynb, Bnanrs, Bndr nba Bnhmuadrd. Qgi rist lf tgi Gdbau

knstis, dbk`uadbc tglsi db tgi `dst lf Ltgir Mnkewnra K`nss (LMK), nri hdblrdtyklhhubdtdis.

=.1 ]i`dcdlb lf Eirn`n

FDC. =.>=\[QNQDKN@ ANQN [GLSDBC ADFFI]IBQ ]I@DCDLB[ FL@@LSIA DB EI]N@N

FDC. =.>;\C]NZGDKN@ ]IZ]I[IBQNQDLB LF 1 HNOL] ]I@DCDLB[ LF EI]N@N NBA QGID] YBDQT



>1

=.9 Aihlcrnpgdks

=.9.> Zlpu`ntdlb

Eirn`n ds glhi tl =.36% lf Dbadn's plpu`ntdlb5 nt 794

pirslbs pir eh=, dts `nba ds binr`y tgrii tdhis ns

aibsi`y sittìa ns tgi rist lf Dbadn, wgdkg ds nt n

plpu`ntdlb aibsdty lf ;3: pirslbs pir eh=.

Qrdvnbaruh ds tgi `nrcist nba hlst plpu`lus kdty db

Eirn`n. Db tgi stnti, tgi rnti lf plpu`ntdlb crlwtg ds

Dbadn's `lwist, nba tgi aiknan` crlwtg lf 1.4% db =:>>

ds ìss tgnb lbi tgdra lf tgi n``-Dbadn nvirnci lf

>3.61%. Eirn`n's plpu`ntdlb hlri tgnb alumìa

mitwiib >49> nba >44> my naadbc >9.6 hd``dlb pilpì

tl rinkg =4.> hd``dlb risdaibts db >44>5 tgi plpu`ntdlb

stlla nt ;;.; hd``dlb my =:>>.X Eirn`n's klnstn` ricdlbs

nri tgi hlst aibsi`y sittìa wdtg plpu`ntdlb aibsdty

lf klnstn` adstrdkts midbc =:== pirslbs pir eh=, =.9

tdhis tgi lvirn`` plpu`ntdlb aibsdty lf tgi stnti, 794

pirslbs pir eh=, ìnvdbc tgi instirb gd``s nba

hlubtndbs klhpnrntdvi`y spnrsi`y plpu`ntia. Nrluba

;>.7 hd``dlb Eirn`dtis nri

prialhdbnbt`y Hn`nyn`d. [tnti's ;=>,::: dbadciblus

trdmn` >.>:% lf tgi plpu`ntdlb, nri klbkibtrntia db tgi

inst. Hn`nyn`nh, lbi lf tgi k`nssdkn` `nbcuncis db

Dbadn, ds Eirn`n's lffdkdn` `nbcunci.

Enbbnan, Quù, Gdbad, Mibcn`d, Hng` nba vnrdlus trdmn`

`nbcuncis nri n`sl spleib. Ns lf inr`y =:>;, tgiri nri

k`lsi tl =.9 hd``dlb (3.9% lf stnti plpu`ntdlb) hdcrnbt

wlreirs frlh ltgir stntis lf Dbadn db Eirn`n.

FDC. =.>1\C]NZGDKN@ ]IZ]I[IBQNQDLB LF

ZLZY@NQDLB AIB[DQT DB EI]N@N

FDC. =.>9\@D[Q LF ZL@YQNDLB AIB[DQT NBA ]NBE

SD[I AD[Q]DMYQDLB LF HNOL] KDQDI[ LF EI]N@N



>9

Sdtg 94: eh lf klnstn` mi`t, 1::,::: giktnris lf db`nba wntir rislurkis nba nmlut

==:,::: nktdvi fdsgirhib, Eirn`n ds lbi lf tgi ìnadbc prlaukirs lf fdsg db

Dbadn. Nkklradbc tl =::; ‛:1 riplrts, nmlut >.> hd``dlb pilpì inrb tgidr `dvi`dglla

frlh fdsgdbc nba n``dia nktdvdtdis sukg ns arydbc, prlkissdbc, pnkencdbc, ixplrtdbc

nba trnbsplrtdbc fdsgirdis. Qgi nbbun` ydià lf tgi siktlr wns istdhntia ns 6:7,:::

tlbs db =::; ‛:1. Qgds klbtrdmutis tl nmlut ;% lf tgi tltn` iklblhy lf tgi stnti. Db

=::6, nmlut ==% lf tgi tltn` Dbadnb hnrdbi fdsgiry ydià wns frlh tgi stnti. Aurdbc

tgi slutgwist hlbsllb, n suspibaia hua mnbe wluà mi aivi`lpia n`lbc tgi

sglri, wgdkg db turb ìnas tl kn`h lkinb wntir nba gibki pine lutput frlh tgi

fdsgiry dbaustry. Qgds pgiblhiblb ds `lkn``y kn`ìa kgnenrn. Qgi fdsg `nbadbcs

klbsdst lf n `nrci vnrdity? pi`ncdk spikdis5 94%, aihirsn` spikdis5

=;%, krustnkinbs nba hl`ùses.

=.9.= Iklblhdks

Eirn`n prlaukis 43% lf tgi bntdlbn` lutput lf m`nke pippir nba nkklubts flr 79%

lf tgi nrin ubair bnturn` rummir db tgi klubtry. Klklbut, tin, klffii, knsgiw,

nba spdkis‑dbkùadbc knranhlh, vnbd``n, kdbbnhlb, nba buthic‑klhprdsi n

krdtdkn` ncrdku`turn` siktlr. Qgi eiy ncrdku`turn` stnpì ds rdki, wdtg vnrditdis crlwb db

ixtibsdvi pnaay fdiàs. Glhi cnraibs klhprdsi n sdcbdfdknbt plrtdlb lf tgi

ncrdku`turn` siktlr. ]i`ntia nbdhn` gusmnbary ds n`sl dhplrtnbt, nba ds tlutia my

prlplbibts ns n hinbs lf n`ìvdntdbc rurn` plvirty nba ubihp`lyhibt nhlbc

wlhib, tgi hnrcdbn`dzia, nba tgi `nbaìss. Qgi stnti clvirbhibt prlhltis tgisinktdvdty vdn iaukntdlbn` knhpndcbs nba tgi aivi`lphibt lf biw knttì mriias sukg

ns tgi [ubnbadbd.

FD[GI]DI[

NC]DKY@QY]I

Zrdhi iklblhy lf Eirn`n klbsdsts lf tgrii hnolr dbaustrdis ?

>. Fdsgirdis

=. Ncrdku`turi

;. Dbflrhntdlb Qikgbl`lcy

Qgi tirtdnry slurki n`sl klbsdsts lf tlurdsh aipnrthibt , trnbsplrt, stlrnci,

klhhubdkntdlbs, mnbedbc nba dbsurnbki nba rin` istnti.

FDC. =.>6\OYQI GNBA@LLH DBAY[Q]T/HN]EIQ

Z@NKI DB ELKGD/ZN@H Q]II[ NBA ZNAAT FID@A



>6

N]KGDQIKQY]I

Qgi ku`turn` girdtnci lf nby klubtry ds siib mist ixplsia db dts nrkgdtikturn`

hlbuhibts. Qgi wnys db wgdkg tgi mudàdbcs nri aisdcbia, klbstruktia nba

aiklrntia spine blt lb`y tgi tikgbdkn` nba nrtdstdk knpnmd`dtdis lf tgi krnftshib, mut

n`sl lf tgi nspdrntdlbs nba vdsdlbs lf tgi prikiptlrs, flr wglh tgi klbstruktdlb ds

lb`y n hiaduh flr tgihntdk ixprissdlb. Frlh tgi sdbcì awi``dbcs tl tgi hncbdfdkibtiadfdkis, nrkgdtikturi n`sl rifìkts tgi guhnb ibainvlr hiitdbc tgi ivir kgnbcdbc

slkdn` biias. Eirn`n nmlubas wdtg hnby sukg nrkgdtikturn` hlbuhibts-prigdstlrdk

hicn`dtgs, tlhms, knvis, tihpìs, hlsquis, kgurkgis, tgintris, glusis, pn`nkis nba

pum`dk mudàdbcs, mud`t nba riblvntia lvir kibturdis riprisibtdbc n pnblrnhn lf

nrkgdtikturn` aivi`lphibt. Blbi lf tgisi strukturis ds viry mdc5 tgi nistgitdk nppin`

lf tgisi mudàdbcs hndb`y nrdsi frlh tgi sdhp`dkdty lf flrh nba fubktdlbn` pirfiktdlb.

Qgi kgnrnktirdstdk ricdlbn` ixprissdlb lf Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi risu`ts frlh tgicilcrnpgdkn`, k`dhntdk nba gdstlrdk fnktlrs. Cilcrnpgdkn``y Eirn`n ds n bnrrlw strdp lf

`nba `ydbc db mitwiib wistirb sinmlnra lf pibdbsu`nr Dbadn nba klbfdbia mitwiib

tgi tlwirdbc Sistirb Cgnts nba tgi vnst Nrnmdnb sin. Fnvlria my pìbtdfu` rndbs nba

mrdcgt subsgdbi's, tgds `nba ds ùsg criib wdtg vicitntdlb nba rdkg db nbdhn` `dfi. Db tgi

ubivib tirrndb lf tgds ricdlb guhnb gnmdtntdlb ds adstrdmutia tgdke`y db tgi firtdì

`lw-`nbas nba spnrsi`y tlwnras tgi glstdì gdcg`nbas. Kùstiria glusis nri rnri`y

siib db vd``ncis. @nrci kdtdis nri n`sl nmsibt db tgds `nbasknpi. Qgi nrkgdtikturi lf tgds

ricdlb gns miib lf n guhmì sknì, hircdbc wdtg bnturi. Qgi flrh lf tgi mudàdbcswdtg `lw wn``s, s`lpdbc rllf nba prloiktdbc knvis wns hlst`y ivl`via frlh k`dhntdk

klbsdairntdlbs - flr prltiktdlb frlh ixkissdvi rndb nba dbtibsi sl`nr rnadntdlb. Qgi

sittdbc lf tgi mudàdbc db tgi lpib cnraib p`lt wns ncndb bikissdtntia my tgi

riqudrihibt lf wdba flr cdvdbc klhflrt db tgi guhda k`dhnti.

Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi ds n edba lf nrkgdtikturn` styì tgnt ds hlst`y fluba

db Dbadnb stnti lf Eirn`n nba n`` tgi nrkgdtikturn` wlbairs lf eirn`n stnbas lut tl mi

u`tdhnti tisthlbdn`s flr tgi nbkdibt vdsgwnenrhn stgnpntgds lf eirn`n. Eirn`n's styìlf nrkgdtikturi ds ubdqui db Dbadn, db dts strdedbc klbtrnst tl Arnvdadnb

nrkgdtikturi wgdkg ds blrhn``y prnktdkia db ltgir pnrts lf [lutg Dbadn. Qgi

nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n gns miib dbfùibkia my Arnvdadnb nba Dbadnb Viadk

nrkgdtikturn` skdibki (Vnstu [gnstrn) lvir twl hd`ìbbduh. Qgi Qnbtrnsnhukgnyn,

Qgnkgu-[gnstrn, Hnbusgyn`nyn-Kgnbarden nba [d`pnrntbn nri dhplrtnbt nrkgdtikturn`

skdibkis, wgdkg gnvi gna n strlbc dhpnkt db Eirn`n Nrkgdtikturi styì. Qgi

Hnbusgyn`nyn-Kgnbarden, n wlre aivltia tl alhistdk nrkgdtikturi ds lbi sukg

skdibki wgdkg gns dts strlbc rllts db Eirn`n.Qgi nrkgdtikturn` styì gns ivl`via frlh Eirn`n—s piku`dnr k`dhnti nba `lbc gdstlry lf

dbfùibkis lf dts hnolr hnrdtdhi trnadbc pnrtbirs `dei Kgdbisi, Nrnms nba Iurlpinbs.

Qgi N]KGDQIKQY]I lf Eirn`n ds advdaia dbtl = mnsdk knticlrdis ?

QIHZ@I N]KGDQIKQY]I & ALHI[QDK N]KGDQIKQY]I



>3

;.> Zri-gdstlrdk Vistdcis

Qgi `lkntdlbn` finturi lf Eirn`n gns dbfùibkia tgi slkdn` aivi`lphibt nba dbadrikt`y

tgi styì lf klbstruktdlb. Db tgi nbkdibt tdhis tgi sin nba tgi Cgnts flrhia

dhpibitrnmì mnrrdirs gi`pdbc tgi ivlùtdlb lf nb dsl`ntia ku`turi lf Zrltl Arnvdadnbs,

klbtihplrnry tl tgi Gnrnppn kdvd`dzntdlb. Qgi inr`dist vistdcis lf klbstruktdlbs db Eirn`n

mi`lbcs tl tgds pirdla antia mitwiib ;::: M.K. tl ;:: M.K. Qgiy knb mi crlupia dbtltwl typis - tlhm ki``s nba hicn`dtgs. Qgi rlke kut tlhm ki``s nri cibirn``y `lkntia db

tgi `ntirdti zlbis lf kibtrn` Eirn`n, flr ixnhpì nt Zlren`nh.

Qrdssur adstrdkt. Qgi tlhms nri rlucg`y lm`lbc db p`nb wdtg sdbcì lr hu`tdpì mia

kgnhmirs wdtg n riktnbcu`nr klurt db tgi inst frlh wgiri stips rdsi tl tgi crluba ìvi`.

Nbltgir typi lf murdn` kgnhmir ds hnai lf flur s`nms p`nkia lb iacis nba n fdftg lbi

klvirdbc tgih ns n knp stlbi. Lbi lr hlri sukg al`hibs nri hnreia my n stlbi kdrkì.

Nhlbc tgi hicn`dtgs nri tgi uhmri``n stlbis, (euaneen` ) risihm`dbc gnbaìss pn`h

ìnf uhmri``ns usia flr klvirdbc pdts ibk`lsdbc murdn` urbs. Qwl ltgir typis lfhicn`dtgs, gnt stlbis (tglppdeen` ) nba hibgdrs ( pu`nkgdeen` ) glwivir gnvi bl murdn`

nppibancis. Qgiy nppinr tl mi rntgir hihlrdn` stlbis.

Qgi hicn`dtgs nri blt lf hukg nrkgdtikturn` sdcbdfdknbki, mut tgiy spine lf tgi kustlh

lf tgi prdhdtdvi trdmis iriktdbc hihlrdn`s nt sdtis lf hlrtunry rdtis. Qgisi p`nkis `ntir

miknhi tgi nbbun` hiitdbc crlubas lf tgi trdmis nba cnvi rdsi tl lkku`t tihpìs lf

nbkistrn` wlrsgdp. Sgdì tgi kustlh lf fntgir wlrsgdp knb mi siib db tgisi knsis, tgi

prltiktdbc aidtdis lf tgi vd``ncis wiri n`wnys db fihnì flrh, wgl wiri wlrsgdpia db

lpib crlvis (envu). Qgisi gypnitgrn` tihpìs gna triis, stlbi syhml`s lf HltgirClaaissis lr ltgir bnturn`dstdk lr nbdhdstdk dhnci ns lmoikts lf wlrsgdp. Qgi klbtdbudty

lf tgds inr`y ku`turi ds siib db tgi flè nrts, ku`t rdtun`s, wlrsgdp lf triis, sirpibts nba

hltgir dhncis db envus.

Gdstlrdk fnktlrs ada blt n``lw tgi klbtdbunbki lf tgi

ku`turn` dsl`ntdlb lf Eirn`n frlh tgi rihndbdbc pnrts lf

Dbadn wgdkg wns tgi nribn lf ku`turn` dbvnsdlbs lf Nrynbs

nba ltgir rnkis. Nrynbs gna sprina tgidr ku`turi n`` lvir

blrtg Dbadn my nmlut >::: M.K. Eirn`n n`sl stnrtiaixpirdibkdbc n ku`turn` dbvnsdlb my tgi s`lw itgbdk

hdcrntdlb lf Nrynbs db tgi micdbbdbcs lf Kgrdstdnb irn. Db

tgi siklba rlke iadkt lf Nslen antia tgdra kibtury M.K.

Eirn`n ds rifirria ns lbi lf tgi mlrair edbcalhs lf tgi

Hnuryn ihpdri. Dt ds plssdmì tgnt Muaagdsts nba Ondbs

wiri tgi fdrst blrtg Dbadnb crlups tl krlss tgi mlrairs lf

Eirn`n nba istnm`dsg tgidr hlbnstirdis. Qgisi ri`dcdlus

crlups wiri nmì tl prnktdki tgidr fndtg nba rikidvipntrlbnci frlh tgi `lkn` edbcs tl mudà sgrdbis

nba vdgnrns. Flr binr`y idcgt kibturdis Muaagdsh nba

Ondbdsh siih tl gnvi kl-ixdstia db Eirn`n ns nb

dhplrtnbt fndtg, klbtrdmutdbc db dts lwb wny tl tgi slkdn`

nba nrkgdtikturn` aivi`lphibt lf tgi ricdlb.

FDC. ;.>\ DAL@ QL SL][GDZ DB FIHN@I FL]H



>7

Dbfùibki lf Muaagdsh Qgi bnturi wlrsgdp lf tgi inr`y dbgnmdtnbts lf Eirn`n gns dts pnrn`ì` db Muaagdsh, db

tgi trii wlrsgdp lwdbc tl tgi nsslkdntdlb lf Muaagn's mdrtg, rivi`ntdlb nba prinkgdbc

ubair n trii. N`tglucg sku`pturn` ri`dks lf Muaagdst dhncis gnvi miib riklviria frlh n

fiw p`nkis lf slutgirb Eirn`n, tgiri nri, glwivir, bl ixtnbt Muaagdst hlbuhibts db

tgds ricdlb. Mut `dtirnry rifiribkis sukg ns Husgden vnhsn, n [nbserdt ipdk lf tgi

iìvibtg kibtury succists tgi fnkt tgnt Eirn`n gna dhplrtnbt Muaagdst sgrdbis. Qgi

hlst riblwbia lf tgisi wns tgi [riihu`nvnsn vdgnrn wdtg n hncbdfdkibt dhnci

lf Mlagdsntwn @lenbntgn. Qgds sgrdbi ds mi`divia tl gnvi miib wnsgia nwny my

klnstn` irlsdlb. Db tgidr aisdcb finturis slhi lf tgi tihpìs sukg ns [dvn tihpì nt

Qrdssur nba tgi Mgncnvntgd tihpì nt Elaubcn`ùr nri mi`divia tl mi

Muaagdst vdgnrns5 mut tgiri ds bl drrifutnmì prllf flr sukg mi`difs. Qgi Ondb

hlbuhibts nri hlri buhirlus db Eirn`n. Qgiy dbkùai rlke sgi`tirs nt Kgdtrn` binr

Bncirkld`, n rlke kut tihpì nt Eng`d` binr Ziruhmnvllr, nba rihndbs lf strukturn`

tihpìs nt N`ntgllr binr Zn`neena nba nt [u`tnbmntgiry. [ku`pturia Ondb fdcuris lf

Hngnvdrn, Znrswnbntgn nba ltgir Qdrtgnbenrn's gnvi miib riklviria frlh tgisi sdtis.

[u`tnbmntgiry n`sl gns tgi rihndbs lf n Ondb mnstd , eblwb ns Cnbnpntd vnttnh, midbc

nb ixnhpì lf n k`ldstiria tihpì mud`t ibtdri`y lf crnbdti. Dbspdti lf tgi nmsibki lf

nrkgdtikturn` hlbuhibts tgiri ds klbkùsdvi prllf lf tgi dbfùibki lf tgi Muaagdst

skgll` lb Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi lf `ntir pirdlas. Qgi kdrku`nr tihpìs mnsdkn``y fl``lw tgi

sgnpis lf tgi Muaagdst stupns, tgi alhi sgnpia hlubas. Qgi npsdan` tihpìs nri

hlai`ìa db tgi pnttirb lf kgndtyn gn``s, tgi nssihm`y gn``s lf Muaagdst hlbes.

Qgi kgndtyn wdbalw siib ripintia db tgi aiklrntdvi hlàdbc lf tgi tglrnbn nrluba

tgi tihpì sgrdbi ds kìnr`y n Muaagdst hltdf nalptia db Gdbau styì, nkklradbc tl Zirky

Mrlwb. Mnsdkn``y tglrnbn ds n cntiwny prlvdaia db tgi pn`dsnai siib db tgi virtdkn` nba

glrdzlbtn` hihmirs lf tgivd`neeuhnanh, wgdkg ds n finturi siib lb`y db Eirn`n

tihpìs lf tgi plst-Muaagdst pirdla. Db dts hlst prdhdtdvi flrh tgds klbstruktdlb ds

siib db tgi gypnitgrn` tihpìs ibsgrdbdbc triis nba `ntir lb tgi lutir wn``s lf tgi

sgrdbis prlpir. Sdtg tgi sty`dstdk aivi`lphibt lf tgi Gdbau tihpì tgds flrh lf

pn`dsnai ds rihlvia frlh tgi sgrdbi strukturi (srdelvd` ) nba tneib ns n sipnrnti

iadfdki miylba tgi tihpì k`ldstir (kguttnhmn`nh). Gdstlrdnbs nri n`sl lf lpdbdlb tgnt

hnby rdtun`s dbkùadbc tgi iìpgnbt prlkissdlb aurdbc fistdvn`s nri lf Muaagdst lrdcdb

nba nalptia db Eirn`n tihpìs.

FDC. ;.=\ MGNCNVNQGD QIHZ@I NQ ELAYBCN@@Y]



>4

Viadk nba Mrnghnbdkn` Dbfùibkis Muaagdsh wns kl-ixdstibt wdtg tgi dbadciblus ri`dcdlus nba slkdn` prnktdkis lf Eirn`n

ns wi`` ns tgi viadk ri`dcdlb lf tgi inr`y Nrynb ihdcrnbts. Qgi inr`y

Qnhd` [nbcnh `dtirnturi sglws tgnt my tgi Fdrst kibtury N.A. tgi Kirns ruìa tgi

kibtrn` ricdlbs lf Eirn`n nba tgi Elbcu `nbas (prisibt [nìh nba Kldhmntlri ricdlb).

Dts knpdtn` wns Vnbkgd, daibtdfdia wdtg tgi Qgdruvnbkgdeu`nh binr Elaubcn`ùr. Nt tgds

tdhi tgi slutgirb pnrt lf Eirn`n wns ruìa my tgi Ny kgdiftndbs nba tgi blrtgirb pnrtsmy tgi Bnbbnbs lf Izgd`hn`nd. Qgi inr`y pirdla lf Kgrdstdnb irn - fdrst tl tgdra kibtury -

ds n`sl hnreia my tgi klbtnkt wdtg Nrynbs nba tgidr viadk ri`dcdlb rlltia db tgi fdri

snkrdfdkis. Mitwiib flurtg nba sivibtg kibturdis N.A. Mrnghnbns nppinria tl gnvi

sittìa db Eirn`n nba istnm`dsgia tgidr ri`dcdlb. Qgi nhn`cnhntdlb lf adffiribt ku`turis

nba ri`dcdlus pgd`lslpgdis gi`pia tl ivl`vi tgi nrkgdtikturn` styìs lf Eirn`n tihpìs.

Qgi inr`y Nrynb ri`dcdlb db Eirn`n nba Mrnghnbdkn` prnktdkis sglwia n tibaibky tl

nalpt nba nanpt tgi bntdvi rdtun`s nba gibki ixgdmdt n aun` bnturi. Lb tgi lbi gnba

tgiri wns ihpgnsds lb tgi puri Nrynb prnktdki lf fdri snkrdfdki lr yncns5 lb tgi

ltgir gnba tgiri wns n`sl n prnktdki lf dbstn``dbc aidtdis db tihpìs nba wlrsgdpdbc

tgih my f`lwirs. Qrnadtdlbn``y lb`y viadk Clas wiri dbvleia db fdri snkrdfdkis nba n``

advdbdtdis nalptia frlh tgi bntdvi ri`dcdlb wiri wlrsgdppia db tihpìskn`ìa elttnh, elvd` itk. Qgi hlst dhplrtnbt lf tgisi advdbdtdis wiri Hurucn,

Mgncnvntgd nba [nstgn. Sdtg tgi mgnetd hlvihibt lf tgi sdxtg-sivibtg kibtury, twl

hndb strinhs lf Mrnghnbdkn` ri`dcdlbs \ sndvdsh nba vndsgbnvdsh \ iu`lcdsia my

tgi bnynbnrs nba n`wnrs rispiktdvi`y miknhi tgi prialhdbnbt ri`dcdlbs pntrlbdzia

my tgi edbcs. [dvn nba Vdsgbu tgus miknhi tgi hlst dhplrtnbt aidtdis lf wlrsgdp. Qgi

twl strinhs, glwivir, wiri dbtirwlvib my [nbenrn db ubdfdia pgd`lslpgdkn` tglucgt,

nba n ku`t sybtgisds. Db rdtun`dstdk wlrsgdp tgds ds hnbdfistia db lffirdbc lf snban` pnsti

ns wi`` ns vd`vn nba tgu`nsd tl tgi aivltiis lf mltg [dvn nba Vdsgbu tihpìs. Ixnhpìslf tihpìs wdtg twl hndb sgrdbis lbi flr [dvn nba nbltgir flr Vdsgbu db tgi klhhlb

ibk`lsuri nri n`sl tgi risu`t lf tgds ku`t sybtgisds. Qgi mgnetd hlvihibt nba tgi

wlre lf [nbenrn gi`pia tl fdrh`y istnm`dsg tgi Gdbau ri`dcdlb nba klhpìti`y adsp`nki

Ondbdsh nba Muaagdsh frlh Eirn`n my nmlut idcgtg-tibtg kibtury.

F D C . ; . ;\

H N Z L F A I K K N B [ G L S D B C I N ] @ T

A T B N [ Q

D I [ Z F D B A D N ‛

K G I ] N / K I ] N D B E I ] N @ N


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 20/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n=:

Ybair tgi ruì lf tgi siklba Kirn Ziruhn`s (idcgtg-iìvibtg kibtury) hlst lf Eirn`n

ixkipt tgi ixtrihi blrtg nba slutg clt ubdfdia. Qgds wns gdcg`y klbaukdvi lf

nrkgdtikturn` aivi`lphibt nba riblvntdlb lf n `nrci buhmir lf tihpìs. Nftir tgi

aik`dbi lf tgi Kirns sivirn` shn`` prdbkdpn`dtdis aivi`lpia n`` lvir Eirn`n. My fdftiibtg

kibtury, Eirn`n wns mrlna`y klviria my tgi suzirndbty lf flur prdbkdpn` kgdiftndbs -

Vibna ruìrs db tgi slutg, Elkgd Hngnrnons db tgi kibtri, snhutdrds lf Elzgdelai db tgi

blrtg nba El`ntgdrd ]nons db tgi ixtrihi blrtg. Qgiy wiri ruìrs wgl pntrlbdzianrkgdtikturn` nktdvdtdis. N ricdlbn` kgnrnktir db klbstruktdlb dbklrplrntdbc tgi Arnvdadnb

krnft sed``s, ubdqui flrhs lf Muaagdst mudàdbcs, aisdcb klbkipts lf viadk tdhis nba

knbblbdkn` tgilrdis lf Mrnghnbdkn` Ncnhdk prnktdkis db `lkn``y nvnd`nmì hntirdn`s nba

sudtia tl tgi k`dhntdk klbadtdlbs wns fdbn``y ivl`via db Eirn`n. Qgi tgilry nba prnktdki lf

nrkgdtikturn` klbstruktdlb wiri n`sl klhpdìa aurdbc tgds pirdla.

F D C . ; . 1\

H N Z L F D B A D N [ G L S D B C N ] T N B [ N B A A ] N V D A D N B K Y @ Q Y ] I D B D B

A D N


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 21/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n=>

FDC. ;.9\ MN[DK @NTLYQ LF QIHZ@I[ DB EI]N@N

Qgi vnrdity lf tihpìs, buhmirdbc hlri tgnb =::: alttdbc tgi Eirn`n stnti gns bl

hntkg wdtg nby ltgir ricdlbs lf Dbadn. Db dts sty`dstdk aivi`lphibt, tgi tihpì

nrkgdtikturi knb mi advdaia dbtl tgrii pgnsis. Qgi fdrst pgnsi ds tgnt lf rlke-kut

tihpìs. Qgds inr`dist flrh ds klbtihplrnry tl Muaagdst knvi tihpìs. ]lke-kut

tihpìs nri hndb`y `lkntia db slutgirb Eirn`n - nt Vdzgdbonh nba Nydrurpnrn binr

Qgdruvnbnbtgnpurnh, Elttuen` binr El``nh nba Envdyllr binr N`nppuzgn. Lf tgisi tgi

lbi nt Envdyllr ds tgi mist ixnhpì. Qgi Envdyllr knvi tihpì aiadkntia

tl [dvn klhprdsis lf n sgrdbi rllh nba n spnkdlus nragnhnbanpn nrrnbcia nxdn``y

fnkdbc tgi wist. Lb tgi pd``nria fnknai ns wi`` ns lb tgi wn``s dbsdai

tgi nragnhnbanpn nri sku`pturia ri`difs lf tgi alblr, n minria rdsgd , n sintia flur

nrhia Cnbisg nba awnrnpn`ns. Qgi ltgir knvi tihpìs n`sl gnvi tgds cibirn` pnttirb

lf n sgrdbi nba nb nbti-rllh nba tgiy nri nsslkdntia wdtg [dvn wlrsgdp. Db tgi blrtg

sdhd`nr rlke-kut tihpìs lf sndvn ku`t nri siib nt Qrdeeur nba Drubd`nhelai db Qrdssur

adstrdkt. Gdstlrdkn``y tgi knvi nrkgdtikturi db Dbadn micdbs wdtg Muaagdsh nba tgi

tikgbdqui lf rlke-kut nrkgdtikturi db Eirn`n siihs tl mi n klbtdbuntdlb lf sdhd`nr

wlres db Qnhd` Bnau ubair tgi Znbayn. Qgi rlke-kut tihpìs nri n`` antia prdlr tl tgi

idcgtg kibtury N.A. Qgi strukturn` tihpìs nppinr db tgi siklba pgnsi spnbbdbc tgi

idcgtg tl tibtg kibturdis, nba pntrlbdzia my tgi Kirn, Ny nba Husgden kgdiftndbs. Qgi

inr`dist tihpìs gna n ubdtnry sgrdbi lr n srdelvd` . Db rnri knsis n plrkg

lr nragnhnbanpn ds siib nttnkgia tl tgi sgrdbi. N aitnkgia bnhnsenrn hnbanpn ds

cibirn``y mud`t db frlbt lf tgi srdelvd` . N qunarnbcu`nr mudàdbc \ bn`nhmn`nh \

ibk`lsis tgi srdelvd` nba tgi bnhnsenrn hnbanpn. Nt tgi ibtrnbki tl

tgi bn`nhmn`nh ds `lkntia tgi n`tnr stlbi \ mn`deen` . Qgds mnsdk p`nb klhplsdtdlb lf tgi

Eirn`n tihpì ds siib ihircdbc db tgds pgnsi.

;.= QIHZ@I N]KGDQIKQY]I


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 22/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n==

Qgi srdelvd` hny mi mud`t db adffiribt p`nb sgnpis - squnri, riktnbcu`nr, kdrku`nr lr

npsdan`. Lf tgisi tgi squnri p`nb sglws nb ivib adstrdmutdlb tgrlucglut Eirn`n stnti.

Qgi squnri sgnpi ds mnsdkn``y tgi flrh lf tgi viadk fdri n`tnr nba strlbc`y succist

tgi viadk hllrdbc. Dt ds knticlrdzia ns tgi bncnrn styì lf tihpì db tgi nrkgdtikuturn`

tixts. Qgi riktnbcu`nr p`nb ds fnvlria flr tgi Nbnbtgnsnd Vdsgbu nba tgi [nptn

hntrdens. Qgi kdrku`nr p`nb nba tgi npsdan` p`nb nri rnri db ltgir pnrts lf Dbadn nba

ubeblwb ivib db tgi kdvd` nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n, mut tgiy klbstdtuti nb dhplrtnbt crlup

lf tihpìs. Qgi kdrku`nr p`nb sglws n crintir priplbairnbki db tgi slutgirb pnrt lf

Eirn`n, db ricdlbs lbki ubair tgi dbfùibki lf Muaagdsh. Qgi npsdan` p`nb ds n

klhmdbntdlb lf tgi sihd-kdrkì nba tgi squnri nba dt ds siib adstrdmutia splrnadkn``y n``

lvir tgi klnstn` ricdlb. Qgi kdrku`nr tihpìs mi`lbc tl tgi vnsnrn knticlry. N vnrdntdlb

lf kdrkì-i`dpsi ds n`sl siib ns nb ixkiptdlb db tgi [dvnsgrdbi nt Vndeelh. Zl`yclbn`

sgnpis mi`lbcdbc tl tgi Arnvdan knticlry nri n`sl nalptia rnri`y db tihpì p`nbs mut

tgiy fdba usi ns n finturi lf sgdegnrn. N tihpì gnvdbc n`` tgisi iìhibts ds rifirria ns

n Hngnesgitrn (crint tihpì) lr Ziruhtgrueelvd` (`dei Vndelh Ziruhtgrueelvd`

Hngnaivn Qihpì db Elttnynh).

FDC. ;.3\QIHZ@I @NTLYQ

F D C . ; . 6\

A D F F . Q

T Z I L F Z @ N B [ L F Q I H Z @ I [


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 23/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n=;

Qgi sgnpi lf tgi rllf ds db nkklranbki wdtg tgi p`nb lf tgi snbktuh mi`lw. Sdtg n

kdrku`nr p`nb, lbi siis n klbdkn` rllf, wgdì wdtg n squnri p`nb tgi rllf ds pyrnhdan`.

Qgi rllf ds klbstruktia wdtg wlla nba ds klviria wdtg klppir p`ntis. Hlst lf tgi

tihpìs siib db Eirn`n tlany, gnvi ubairclbi sivirn` pgnsis lf riblvntdlb, cdvib tgi

pirdsgnmì bnturi lf tgi klbstruktdlb hntirdn`s.

Qgi kibtrn` snbktuh lf n Eirn`dti tihpì ds rifirria tl ns tgi [rdElvd`. Dt ds surrlubaia

my n k`ldstiria prnenrn, pdirkia nt lbi lr hlri knradbn` pldbts wdtg n clpurnawnrn.Qgi k`ldstiria prnenrnh gns n bnhnsenrn hnbanpnh `lkntia adrikt`y db frlbt lf tgi

snbktuh. Qgds prnenrnh n`sl glusis sumsdadnry sgrdbis. N edtkgib ds `lkntia db tgi

slutg instirb klrbir lf tgs k`ldstiria prnenrnh. Qgi huegn hnbanpnh ds

dbticrntia wdtg tgi clpurn ibtrnbki. Qgi f`ncstnff lr awnon stnhmgnh ds `lkntia

lutsdai lf tgi awnonstnhmgnh. Qgi mn`dpdtgnh hny mi `lkntia db tgi

huegnhnbanpnh lr db tgi lutir klurtynra. Qgi lutir prnenrnh lr klurtynra glusis

ltgir sumsgrdbis, nba lptdlbn``y n tihpì tnbe.

Qgi Euttnhmn`nh lr tgi tgintir gn`` lf tgi Eirn`dti tihpì ds `lkntia idtgir ns n pnrtlf tgi dbbir prnenrn, lb tgi slutg inst klrbir fnkdbc blrtg, lr ns n sipnrnti gn``

lutsdai tgi dbbirhlst prnenrnh, idtgir fnkdbc dbtl tgi tihpì lr fnkdbc blrtg. Qgds

gns n stnci, rndsia frlh tgi rist lf tgi f`llr, nba n mnkestnci nrin. Qgds ds tgi sdti lf

tgi pirflrhnbki lf Entgnen`d lr Kgneedynr elltgu rikdtn`s. Qgus tgi euttnhmn`nh

p`nys n rlì db iaukntdbc vdsdtlrs lb tgi rdkg ìcibas lf tgi Dbadnb ku`turn` fnmrdk.

Qgi hnolr pnrts lf n typdkn` Eirn`n tihpì

• Aivn Zrntgdsgtn lr Dal`

Aivn Zrntgdsgtn lr dal` lf tgi Cla lr Claaiss ds tgi hlst dhplrtnbt

pnrt lf n Gdbau tihpì. Dal`s hnai lf Crnbdti, Znbkgn`lgn, lr Slla ds

usun``y dbstn`ìa dbsdai tgi Cnrmgncrdgnh lr [riielvd`. Dal`s nri hnai

nkklradbc tl tgi Agynbn [`lenhs. Npnrt frlh tgi blrhn` and`y

wlrsgdp rdtun`s flr prlpdtdntdbc tgi aidtdis, tgiri nri hnby Qgnnbtgrde

rdtun`s ndhdbc nt dbkrinsdbc tgi c`lry nba plwir lf tgi aidtdis nba

slhitdhis flr ntlbihibt flr nby fnadbc lf sukg plwir. Dhnci sglwstgi dal` lf Entgynynbd Aivd db Euhnrnbn``llr Aivd Qihpì.

• [riielvd` lr [nbktuh [nbktlruh?

[riielvd` hny mi db squnri, riktnbcu`nr, i``dptdkn` lr kdrku`nr sgnpi nba

hny gnvi lbi twl lr ivib tgrii stlrdis klviria wdtg klppir lr clà.

Qgi dhnci sglwb nri tgi clà klviria riktnbcu`nr sriielvd` lf

Curuvnyllr tihpì, Cnon prdsgtn sriielvd` lf Hnagur tihpì nbaklppir klviria kdrku`nr sriielvd` lf Qgrdeeladtgnbnh tihpì. Qgi

pnrt lf tgi tihpì wgiri tgi dal` lf tgi Cla lr Claaiss ds sdtuntia

ds rifirria tl ns tgi [riielvd`. Zlsdtdlb lf [riielvd` db tgi tihpì ds

iqudvnìbt tl tgi plsdtdlb lf [ngnsrnrn Znahnh db n guhnb mlay.


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 24/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n=1

• [lpnbnh?

Qgi gl`y stips db frlbt lf tgi snbktuh snbktlruh ds kn`ìa

[lpnbnh. Db hnby tihpìs tgi slpnbnh gns stlbi dal`s lf

cunras lf tgi Cla kn`ìa ns Awnrnpn`nens. Ysun``y slpnbnh ds

klviria wdtg Clà lr Mrlbzi. Dhnci sglws tgi clà klviria

[lpnbnh nba Awnrnpn`nens lf [nmnrdhn`n Qihpì. Lb`y

tihpì prdists nri n``lwia tl ibtir tgrlucg tgds gl`y stips.

• Zrnanesgdbnvnttnh lr Nentgi mn`dvnttnh?

Dt ds `lkntia oust lutsdai tgi snbktuh. Qgi Nsgtn-Ade-pnn`nens

(Dbarn, Ncbd, Tnhn, Bruryntgd, Vnrubn, Vnnyu, [lhn nba Dsnnbn),

[nptgn Hntgrueen` (Mrnghnbd, Hngiswnrd, Enuhnrd, Vndsgbnvd,

Vnrngd, Dbarnbd nba Kgnhubad) , Viirnmgnarn, Cnbnpntgy,

[nstgn, Nbnbtgn, Aurcn, [umrnghnbyn, Eumirn, Bdrhn`ynagnrdnba Mrnghn tgi cunras lf tgi hndb aidty nri riprisibtia giri

my usdbc stlbis lf adffiribt sgnpis nba nri cibirn``y kn`ìa

Mn`deen`ù. Ysun``y tgisi mn`deen`ùs nri klviria wdtg mrlbzi

sgiits. dhnci sglw tgi Zrnanesgdbnvnttnh lf enzgneuttlh

hngnaivn Qihpì nba Mn`deen`ù riprisibtdbc Tnhn lf

Nbnbanvn`ìiswnrnh Qihpì El``nh.

• Hntgrusn`n?

Hntgrusn`n ds `lkntia db tgi [lutg sdai lf [riielvd`. Dt ds nb

ixtibaia plrtdlb lf Bn`nhmn`nh tlwnras [riielvd` tl klvir

tgi [nptgn Hntgru mn`deen`. Gibki tgi bnhi Hntgrusn`n.

Ysun``y tgi Ytsnvnmn`d rdtun` ds pirflrhia db tgi Hntgrusn`n.

Qgi dhnci sglws tgi Hntgrusn`n lf Kgibcnhnbnttu Hngnaivn

Qihpì binr Nùvn db Irbneu`nh adstrdkt.

•

Bnhnsenrn Hnbanpnh?Bnhnsenrn Hnbanpnh ds `lkntia db frlbt lf tgi slpnbnh fnkdbc

tgi snbktuh. Dt ds usia my tgi prdists flr [nsgtnbcn Bnhnsenrn

nftir pllons `dei Ysgn pllon, Znbtgiirnad pllon nba Ykgn

pllon. Gibki tgi bnhi Bnhnsern hnbnanpnh. Dt ds cibirn``y

squnri db sgnpi nba gns n rllf gubc my flur pd``nrs nba usun``y

gns n Qnzgdeneeuanh hnai lf clà lr klppir. Ysun``y Vian

Onpnh nba En`nsn Zllon ds albi nt tgi Bnhnsenrn Hnbanpnh

nba sl dt ds n`sl kn`ìa En`nsn Hnbanpnh. Db [gdvn tihpìs dt dskn`ìa Bnbad Hnbanpnh miknusi lf tgi prisibki lf Bnbadeisn

nba db Vdsgbu tihpìs dt ds kn`ìa Cnruan Hnbanpnh miknusi

lf tgi prisibki lf Cnruan. Dhnci sglws tgi Bnhnsenrn

hnbanpnh lf Euhnrnbn``llr Aivd Qihpì binr Elttnynh.



• Bn`nhmn`nh nba Vn`dnhmn`nh ?

Bn`nhmn`nh ds n`sl kn`ìa kguttnhmn`nh. Qgidr fubktdlb ds tl

prltikt tgi tihpì ns tgiy klvir tgi tihpì lb n`` sdais. Qgiy

nri ìss mrlna lb tgi surrlubadbc tgrii sdais nba nri kn`ìa

kguttnhmn`nh. Qgi lbi fnkdbc tgi snbktuh ds viry mrlna nba ds

kn`ìa vn`dnhmn`nh. Mitwiib tgi twl vn`dnhmn`nhs tgiri ds npnssnci flr aivltiis tl ibtir nba ixdt.

• Qgdanppn``y ?

Qgdanppn``y ds tgi edtkgib lf n tihpì. Qgdanppn``y ds

klbstruktia tl tgi ìft sdai lf tgi Bnhnsenrn Hnbanpnh ns nb

ibk`lsuri db tgi slutg instirb klrbir lf tgi Bn`nhmn`nh.

Bdviaynhs tl mi lffiria tl tgi aidty ds pripnria db tgi

Qgdanppn``y.

• Si`` ?

N wi`` ds n hust db n tihpì. Dts plsdtdlb ds nt tgi Blrtg-Inst, lf

tgi Bn`nhmn`nh. Dts wntir gns tl mi ixkùsdvi`y usia flr

nmgdsgien lr pripnrntdlb lf bdviayn. Dhnci sglws tgi wi`` lf

Bnvnydeeu`nh [gnbenrnbnrnynbn Qihpì binr En``nhmn`nh db

Qgdruvnbnbtgnpurnh adstrdkt.

• Vd`neeuhnnanh?

Nbltgir adstdktdvi finturi lf Eirn`dti tihpìs ds tgi usi lf

Vd`neeu hnnanh, lr tgi hu`td-tdiria mrnss `nhps db frlbt lf

tihpìs. @nesgnaiipnh ds n spiktnku`nr kiìmrntdlb lf

trnadtdlbn` `dcgtdbc wgiri tdirs lf shn`` ld` `nhps `dbdbc tgi lutir

wn``s lf tgi dbbir prnenrnh nri `dt. Dt ds `lkntia lutsdai tgi

Bn`nhmn`nh. Db mitwiib tgi Bn`nhmn`nh nba Vd`neeuhnnanh

tgiri hny mi nb lpib nrinDhnci sglws tgi Qihpì lf tgi Edbc

(Klmrn) ‛ [rd Zirn`nssiry [umrnghnbyn Qihpì

• Mn`deen`purn?

Dt fnkis tgi snbktuh nba ds tgi ixtibaia plrtdlb lf tgi pnssnci

db mitwiib tgi vn`dynhmn`nhs. Qgi rllf lf tgi Mn`deen`purn hny

gnvi tgi wllaib sku`pturis lf Nsgtnadepn`nen n`sl db tihpìs`dei Ellan`hnbdeynh tgiri ds bl Mn`deen`purn flr Vn`dyn

Mn`deen`ù. dhnci sglw tgi Mn`deen`ppurn lf El``nh

Nbnbanvn`ìiswnrnh Qihpì nba Vn`dyn Mn`deen`ù lf

Drdbon`neeuan Ellan`hnbdeyn Qihpì



• Awnon lr Eladhnrnh?

Qgds tn`` pd``nr ds vdsdmì frlh n adstnbki. Dt minrs lb tgi tlp tgi

aidty—s vngnbn ns ihmìh nba lbi knb daibtdfy tgi aidty lf n

tihpì my siidbc dt. Flr ix ? [gdvn tihpì gns Bnbad, Vdsgbu

tihpì gns Cnruan, Aurcn tihpì gns @dlb, En`d tihpì gns

Vitgn`n, [nstgn tihpì gns Glrsi, itk. Nsgtnadepn`nen dal`s wiri

p`nkia nt tgi mlttlh pnrt lf tgi awnon. Eladhnrnh ds usia flrgldstdbc elad lr f`nc aurdbc fistdvn`s. Dt ds `lkntia lutsdai tgi

mn`deen`purn nba ds usun``y hnai lf wlla nba klviria wdtg

klppir, pnbkgn`lgn, sd`vir, mrlbzi lr clà.

• Nbneelttd`?

Nbnelttd` fnkdbc mn`deen`purn ds `lkntia db frlbt lf tgi Awnon . Dt ds

tgi p`nki wgiri iìpgnbts stnba aurdbc fistdvn`s. Dt ds n`sl usia

flr fubktdlbs `dei hnrrdnci, kglrllbu, pnrnyiauppu, tgu`nmgnrnh

nba mgnonbs.

• [giivi`dppurn nba Zrnanesgdbn Vnzgd ?

[giivi`dppurn lr [griimn`dppurn ds blt sl klhhlb db Eirn`n

Qihpìs. Qgds ds tgi p`nki usia flr Enzkgn [riimn`d. Znahnbnmgn

[wnhd Qihpì nba Curuvnyllr Qihpì gnvi minutdfu`

[giivi`dppurns.

• Llttupurn?

Lltupurn ds tgi adbdbc gn`` lf n tihpì. Db tgi pnst lb`y Mrnghdbs

wiri n``lwia tl tnei flla frlh Lltupurn. Blw n anys tgiy nri

usia flr Nbbnanbnh nba Vnrnsnayn. Dt wd`` gnvi n `nrci edtkgib.

Db slhi tihpìs `dei Vndelh nba Nhmn`nppuzgn tgi Lltupurn ds

ns snkria ns tgi tihpì [riielvd`. Dhnci sglws tgi Llttupurn lf

Vndelh Hngnaivn Qihpì.

• Elltgnhmn`nh?

Qgi Elltgnhmn`nh lr tgi tgintir gn`` lf tgi Eirn`dti tihpì ds

`lkntia lb tgi slutg inst klrbir lf Bn`nhmn`nh. Qgds ds tgi sdti

wgiri tgi pirflrhnbki lf Kgneedynrelltgu nba Elladynttlh nrt

flrhs ds già. Elltgnhmn`nhs nri usun``y db riktnbcu`nr sgnpi

nba gns tgrii pnrts. ]nhcnpiianh lr stnci rndsia frlh tgi rist

lf tgi f`llr,mnkestnci nrin Bipnagynh lr criib rllh nba nZriesgnen crugnh flr vdiwirs. Elltgnhmn`nhs nri lftib

aiklrntia wdtg `nrci buhmir lf wlla sku`pturis. Qgus tgi

elltgnhmn`nh p`nys n rlì db iaukntdbc vdsdtlrs lb tgi rdkg

ìcibas lf tgi Dbadnb ku`turn` fnmrdk.



• Clpurnh ?

Hnolr tihpìs wd`` gnvi flur Clpurnhs db Inst, Sist, [lutg

nba Blrtg. Qgdruvnbntgnpurnh [rii Znahnbnmgn [wnhd

Qihpì ds tgi lb`y tihpì db Eirn`n gnvdbc n guci Clpurnh

wdtg stlbi wlres. Qgi flur Clpurnhs lf Nrnbhu`n

Znrtgnsnrntgy Qihpì nba Qgrdssur [rii Vnaneeuhbntgn

Qihpì nri ixnhpìs lf typdkn` Eirn`n styì. Qgi flurClpurnhs nri klbbiktia tl tgi lutir klhpluba wn`` lf tgi

tihpì. Qgiri ds tgi typdkn` Eirn`n styì lf nrkgdtikturi lf

tihpì tlwirs nba dt vnrdis frlh sdbcì tl hu`tdstlrdia.

• Hntgd` lr Lutir wn``s?

Qgisi nri tgi lutirhlst prltiktdvi klvirdbcs lf tgi tihpì.

Hnolr tihpìs nri wi`` prltiktia wdtg guci klhpluba wn``s

db Nbnppn``n Hntgd` styì df tgi tihpì klhpluba ds hlritgnb 1 nkris. Qgi dhnci sglws tgi Nbnppn``n styì klhpluba

wn`` lf Qgdruvicnppurn Qihpì db Zn`neena adstrdkt.

• Qgiirtgneeu`nh?

Binr`y iviry tihpì gns n snkria plba lr Qgiirtgneeu`nh

nba eu`nppurn lutsdai tgi tihpì wn`` df tgiri ds bl rdvir

binrmy. Blrhn`y tgi tihpì plba ds `lkntia lb tgi Blrtg -

Inst klrbir lf tgi tihpì. Qgi wntir lf tgi tihpì plba ds

usia flr wnsgdbc lbi—s gnbas nba fiit miflri cldbc dbtl tgi

tihpì, mntgdbc, nba slhitdhis flr tgi Nrnttu kirdhlbdis.

Qgi dhnci sglws tgi Qgiirtgneeu`nh lf [rii [umrnghnbyn

[wnhd Qihpì Gnrdppna db N`nppuzgn adstrdkt.

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• Qgi Enrn`dti tihpì ds nb nhn`cnh lf stlbiwlre, wlla wlre, stukkl wlre nba

pndbtdbc - gnrhlbdlus`y mìbaia dbtl n strukturi vdmrnbt wdtg trnadtdlbs lf tgi ricdlb.

Qgi wlla wlre giri ds lf crint dhplrtnbki, nba dt cdvis tgi issibtdn` virvi nba

kgnrnktir tl tgi Eirn`n tihpì sd`gluitti. Qgi dbbir seiìtn` frnhiwlre lf tgi

tihpì ds lf wlla, n`tglucg tgi mnsi nba tgi strukturi nmlvi nri lf crnbdti nba

`ntirdti rispiktdvi`y. Qgi rllf prloikts lut nt sivirn` ìvi`s, db lrair tl prltikt tgi

dbbir seiìtn` frnhiwlre frlh tgi vdclrlus hlbsllbs tgnt dbubanti tgi ricdlb.

• Qgi Eirn`n tihpì wn``s nri lf klursia `ntirdti stlbi hnslbry p`nstiria db hua nba

`dhi. Hurn`s nri siib lb sivirn` lf tgisi tihpì wn``s.

• Enrn`dti tihpìs ds tgi usi lf vd`neeu hnnanh, lr tgi hu`td-tdiria mrnss `nhps db frlbt

lf tihpìs. @nesgnaiipnh ds n spiktnku`nr kiìmrntdlb lf trnadtdlbn` `dcgtdbc wgiri

tdirs lf shn`` ld` `nhps `dbdbc tgi lutir wn``s lf tgi dbbir prnenrnh nri `dt.

• Qgi bnturn` mudàdbc hntirdn`s nvnd`nmì flr klbstruktdlb db Eirn`n nri stlbis, tdhmir,k`ny nba pn`h ìnvis. Crnbdti ds n strlbc nba aurnmì mudàdbc stlbi5 glwivir dts

nvnd`nmd`dty ds ristrdktia hlst`y tl tgi gdcg`nbas nba lb`y hnrcdbn``y tl ltgir zlbis.

Lwdbc tl tgds, tgi sed`` db qunrrydbc, arissdbc nba sku`pturdbc lf stlbi ds sknrki db

Eirn`n.

• @ntirdti lb tgi ltgir gnba ds tgi hlst nmubanbt stlbi fluba ns lutkrlps db hlst

zlbis. [lft `ntirdti nvnd`nmì nt sgn``lw aiptg knb mi insd`y kut, arissia nba usia ns

mudàdbc m`lkes. Dt ds n rnri `lkn` stlbi wgdkg cits strlbcir nba aurnmì wdtg ixplsuri

nt nthlspgirdk ndr. @ntirdti m`lkes hny mi mlbaia db hlrtnrs lf sgi`` `dhi, wgdkg gnvimiib tgi k`nssdk mdbadbc hntirdn` usia db trnadtdlbn` mudàdbcs. @dhi hlrtnr knb mi

dhprlvia db stribctg nba pirflrhnbki my nahdxturis lf vicitnmì oudkis. [ukg

ibrdkgia hlrtnrs wiri usia flr p`nstirdbc lr flr sirvdbc ns tgi mnsi flr hurn` pndbtdbc

nba `lw ri`dif wlre.

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 30/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n;:

• Qdhmir ds tgi prdhi strukturn` hntirdn` nmubanbt`y nvnd`nmì db hnby vnrditdis db

Eirn`n ‛ frlh mnhmll tl tine. Zirgnps tgi sed``fu` kgldki lf tdhmir, nkkurnti oldbiry,

nrtfu` nssihm`y nba ai`dknti knrvdbc lf wlla wlre flr klùhbs, wn``s nba rllfsfrnhis nri tgi ubdqui kgnrnktirdstdks lf Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi.

• K`ny wns usia db hnby flrhs ‛ flr wn``dbc, db fd``dbc tgi tdhmir f`llrs nba hnedbc

mrdkes nba tdìs nftir puccdbc nba tihpirdbc wdtg nahdxturis. Zn`h ìnvis wiri usia

iffiktdvi`y flr tgntkgdbc tgi rllfs nba flr hnedbc pnrtdtdlb wn``s.

• Frlh tgi `dhdtntdlbs lf tgi hntirdn`s, n hdxia hlai lf klbstruktdlb wns ivl`via db

Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi. Qgi stlbi wlre wns ristrdktia tl tgi p`dbtg ivib db dhplrtnbt

mudàdbcs sukg ns tihpìs. @ntirdti wns usia flr wn``s. Qgi rllf strukturi db tdhmir

wns klviria wdtg pn`h ìnf tgntkgdbc flr hlst mudàdbcs nba rnri`y wdtg tdìs flrpn`nkis lr tihpìs. Qgi ixtirdlr lf tgi `ntirdti wn``s wiri idtgir ìft ns sukg lr

p`nstiria wdtg ̀ dhi hlrtnr tl sirvi ns tgi mnsi flr hurn` pndbtdbc.

• Qgi sku`pturdbc lf tgi stlbi wns hndb`y hlàdbc db glrdzlbtn` mnbas db tgi p`dbtg

plrtdlb (nagdstnbs) wgirins tgi knrvdbc lf tdhmir klviria n`` iìhibts \ pd``nrs,

minhs, kid`dbc, rnftirs nba tgi supplrtdbc mrnkeits. Qgi Eirn`n hurn`s nri pndbtdbcs

wdtg vicitnmì ayis lb wit wn``s db sumauia sgnais lf mrlwb. Qgi dbadciblus

nalptdlb lf tgi nvnd`nmì rnw hntirdn`s nba tgidr trnbsflrhntdlb ns ibaurdbc hiadn

flr nrkgdtikturn` ixprissdlb tgus miknhi tgi alhdbnbt finturi lf tgi Eirn`n styì

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 31/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n;>

Qgi Ziruvnbnh tihpì ds nt Kgirpu klhprdsia db Llrnenh vd``nci lf Qgrdssur tnùe db

Qgrdssur Adstrdkt. Dt ds `lkntia nmlut >:eh slutg lf Qgrdssur tlwb lb tgi Qgrprnynr

rluti, binr Qgnynheu`nbcnrn mus stlp, nt n adstnbki lf >:: hitirs slutg.

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Qgi tihpì stnbas lb n sprnw`dbc 3 nkri crluba surrlubaia my n tn`` nba gifty

klhpluba wn``. Qgi hntgd`nenh (tgi mlubadbc ibk`lsuri) ds viry ixtibsdvi nba gns

twl avnrnsn`ns, nt wist nba inst, tgi `nttir db rudbs. [lhi >:->9 Nswntgn triis

pubktunti tgi tihpì crlubas wdtg tgidr wdai sprinadbc knblpdis.

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 32/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n;=

Ns lbi ibtirs tgi wistirb avnrnsn`n, tgi hnei-sgdft

Elltgnhmn`nh lb nb là flubantdlb ds siib db frlbt

lf tgi Bnn`nhmn`nh. Qgiri nri twl Mn`deen`s (lf =

ht gidcgt) db frlbt lf tgi bnn`nhmn`nh kldbkdadbc

wdtg tgi nxds lf tgi twl sgrdelvd`s, tgnt lf

Irntttnynppnb lb tgi blrtg nba tgnt lf

Hnnantgd`nppnb lb tgi slutg. Lf tgisi tgi

Irnttnynppnb sgrdbi ds rndsia lb n kdrku`nr mnsi

(>1.;; ht adnhitir). Dt ds nb ientn`n vdhnbn mud`t lb

n crnbdti nagdsgtnbn .

Qgiri nri twl avnrnpn`nens lb idtgir

sdai lf tgi [grdelvd` ibtry, stnbadbc lb

tgi kld`s lf n sbnei. Lbi lf tgi ìcs

ibtwdbis tgi kùm nba tgi ltgir rists

lb tgi glla lf tgi sbnei. Qgi kld` lf

tgi sbnei db turb ds p`nkia lb n `ltus

sint. Qgi cnrmgn-crgn ds squnri dbsgnpi ibk`lsia my tgi kdrku`nr

sgrdelvd`. Qwl rlws lf pd``nrs - tgi

dbbir rlw gnvdbc twi`vi nba tgi lutir

rlw sdxtiib - gnvi miib nrrnbcia

nrluba tgi squnri snbktuh.

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Qgi supirstrukturi (mgdtgd) ds hnai lf `ntirdti m`lkes, au`y p`nstiria nba aiklrntia wdtg

Euayn stnhmgns, bdkgis itk. N rikissia huegnhnbanpn ixdsts, nt tgi tlp lf tgi f`dcgt

lf stips db tgi [lpnbn, wdtg n frii-stnbadbc pd``nr fnknai nba sgrdbi allr prlpir nt tgi

rinr wn``. Qgi dal` klbsdsts lf twl `dbcns, klbtrdmutdbc tl tgi klbkipt lf Irnttnynppnb,

tgi `lra db tgi alumì, sdcbdfydbc Nragnbnriiswnrn tl slhi nba [gnbenrnbnrnynbn tl

ltgirs. Qgi [lpnbn ds gnvdbc `ntirn` stips hiitdbc nt n klhhlb `nbadbc, skriibia my n

knrvia pgn`nen db frlbt lf tgi wistirb ibtrnbki tl tgi [grdelvd`.

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 33/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n;;

Qgiri nri tgrii fubktdlbn` lpibdbcs nba n cgnbnavnrn (auhhy allr) db tgi kdrku`nr

crluba p`nb. Npnrt frlh tgi [grdelvd` ibtry lb tgi wist, tglsi db tgi slutg nba inst

nkklhhlanti Anesgdbnhllrtgy nba Znrvntgy rispiktdvi`y. Qgi cgnbnavnrn ds lb tgi

blrtg, oust nmlvi tgi prnbn`n, wgdkg ds supplrtia lb n mgutn-cnbn fdcuri db tgi plsi lf

ardbedbc `ustrn wntir frlh n mlw`.

Qgiri ds n spnkdlus bnhnsenrn hnbanpn db frlbt lf tgi kdrku`nr [grdelvd`, mud`t lb n

squnri p`nb. Ns db n`` trnadtdlbn` swnstden hnbanpns, tgiri nri twi`vi pd``nrs n`lbc tgi

pirdpgiry wdtg flur buhmirs `nrcir lrbnhibtia pd``nrs dbsdai tgi hnbanpn. Dts

pyrnhdan` rllf, `dei tgi klbdkn` rllf lf tgi hndb sgrdbi, ds klviria wdtg klppir sgiits.

Minutdfu` wlla knrvdbcs nalrb tgi hnbanpn kid`dbc ns wi`` ns tgi pd``nrs.

Qgi slutgirb sdai lf tgi sgrdelvd` gns Edrntgnh entgn ibcrnvia db wlla, stnrtdbc frlh

Znrvntgd's sgrdbi. Nbltgir wllawlre wgdkg ds wlrtg hibtdlbdbc ds tgnt lf Cnruan

swn``lwdbc Oiihlltgnvngnbn nba tgnt lf Anesgdbnhllrtgy.

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http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 34/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n;1

Ql tgi slutg lf tgi Irnttnynppnb sgrdbi ds tgi

Hnnantgd`nppnb sgrdbi, fnkdbc wist. Dt ds n trd-

tn`n-vdhnbn (lbi lf tgi inr`dist db Eirn`n, tgi

ltgirs midbc tgi rudbia lbi nt Y`dynbbur nba

tgi lbi nt Znrnhmu Qn`d) mud`t lb n gdcg

pladuh nba npprlnkgia my `lbc f`dcgt lf

stips. Qwl `ntirn` f`dcgts lf bdbi stips (lbi

inkg db tgi blrtg nba slutg adriktdlb) hiit nt

n klhhlb hda `nbadbc frlh wgiri nskibas

tgi hdaaì f`dcgt lf fdftiib stips db nb instir`y

adriktdlb tlwnras tgi sgrdelvd`. Qgi crluba

tn`n (f`llr) klbstdtutis tgi p`dbtg wdtg tgi

sgrdbi lb tgi uppir tn`n (fdrst f`llr). Qgi

crluba ns wi`` ns tgi uppir tn`n nri p`nstiria

lvir wdtg pd`nstirs nba pnbonrns. Sn``

aiklrntdlbs dbkùai cgnbnavnrns db tgi kibtri,

euaynstnhmgns (lrbnhibtn` pd`nstirs) nba

fn`si bdkgis wdtg pnbonrns. Zd`nstirs nri

titrnclbn` db tgi `lwir gn`f nba lktlclbn` db

tgi uppir wdtg pltdens lr mivi`ìa prloiktdlbs

lb tlp. Qgi prnbn`n nt tgi fdrst f`llr ìvi` ds n

p`ndb lbi wdtglut nby lrbnhibtntdlb nba

dssuis lut lb tgi blrtgirb sdai.

Nxdn``y, tgi p`nb lf tgi fdrst tn`n klbsdsts lf n squnri sgrdbi dbticrntia wdtg n bnrrlw,

pd``nria huegnhnbanpn db frlbt. Qgi cnrmgn-crgn, wgdkg ds kdrku`nr dbsdai gns n alhdkn`

rllf. Nmlvi tgi fdrst stlry lf tgi sgrdelvd`, rdsi db sukkissdlb tgi avdtn`n nba trd-tn`n pnrts

lf tgi vdhnbn. Mut flr tgi lktnclbn` sgdegnrn wdtg klppir rllfdbc, n`` tgi f`llrs nri

hnai lf tdìs5 db tgi uppir tn`ns, wlla gns miib usia prlfusi`y wdtg sguenbnsn

prloiktdlbs. Qgiri ds bl bnhnsenrn hnbanpn db frlbt lf tgi hnnantgd`nppnb sgrdbi. N

shn`` Bnbad ds siib p`nkia lb tgi hda`nbadbc.

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;.; ALHI[QDK N]KGDQIKQY]I

;.;.> QGIL]TM]IDF

My tibtg kibtury, tgi tgilry nba prnktdki lf alhistdk nrkgdtikturi wiri kladfdia db

mlles sukg ns Hnbusgyn`nyn Kgnbarden nba Vnstu vdayn. Qgds nttihpt stnbanradzia tgi

glusi klbstruktdlb sudtia tl adffiribt slkdl-iklblhdk crlups nba stribctgibs tgi

klbstruktdlb trnadtdlb nhlbc tgi krnftshib. Qgi trnadtdlbn` krnftshnb, spikdn``y

knrpibtirs, prisirvia tgi eblwìaci my rdcda`y fl``lwdbc tgi knblbdkn` ruìs lf

prlplrtdlbs lf adffiribt iìhibts ns wi`` ns tgi klbstruktdlb aitnd`s tl tgds any.

Mnsdkn``y tgi alhistdk nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n fl``lws tgi styì lf aitnkgia mudàdbc5

rlw glusis siib db ltgir pnrts lf Dbadn nri bidtgir hibtdlbia db Eirn`n tixts blr put

up db prnktdki ixkipt db sittìhibts (snbeitnh) lkkupdia my Qnhd` lr Elbedbd

Mrnghnbs. Db dts hlst aivi`lpia flrh tgi typdkn` Eirn`n glusi ds n klurtynra typi ‛

BN@YEIQQY. Qgi kibtrn` klurtynra ds nb lutallr `dvdbc spnki wgdkg hny glusi slhi

lmoikt lf ku`t wlrsgdp sukg ns n rndsia mia flr tu`ssd lr onshdbi (hu``ntgnrn). Qgi flur

gn``s ibk`lsdbc tgi klurtynra, daibtdkn` tl tgi bn`nhmn`nh lf tgi tihpì, hny mi

advdaia dbtl sivirn` rllhs flr adffiribt nktdvdtdis sukg ns klledbc, adbdbc, sìipdbc,

stuaydbc, stlrnci lf crndbs itk. Aipibadbc lb tgi sdzi nba dhplrtnbki lf tgi

glusiglà tgi mudàdbc hny gnvi lbi lr twl uppir stlriys (hn`den) lr furtgir

ibk`lsia klurtynra my ripitdtdlb lf tgi bnùeittu tl flrh IQQYEIQQY (idcgt gn`ìa

mudàdbc) lr n kùstir lf sukg klurtynras.

ZGD@L[ZGT

'[n`n' db Qgntkgusnstrn. (Qgiy fnki tlwnras tgi Inst, tgi Blrtg, tgi Sist lr tgi [lutg)

tgi iacis lf tgi glusi fnkdbc wist sukg n klbstruktdlb ds kn`ìa [lutg). 'Agwnhsynh‗

• Qgi glusi tgnt fnkis tgi Inst, hny gnvi ixtibsdlbs frlh tgi blrtgirb Agwnhsynh .

]isdaibts db 'agwnhs' wd`` suffir frlh `lss lf slbs, tlrturi frlh nba slutgirb iacis, dt

miklhis n glusi wdtg tgrii pnrts. Qgds ds kn`ìa "[uesgitrn'. ibihdis, nba

lmstruktdlbs flr ivirytgdbc sukg ltgir rudbs.

• Zrlspirdty wd`` f`lurdsg df lbi `dvis db sukg n glusi. Df n glusi ds klbstruktia fnkdbctgi slutg nba ixtibsdlbs nri tneib frlh tgi hnai dt ds kn`ìa 'Gdrnbynbnmgd'.

• @dvdbc db sukg glusi mrdbc db prlspirdty nba win`tg tl tgi instirb nba wistirb

iacis, dt miklhis n glusi wdtg tgrii pnrts. Qgds ds kn`ìa 'Kgu``d' ns pir Qgntkgusnstrn.

dbhntis. Cla`dbiss wd`` privnd` n`wnys db sukg glusis. ]isdaibts lf sukg n glusi wd``

suffir frlh `lss lf win`tg, `lss lf kgdàrib, adsinsis flr edas dbkrinsdbc ibihdis itk

edas, itk.



;6

• Qgi klri ubdt lf iensn`n klbsdsts lf cibirn``y tgrii rllhs klbbiktia tl n frlbt

pnssnci. Qgi kibtrn` rllh ds usia ns prnyir rllh nba crndb stlri nba tgi twl sdai

rllhs nri usia ns `dvdbc rllhs. Qgi klri ubdt hny mi rndsia tl nb uppir stlriy wdtg

n stiip stndr `lkntia db tgi frlbt pnssnci. Qgi mudàdbc hny n`sl mi ixtibaia

glrdzlbtn``y lb n`` tgi flur sdais naadbc n`dbanhs lr sdai rllhs flr nktdvdtdis sukg

ns klledbc, adbdbc, naadtdlbn` sìipdbc rllhs, frlbt gn`` flr rikidvdbc cuists itk. Dfbiiaia iensn`n hny n`sl mi prlvdaia wdtg nbkd``nry mudàdbcs flr knttì eiipdbc,

mnrb, mntgdbc rllhs binr tnbes, lutglusi flr cuists, cnti glusi itk. My sukg

ixtibsdlb tgi mudàdbc hny miklhi hukg `nrcir tgnb n bnùeittu db spnki, mut dt ds

std`` knticlrdzia ns iensn`n wdtg rifiribki tl dts klri ubdt.

• My tibtg kibtury, tgi tgilry nba prnktdki lf alhistdk nrkgdtikturi wiri kladfdia db

mlles sukg ns Hnbusgyn`nyn Kgnbarden nba Vnstu vdayn. Qgds nttihpt

stnbanradzia tgi glusi klbstruktdlb sudtia tl adffiribt slkdl-iklblhdk crlups nba

stribctgib tgi klbstruktdlb trnadtdlb nhlbc tgi krnftshib. Qgi trnadtdlbn`

krnftshnb, knrpibtirs, prisirvia tgi eblwìaci my rdcda`y fl``lwdbc tgi ruìs lf

prlplrtdlbs lf adffiribt iìhibts ns wi`` ns tgi klbstruktdlb aitnd`s tl tgds any.

• Mnsdkn``y tgi alhistdk nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n fl``lws tgi styì lf aitnkgia mudàdbc5

Db dts hlst aivi`lpia flrh tgi typdkn` eirn`n glusi ds n klurtynra typi -

BN@YEIQQY . Qgi kibtrn` klurtynra ds nb lutallr `dvdbc spnki wgdkg hny glusi

slhi lmoikt lf ku`t wlrsgdp sukg ns n rndsia mia flr tu`ssd lr onshdbi (hu``ntgnrn).

Qgi flur gn``s ibk`lsdbc tgi klurtynra, daibtdkn` tl tgi bn`nhmn`nh lf tgi tihpì,

hny mi advdaia dbtl sivirn` rllhs flr adffiribt nktdvdtdis sukg ns klledbc, adbbdbc,

sìipdbc, stuaydbc, stlrnci lf crndbs itk. Aipibadbc lb tgi sdzi nba dhplrtnbki lf

tgi glusiglà tgi mudàdbc hny gnvi lbi lr twl uppir stlriys (hn`den) lr furtgir

ibk`lsia klurtynra my ripitdtdlb lf tgi bnùeittu tl flrh ittueittu (idcgt gn`ìa

mudàdbc) lr n kùstir lf sukg klurtynras.

• Qgi bnùeittu ds tgi prdbkdpn` strukturi lf n cnraib klhpluba. Qgi cnraib hny

klbtndb knttì sgias, mntgdbc tnbes, wi``s, fnrh mudàdbcs, crndb stlris itk., ns

nbkd``nry strukturis, tgi wglì midbc prltiktia wdtg n klhpluba wn`` lr

fibki. wgiridb tgi sdti (vnstu) wns advdaia dbtl n buhmir lf crdas ( pnanh)

lkkupdia my adffiribt aidtdis (aivntgn) nba npprlprdnti crdas wiri kglsib tl glusi

tgi suspdkdlus strukturis. Qgi sdti p`nbbdbc nba mudàdbc aisdcb wns albi my

ìnrbia stnpntgds (hnstir mudàirs) wgl sybtgisdzia tgi tikgbdkn` hnttirs wdtgnstrl`lcdkn` nba hystdkn` skdibkis.

• Bnùeittu typi mudàdbcs nri n`sl siib db hnby vd``ncis nba tlwbs, lkkupdia my

prlhdbibt pilpì. Qgi guhmìr mudàdbcs lf tgi plpu`ntdlb nri glwivir shn`ìr

nba sdhpìr db flrh mut mnsdkn``y airdvia frlh tgi bnùeittu. Bnùeittu ds n

klhmdbntdlb lf flur gn``s n`lbc flur knradbn` adriktdlbs, kibtiria nrluba tgi

klurtynra lrnbcnbnh lbi hny mudà nby lbi lf tgi flur gn``s (iensn`n), n

klhmdbntdlb lf twl (awdsn`n) lr n klhpìx lf tgrii (tgrdsn`n) aipibadbc lb tgi

biias. Qgi hlst klhhlb`y fluba typi db Eirn`n ds tgi iensn`n fnkdbc inst lr blrtg.Midbc `lkntia lb tgi wistirb nba slutgirb sdais lf tgi nbcnbnh tgiy nri rifirria

ns wistirb gn`` ( pnadbonttdbd ) nba slutgirb gn`` (tgieedbd ) rispiktdvi`y



;3

Qgiri nri buhirlus mudàdbcs lf tgi bnùeittu typi db adffiribt pnrts lf Eirn`n, tglucg

hnby lf tgih nri db n pllr stnti lf hndbtibnbki. Kgnbcdbc slkdl-iklblhdk klbadtdlbs

gnvi sp`dt up tgi oldbt-fnhd`y systih kibtiria nrluba tgi `nrci bnùeittu. Qgi End`nsn

hnbadrnh nt Elttneen` mi`lbcdbc tl tgi Nryn Vndaynsn`n ds n stnbadbc ixnhpì lf n

tgrii stlriyia bnùeittu klhpìx. Lf tgi mist prisirvia ixnhpìs lf tgds typi nri

Hnttnbkgirry pn`nki nt Elkgd nba tgi tndelttnrnh lf tgi Znahnbnmgnpurnh pn`nki

binr Enbyneuhnrd.

Qgi Hnttnbkgirry pn`nki stnbadbc db tgi pnblrnhn lf mnkewntirs lb tgi inst wns mud`t

db >993 flr tgi usi lf Elkgd Hngnrnons, lrdcdbn``y ns n cdft frlh Zlrtucuisi. @ntir dt gns

ubairclbi ixtibsdvi ripndr my tgi Autkg. Qgi alumì stlriyia mudàdbc fl``lws

tgi bnùeittu p`nb wdtg n klurtynra db tgi kibtri glusdbc n Mgncnvntgd tihpì. Qgi

adffiribt wdbcs lf tgi pn`nki db tgi uppir stlriy klbtndb tgi klrlbntdlb gn``, klubkd` gn``s

nba mia kgnhmirs lf edbcs nba `nadis. Qgi `lwir stlriy gns hnby shn`` rllhs npnrt

frlh tgi edtkgib nba tgi adbdbc gn``. Nb dhplrtnbt finturi lf tgi pn`nki ds tgi ixqudsdtiwlla wlre lf tgi kid`dbc nba fdbi hurn`s lb tgi wn``s. Qgi kid`dbc wlre dbkùai n crda lf

wllaib oldbts wi`` prlplrtdlbia nba prikdsdlb hluàia wdtg minutdfu``y knrvia pnbi`s.

Qgi hurn`s db sumauia mrlwbdsg tdbts wiri ixikutia lb wit wn`` p`nstir aipdktdbc

tgihis frlh ]nhnynbn, Mgncnvntgnh nba Euhnrnsnhmgnvnh lf En`dansn.

Qgi Znahnbnmgnpurnh pn`nki klbsdsts lf n klhpìx lf mudàdbcs dbkùadbc tgi ibtrnbki

gn``, klubkd` kgnhmirs, tihpì nba anbki gn``s albi db vnrdlus pirdlas. Mut tgi inr`dist

strukturi lf tgds crlup ds tgi tndelttnrnh \ wgdkg ds n fdbi ixnhpì lf tgi

là bnùeittu. Midbc lf nb inr`dir pirdla, tgds sglws tgi klbkipt lf tgi klurtynra

mudàdbc db dts purist trnadtdlbn` flrh.

F D C . ; . = 4\

H L A I @ L F N Q T Z D K N @ L F B N @ N E I Q Q Y



BN@NEIQQY

BĎùeittu ds tgi trnadtdlbn` glhistina lf Qgnrnvnau wgiri hnby cibirntdlbs lf n

hntrd`dbin` fnhd`y `dvia. Qgisi typis lf mudàdbcs nri typdkn``y fluba db tgi Dbadnb stnti

lf Eirn`n. Qgi trnadtdlbn` nrkgdtikturi ds typdkn``y n riktnbcu`nr strukturi wgiri flur

m`lkes nri oldbia tlcitgir wdtg n kibtrn` klurtynra lpib tl tgi sey. Qgi flur gn``s lb

tgi sdais nri bnhia Vnaneedbd (blrtgirb m`lke), Znadbonttdbd (wistirb m`lke),

Edzgneedbd (instirb m`lke) nba Qgieedbd (slutgirb m`lke). Qgi nrkgdtikturi wnsispikdn``y kntiria tl `nrci fnhd`dis lf tgi trnadtdlbn` tgnrnvnau, tl `dvi ubair lbi rllf

nba iboly tgi klhhlb`y lwbia fnkd`dtdis lf tgi hnruhneentgnynh glhistina.

Df n`` tgi flur strukturis nmlvi nri oldbia ns lbi glusi dt ds kn`ìa n 'Bnùeittu ‗.

Nhlbc tgih nt tgi hdaaì lf tgi pnabdontdbd, tgiri wd`` mi tgi pllon hurd(p`nki lf

wlrsgdp) nba 'bi``nrn' (rllh flr eiipdbc pnaay).

Lb mltg tgi sdais tgiri wd`` mi twl mia rllhs Qgieedbd nba edzgneedbd nri hinbt

rikidvdbc Qgi cuists.

Vnaneedbd ds flr klledbc nba adbbdbc. (Edtkgib nba adbdbc rllh)

Db tgi hdaaì lf tgi strukturi tgiri wd`` mi tgi kibtrn` ynra wgdkg wd` mi db n

riktnbcu`nr sgnpi. 'Bnauhuttnh' (kibtrn` ynra) wd`` mi usifu`` flr cittdbc `dcgt nba

ndr dbtl tgi glusi.

Hlrilvir tgiri wd`` mi nb ubaircrluba knvi flr f`lwdbc kut tgi rndb wntir tgnt fn``s

db tgi 'Bnauhuttnh'.

Nb 'Ittueittu' ds tgnt wgdkg ds oldbia my twl 'bnùeittu's. Nb 'Ittueitu' wd`` gnvi twl

bnauhuttnh‗s.

F D C . ; . = 4\

Z @ N B N B A I @ I V N Q D L B L F B N @ N E I Q Q Y



;4

•Qgi Vnnstu sgnsgtrn ds tgi nbkdibt Dbadnb trintdsi tgnt sits flrtg prdbkdpìs lb glw

tgi `nws lf bnturi dhpnkt guhnb sittìhibts.

•Qgi hnban`n wns ricnraia ns tgi riprisibtntdlb lf tgi klshls nba tgi glusi wns

n`sl klbsdairia snkria. Df dts p`nbbdbc wns db sybk wdtg tgi flrkis lf bnturi dt wluàrisu`t db lvirn`` gnrhlby nba prlspirdty.

•Qgi hnban`n ds tgi crnpgdkn` adncrnh lb tgi mnsds lf wgdkg tgi glusis nba ivib

kdtdis wiri p`nbbia.

•Qgi Vnnstu Zurusgn Hnban`n Dt riprisibts tgi hitnpgysdkn` p`nb lf n mudàdbc5 dt

dbklrplrntis tgi supirbnturn` flrkis. Qgi kibtrn` spnki ds n`wnys nb lpib tl sey

klurtynra prlvdadbc tgi klbbikt tl lutir spnki. Vnrdlus aidtdis/9 iìhibts (ndr,

wntir, inrtg itk.) clvirb adffiribt squnris lf tgi hnban`n nba dhpnrt tgidr

kgnrnktirdstdks tl tgisi spnkis.

;.;.= KLBKIZQ

Hitnpgysdkn` nspikts? Vnnstu sgnsgtrn

FDC. ;.;:\VN[QY ZY]Y[GN HNBAN@N



1:

FDC. ;.;:\VN[QY ZY]Y[GN HNBAN@N

Z`nbbdbc kdtdis usdbc tgi hnban`n?

•Qgi dain lf p`nbbdbc mnsia lb tgihnban`n wns ivib ixtibaia tl kdty

p`nbbdbc. Qgi kdty lf Ondpur ds n`sl

mnsia uplb n 4 squnris hnban`n.

•Dt wns p`nbbia db tgi >3::s

•Glwivir dt ibklhpnssia tgi bnturn`

finturis, tlplcrnpgy ns wi`` ns ltgir

fubktdlbn` nspikts `dei hd`dtnry biias,

ixdstdbc dbfrnstrukturi itk. nbahladfdia tgi crda tl risplba tl tgi

tlplcrnpgy.

Qgntkgu [gnstgrn, lr tgi [kdibki lf Knrpibtry nba trnadtdlbn` Vnstgu, wns tgi

clvirbdbc skdibki db tgds nrkgdtikturn` flrh. Qgds mrnbkg lf eblwìaci wns wi``

aivi`lpia db tgi trnadtdlbn` nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n nba gns krintia dts lwb mrnbkg lf

`dtirnturi eblwb ubair tgi bnhis lf Qnbtrnsnhukgnyn, Vnstuvdayn, Hnbusgyn`nyn -

Kgnbarden, nba [d`pnrntbn.

Hnban`n zlbis?

•Fubktdlbs nri nssdcbia tl adffiribt spnkis?•Klrbirs? Blrtginst flr tgi glhi sgrdbi,

slutginst flr tgi edtkgib, slutgwist flr tgi

hnstir miarllh nba blrtgwist flr tgi

klwsgia, crndb stlrnci.

•Qgi spnkis `ydbc mitwiib tgi klrbirs nri

flr hu`td purplsi usi.

Vnstu sgnstrn ds nb nbkdibt klbkipt & tgi `nws lf bnturi tl nffikt guhnb awi``dbcs.

• Qgi aisdcbs nri mnsia lb adriktdlbn` n`dcbhibts. Dt ds prdhnrd`y npp`dia db Gdbau

nrkgdtikturi, ispikdn``y flr Gdbau tihpìs.

• Qgi flubantdlb lf Vnstu ds trnadtdlbn``y nskrdmia tl tgi hytgdkn` snci Hnhubd Hnynb

db [lutg nba Vdsgvnenrhnb db Blrtg Dbadn.

• Sgdì Vnstu gna `lbc miib issibtdn``y ristrdktia tl tihpì nrkgdtikturi, tgiri gns

miib n rivdvn` lf dt db Dbadn, db rikibt aiknais, bltnm`y ubair tgi dbfùibki lf `nti V.

Cnbnpntd [tgnpntd, wgl gns miib knhpndcbdbc flr n ristlrntdlb lf tgi trnadtdlb db

hlairb Dbadnb slkdity sdbki tgi >46:s.

• Sgdì tgi fdiàs nri ri`ntia, [gd`pn [gnstrn ixp`dkdt`y ain` wdtg sku`pturi ‛ flrhs,

stntuis, dklbs, stlbi hurn`s itk.

• Qgi alktrdbi lf Vnstu [gnstrn ds klbkirbia prdhnrd`y wdtg nrkgdtikturi ‛ mudàdbc

glusis flrts tihpìs npnrthibts nba ltgir glusis, flrts, tihpìs, mudàdbcs.



1>FDC. ;.;>\ZN]Q[ LF HNBAN@N NBA QGID] I@IHIBQ[

VNN[QY [GN[Q]N ds nb nbkdibt skdibki wgdkg gi`ps tl cit tgi bnturn` mibifdts frii`y

lffiria my tgi fdvi mnsdk iìhibts lf tgi ubdvirsi.

Qgisi mnsdk iìhibts nri Nensg ([ET), Zrdtgvd (IN]QG), Znnbd (SNQI]), Ncbd (FD]I),

nba Vnyu (SDBA). Vnstu [gnstrn knb mi npp`dia my eiipdbc db gnrhlby wdtg tgisi mnsdk

fdvi iìhibts lf bnturi..Vnstu rifirs tl 'nmlai' lr hnbsdlb nba [gnstrn lr Vdayn

hinbs skdibki lr eblwìaci. Vnstu Vdayn ds tgi snkria gl`dstdk skdibki pirtndbdbc tl

aisdcbdbc nba mudàdbc lf glusis.Qgi prdbkdpìs lf vnstu gnvi miib airdvia frlh[tgnpntgyn Vian- lbi lf tgi nbkdibt snkria mlles db Gdbaudsh.

VN[QY [GN[Q]N tixts priskrdmi tgi adhibsdlbs lf adffiribt glusi typis sudtnmì flr

adffiribt k`nssis. Qgiy n`sl cdvi tgi prlplrtdlbn` systih lf hinsurihibts flr

adffiribt pnrts lf tgi mudàdbc n`` mnsia lb tgi pirdhitir (kguttu) lf tgi klri ubdt. Qgi

skdibtdfdk mnsds lf tgds adhibsdlbn` systih ds yit tl mi ibqudria my hlairb stuadis5

glwivir tgi systih nppinrs tl mi wi`` flubaia lb trnadtdlbn` klhputntdlbn` hitglas

nba rdcda`y nagiria tl n`` sdzis lf mudàdbcs. N`` lvir Eirn`n nba spikdn``y db vd``nciswgiri tgi mudàdbc nktdvdty ds std`` knrrdia lut ubair tgi klbtrl` lf trnadtdlbn` stnpntgds,

tgi systih ds std`` n `dvdbc prnktdki, tglucg dt gns stnrtia adsnppinrdbc ubair tgi dhpnkt

lf 'hlairb nrkgdtikturi'.

Qgi nbkdibt ri`dks sny tgnt Vnnstu ds mnsia lb twl flrkis "plsdtdvi‐ nba "bicntdvi"

wgdkg nri klbstnbt`y dbtirnktdbc wdtg inkg ltgir lb tgi surfnki lf tgi `nba. Qgisi

flrkis wluà cit adsturmia wgibivir nby strukturi ds iriktia lb n vnknbt `nba, tl

hndbtndb n mn`nbki. Df tgiri nri hlri plsdtdvi ibircdis (flrkis) tgnb tgi bicntdviibircdis, tgi risu`t lf sukg n klbstruktdlb wluà ydià hlri mibifdts tl tgi dbhntis

ìnadbc tl n hlri sukkissfu`, gin`tgy, win`tgy nba pinkifu` `dfi, klbtrnry tl tgds df tgi

bicntdvi ibircdis alhdbnti tgi prihdsis tgi iffikts kluà mi bicntdvi.

Ns pir ‗Qgntkgusnstrn— tgi Inrtg ds kn`ìa ‗Vnstgu—.


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;.;.; KN[I [QYAT LF QTZDKN@ EI]N@DQI GLY[I

[I@IKQDLB LF Z@NKI FL] KLB[Q]YKQDLB LF GLY[I

Z`nki wgiri tgi glusi gns tl mi mud`t ds fdrst siìktia. Db n `nrcir p`lt, Z`lt gns tl mi

advdaia dbtl flur iqun` pnrts nba tgi Blrtg instirb pnrt lf tgi advdaia pnrts ds tneib

flr klbstruktdlb lf tgi glusi

Glusi ds prifirnm`y mud`t fnkdbc Inst nba ltgir lptdlbs nri klbsdairia lb`y df tgiri ds

bl rlna lr nkkiss tl tgi p`lt frlh tgi inst. Ltgir lptdlbs lf frlbt lf tgi glusi nri

Blrtg, Sist nba [lutg db tgnt lrair.

ZNADZZY]N

• pnrt lf Klhpluba wn`` flr tgi glusi wdtg n tdìa rllf lb tlp.

• Dt ds tgi flrhn` ibtry tl tgi klhpluba wdtg tgi glusi.

Q]NADQDL@ ZNADZZY]N

ZLLHYEGNH

•

Dt ds tgi prdhi plrtdkl sllb nftir stips tl tgi glusi. Qrnadtdlbn``y dt gns n s`lpitdìa rllf wdtg pd``nrs supplrtdbc rllf. [dais nri lpib.

• Db tgi inr`dir anys, tgi Gina lf tgi fnhd`y kn`ìa Enrnbnvnr usia tl sdt giri db n

rik`dbdbc kgndr wdtg tguppn` el`nhmd ([pdttllb) my tgi sdai lf kgndr.

ZLLHYEGNH

KGYQQY VI]NBANG

• idtgir sdai db frlbt lf tgi glusi tgrlucg lpib pnssnci kn`ìa Kguttu Virnbang.

• Dt gns gnbcdbc `dcgts db iqun` adstnbki gnbcdbc frlh dts s`lpi rllf.

KGN]YZNAT

• My tgi sdai lf Kguttu virnbang nba Zllhuegnh, wllaib mibkgis wdtg knrvia

aiklrntdvi ristdbc wllaib pdikis flr ristdbc tgi mnke nri prlvdaia.

• Qgds ds kn`ìa Kgnrupnay. Qrnadtdlbn``y tgi fnhd`y hihmirs lr vdsdtlrs usia tl sdt

lb tgisi Kgnrupnay tl tnè.

KGYQQY VI]NBANG

KGN]YZNAT


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 43/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n1;

NHMN@ EY@NH (ZLBA)

• Nt tgi iba lf Kguttu virnbang tgiri usia tl mi n shn`` plba mud`t wdtg rummì lb

sdais wgiri wntir `dvdbc p`nbt kn`ìa Qgnhnrn (`ltus) lr Nhmn` usia tl mi p`nbtia .

MNQGDBC QNBE[(EY@NH)

• N`hlst iviry glusi gns dts lwb Mntgdbc Qnbe (Eu`nh) nba gn`` nt tgi ibtrnbki lf tnbe

ZLLONHY]D BNAYENQQD@N• Qgi mist splt flr 'pllonhurd' ds db tgi inst klbir.

• usun``y tgi plsdtdlb flr pllonhurd ds fdxia db tgi nrnpurrn (kibtrn` stlri glusi flr

pnaay nba ltgir rdkgis) lr Inst hust n`sl fnki tgi Inst. k`lsir tl tgi nrnppurn

tlwnras tgi kibtri.

• Qgi rllh flr wlrsgdp sgluà blt m`lnkntia ubair nby stndrknsi ns dt ds n mna lhib

& n kn`` flr hdsflrtubi

BNAYENQQD@N

• Qgi splt flr tgi kibtrn` allr frnhi (Bnauenttd`n) flr n glusi fnkdbc tgi inst.

• Nzgdynenh (tgi rllh wdtg wllaib vibtd`ntlr) naas tl tgi fubktdlbn` nba

nrkgdtikturn` vnùi

BNAYHYQQLH

• Qrnadtdlbn``y Bnauhuttlh lr kibtrn` lpib klurtynra ds tgi prdhi kibtir

• Bnauhuttlh wd`` mi blrhn``y lpib tl sey, n``lwdbc subsgdbi nba rndbs tgi

Bnùeittu.

• Qgiri ds nb lpib nrin usun``y squnri sgnpia db tgi ixnkt hdaaì lf tgi glusi tl

plur db.

• Qgds ds tl n``lw bnturn` ibircdis tl kdrku`nti wdtgdb tgi glusi nba n``lw advdadbc tgi

glusi db dts flur sdais.

• Aui tl tgds flur sdai advdsdlb lf tgi glusi my gnvdbc n Bnauhuttlh Glusis plsdtdvi

vdmrnbki wdtgdb.

• N tgu`sd lr trii wd`` mi blrhn``y Bnauhuttlh, p`nbtia db kibtir lf Bnauhuttlh,

wgdkg ds usia tl wlrsgdp.

• Nrkgdtikturn``y tgi `lcdk ds n``lw trii tl nkt ns n bnturn` ndr purdfdir.


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• [dhd`nr`y tgiri wns Ittu eittu nba Zntgdbnru eittu wgdkg nri qudti rnri wdtg twl

nba flur Bnauhuttlh n glusi wdtg lbi Bnauhuttlh usia tl mi kn`ìa ns

Bnùeittu glusi.

• Qgi lutir virnbangs n`lbc tgi flur sdais lf tgi Bnùeittu nri ibk`lsia adffiribt`y.

• Sgdì mltg tgi wistirb nba instirb virnbangs nri ìft lpib, tgi blrtgirb nba

slutgirb virnbangs nri ibk`lsia lr sihd-ibk`lsia.

• Qgi klurtynra krintia nt tgi kibtri my tgisi flur gn``s ds nuspdkdlus nba ds kn`ìa

BNAYHYQQLH/NBNENBNH.

• Ns tgi Nbenbnh ds usun``y sube dt ds n`sl kn`ìa Euzgd(pdt)-Nbenbnh

• Qgi dbbir virnbang nrluba tgi Nbenbnh ds lpib.

• Qgi prltruadbc rllfs lf tgi flur gn``s flrhia sgnay virnbans nba prltiktia tgi

rllhs frlh adrikt sub`dcgt, eiipdbc tgih kll` ivib lb tgi glttist lf anys.

[BNEI-HLYBA ZNNHMYHZYQQY) DB BNAYHYQQNH

BNAYHYQQNH SDQG QY@[D

Z@NBQ DB KIBQ]I

ON[HDBI Z@NQFL]H

(HY@@NQGN]N), NB DBQIC]N@

ZN]Q LF BNAYHYQQNH



FDC. ;.;=\Z@NB LF EI]N@DQI ]I[DAIBKI



Ysun` dtihs lf usi db là Eirn`n glusis

n) Nnttu Enttd`-Dt ds n swdbcdbc pdiki lf wlla, wdai nba `lbc iblucg flr twl lr tgrii

pirslbs tl sdt. Flur klrbirs lf tgds wllaib pdiki wd`` mi fdrh`y fdxia wdtg tgdke kldr

tl tgi rllf. Lbi lr twl pilpì wd`` sdt nba slhimlay wd`` pusg dt flr swdbcdbc. Dt ds

usia tl mi fdxia db `nrci `dvdbc rllhs db là glusis Db prisibt any glusis n`sl,

pilpì wgl `dei tgds finturi fdx dt hlst`y db fnhd`y `dvdbc nrin wgiri fnhd`y

hihmirs knb sdt nba swdbc db tgds ns pnrt lf ri`nxntdlb

m) Edbay-Dt ds n mrnss utibsd` fd`ìa wdtg wntir usia tl mi eipt nt tgi stips lf

Zllhuegnh flr kìnbdbc fiit lf tglsi wgl ibtir tgi glusi. Dt gns n sdai lpibdbc oust

`dei n tnp sl tgnt n pirslb knb insd`y usi dt tl kìnb gds fiit miflri ibtirdbc tgi glusi

Db prisibt any glusis, prlmnm`y ylu knb sii tgds ns nb nbtdqui dtih adsp`nyia nba

bltgdbc hlri tgnb tgnt

k) Hlbtgn-Dt ds sdhd`nr tl Edbay hnai lf mrnss. Lb`y adffiribki ds tgnt dt gns n wdai

lpibdbc nt tlp nba sdai tnp `dei nrrnbcihibt flr plurdbc wntir ds blt tgiri. Dt ds blt

eipt nt tgi ibtry. Dt ds eipt dbsdai tgi glusi flr stlrnci lf ardbedbc wntir5 hdè itk.

Sgdì hdèdbc tgi klw my tgi glusi wdfi Hlbtgn wns usia tl kl`ìkt hdè prissia lut

lf tgi hnhhnry lf tgi klw

a) Yru`y-Dt ds n `nrcir vissi` tl klle flla flr `nrci cntgirdbcs nba tl eiip klleia flla

stlria. Ysun``y hnai lf mrnss.

i) Nrnen`ù-Crdbadbc stlbis-Dt ds twl pndr lf stlbis, lbi `nrci wdtg n ìvi` tlp nba tbi

ltgir rluba db krlss siktdlb wdtg ìbctg ìss tgnb wdatg lf tgi mnsi stlbi. Dt ds usia flr

hnbun` crdbadbc lf spdkis nba klklbut flr pripnrdbc kurrdis wdtg tgi hndb hin`, rdki

f) Yrn`-Qgds ds n crnbdti pdiki n`hlst ky`dbardkn` db sgnpi wdtg nb lpibdbc nt tlp wgdkg

gns n kibtrn` plrtdlb wdtg s`dcgt aiptg tl eiip crnbuìs tl mi krusgia wdtg n `lbc pdiki

lf wlla blrhn``y tgnt lf klklbut wlla wdtg twl ibas fdxia wdtg hitn``dk krusgdbc

iìhibts. Qgds `lbc pdiki lf wlla usia tl krusg crnbuìs tl plwair my ripintia

krusgdbc tgrlucg flrkdbc my gnba up nba alwb my wlhib aldbc glusi glà wlre db

làib anys Eirn`n, ds kn`ìa Y`neen.Dt wns n fnhd`dnr sdcgt db Eirn`n glusis wgiri hnby

wlhib usia tl kgdt kgnt nba krusg crnbuìs tl plwair db tgidr rispiktdvi Yrn`s usdbc

Y`neen



• virbnku`nr klbstruktdlb db Eirn`n nri hua, ̀ ntirdti nba crnbdti stlbi m`lkes, ̀ dhi

hlrtnr, wlla, mnhmll, k`ny rllfdbc tdì nba klklbut pn`h ìnvis.

• Qglucg crnbdti stlbi ds n strlbc nba aurnmì mudàdbc hntirdn`, aui tl dts `dhdtia

Nvnd`nmd`dty hlst`y tl tgi gdcg`nbas, tgi usi lf crnbdti ds `dhdtia tl tgi flubantdlb lf

mudàdbcs.

• K`ny wns usia db hnby flrhs - flr wn``dbc, db fd``dbc tgi tdhmir f`llrs nba hnedbc

mrdkes nba tdìs.

• Zn`h ìnvis wiri usia iffiktdvi`y flr tgntkgdbc tgi rllfs nba flr hnedbc pnrtdtdlb

wn``s.

• @ntirdti stlbis nba tdhmir nri tgi hlst klhhlb hntirdn`.

@NQI]DQI

• [lft `ntirdti stlbis nri nvnd`nmì db hlst pnrts lf tgi stnti, nt ri`ntdvi`y `lw aiptgs.

Qgisi nri qunrrdia nba arissia flr mudàdbc tgi wn``s.

• @ntirdti stlbis, kn`ìa 'Vittuen`ù' db `lkn` `nbcunci, ds nmubanbt db tgi hda`nbas lf

Eirn`n. Qgisi nri ri`ntdvi`y slft stlbis tgnt kluà mi arissia nba kut wdtg insi.

• @ntirdti stlbis dhprlvi db stribctg ns tgiy nri ixplsia tl sub nba hldsturi. Qgds

ubdqui qun`dty hneis `ntirdti n hntirdn` lf kgldki flr klbstruktdlb.

Qdhmir

• dt ds fluba sl nmubanbt db tgi stnti, ds tgi ltgir hlst dhplrtnbt strukturn` iìhibt

usia db eirn`n.

• @nrci buhmir lf rdvirs nba wntir mladis hnai dt insy tl trnbsplrt guci triis frlh

tgi gd``y ricdlbs lf tgi stnti tl tgi p`ndbs.

• Qgi iìhibts nri arissia nba nkkurnti`y kut lb tgi crluba nba oldbia tl flrh tgi

• wllaib rllf frnhi, lb wgdkg tgib tgi tdìs nri sprina.

• Qgi `lkn` nrtdsnbs usi i`nmlrnti systihs tl ibsuri nmslùti nkkurnky db wllawlre

wdtglut wgdkg frnhdbc tgi rllf strukturi wluà mi dhplssdmì.

• Qdhmir ds tgi prdhi strukturn` hntirdn` nmubanbt`y nvnd`nmì db hnby vnrditdis db

Eirn`n ‛ frlh mnhmll tl tine.

• Zirgnps tgi sed`fu` kgldki lf tdhmir, nkkurnti oldbiry, nrtfu` nssihm`y nba ai`dknti

knrvdbc lf wlla wlre flr klùhbs, wn``s nba rllfs frnhis nri tgi ubdqui

kgnrnktirdstdks lf Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi.

1.: KLHHLB MYD@ADBC HNQI]DN@[

FDC. 1.>\KLB[Q]YKQDLB HNQI]DN@[ Y[IA KLHHLB@T DB EI]N@N



Ivib tlany tgds wlla wlre nba knrvdbc wlre ds usia

db gdcg klst glusis midbc mud`t db Eirn`n wdtg n`` tgi

minuty nba spìbalr lf yistir yinrs. [lhi lf tgi

wlla wlre blw midbc usia knb mi k`nssdfdia dbtlfl``lwdbc typis?

• Kgnrupnay flr sdt lut nba mn`klby.

• Slla pnbi`dbc lf wn`` lb idtgir sdai lf hndb

allr wgdkg knb mi lpibia ns twl pnrts tl idtgir

sdai wdtg knrvdbc wlre nba plssdm`y wdtg pdktlrdn`

`lke `dei hnbdkgdtrntgnzgu.

• Slla pnbi`dbc flr rluba pd``nrs dbsdai tgi glusi

• Sllaib f`llrdbc• Slla pnbi`dbc wdtg tlp knrvdbc wlre

• [tndr knsi plsts wdtg knrvdbc

• Slla knrvia Huegnppu nmlvi tdìa s`lpirllf

• Slla knrvia Qgllhnbnh

• Nnttu Enttd`

FDC. 1.=- KL@L] FY@ HY]N@[ / Y[I[ LF QDHMI]/HIQN@/K@NT DB EI]N@DQI ]I[DAIBKI

Frlh tgi `dhdtntdlbs lf tgi hntirdn`s, n hdxia hlai lf klbstruktdlb wns ivl`via db

Eirn`n nrkgdtikturi. Qgi stlbi wlre wns ristrdktia tl tgi p`dbtg ivib db dhplrtnbt

mudàdbcs sukg ns tihpìs. @ntirdti wns usia flr wn``s. Qgi rllf strukturi db tdhmir wns

klviria wdtg pn`h ìnf tgntkgdbc flr hlst mudàdbcs nba rnri`y wdtg tdìs flr pn`nkis lr

tihpìs. Qgi ixtirdlr lf tgi `ntirdti wn``s wiri idtgir ìft ns sukg lr p`nstiria wdtg `dhi

hlrtnr tl sirvi ns tgi mnsi flr hurn` pndbtdbc. Qgi sku`pturdbc lf tgi stlbi wns hndb`y

hlàdbc db glrdzlbtn` mnbas db tgi p`dbtg plrtdlb (nagdstnbs) wgirins tgi knrvdbc lftdhmir klviria n`` iìhibts \ pd``nrs, minhs, kid`dbc, rnftirs nba tgi supplrtdbc mrnkeits.

Qgi Eirn`n hurn`s nri pndbtdbcs wdtg vicitnmì ayis lb wit wn``s db sumauia sgnais lf

mrlwb. Qgi dbadciblus nalptdlb lf tgi nvnd`nmì rnw hntirdn`s nba tgidr trnbsflrhntdlb

ns ibaurdbc hiadn flr nrkgdtikturn` ixprissdlb tgus miknhi tgi alhdbnbt finturi lf tgi

Eirn`n styì.



14

ZNAHNBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI

Qgi qudti issibtdn` ixnhpì lf tgi virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n ds tgi

Znahnbnmgnpurnh pn`nki klhpìx, `lkntia db Qguken`ny lf Qnhd`bnau, viry naonkibt

tl tgi Eirn`n mlrair. Flubaia my tgi rlyn` fnhd`y lf Qrnvnbklri, tgi dbdtdn` strukturislf tgi klhpìx anti frlh >1::s, wdtg ltgir mudàdbcs naaia dbkrihibtn``y lvir tdhi.

Dt ds lbi lf tgi mist ixnhpìs lf wllaib nrkgdtikturi tgnt gns klhi tl syhml`dsi tgi

virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n. Qgi pn`nki klhpìx ds n hnstirpdiki - nb dbtrdcudbc

p`ny lf vlùhis, sknì, spntdn` p`nbbdbc & klurtynras, n`` lf wgdkg gnvi n strlbc

ubair`ydbc klgisdvibiss. Qgi spnkis hlvi frlh tgi pum`dk spnkis lb tgi pirdpgiry tl

tgi hlri prdvnti spnkis ns lbi hlvis tlwnras tgi klri, rifìktia tgrlucg vnrdntdlbs

db sknì & prlplrtdlb, prlaukdbc viry dbtiristdbc spnkis

9.: KN[I [QYAT

Qgi ibtrnbki tl tgi klhpìx ds frlh tgi wist, tgrlucg n flrhn` virsdlb lf tgi

‗Znadpurn— lr tgi ibtrnbki cnti, wgdkg ds klhhlb db n`` tgi trnadtdlbn` awi``dbcs lfEirn`n. Qgi kibtrn` `lkus lf tgi ibtdri klhplsdtdlb ds tgi Hltgir—s pn`nki lr tgi ‗Qgnd

Elttnrnh—, nrluba wgdkg n`` tgi ltgir spnkis nri lrcnbdsia. Qgiri nri sipnrnti gn``s

flr nuadibkis & cntgirdbcs, n `nrci anbki gn``, fiiadbc gn``s lf vnrdlus sdzis, edtkgib,

risdaibkis flr tgi edbc & ltgir adcbdtnrdis, winplbs stlri, mntg glusis, lffdkis nba

ivib n tihpì. Qgiri ds n`sl n 1 stlriyia ‗Ypprden Hn`den— db tgi klhpìx, klbstruktia

db tgi >31:s, wgdkg ds n tistnhibt tl tgi tikgbl`lcdkn` prlcriss nt tgnt tdhi. N ;::

yinr là k`lke tlwir db tgi pn`nki stnbas wdtbiss tl tgi hnrkg lf tdhi nba ds std`` blw

db clla wlredbc klbadtdlb. Qglucg tgiri ds bl flrhn` syhhitrdkn` spntdn` `nylut tl mifluba ns sukg, tgiri `dis n strlbc lrcnbdsntdlb prdbkdpì, wgdkg krintis n viry klgiribt

& ubdfydbc wglì. Qgi vnrdlus mud`t spnkis nri dbtir`dbeia & nkkissia tgrlucg n sirdis

lf klurtynras & lpib spnkis wgdkg vnry vlùhitrdkn``y & db sknì aipibadbc uplb tgi

ìvi` lf prdvnky riqudria, hlst lftib, midbc viry dbtdhnti db bnturi.

FDC. 9.>/9.=\VDIS LF ZNANHBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI / ZNADZY]NH LF ZN@NKI



9:

Qgi rllf flrhs nri tgi hlst alhdbntdbc iìhibt db tgi wglì klhpìx, wgdkg tgrlucg

tgidr wlbairfu` ouxtnplsdtdlb krintis nb dhprissdvi vdsun` klhplsdtdlb ‛ nb ivir

kgnbcdbc p`ny lf `dcgt, sgnalw & hnss. Qgi klùhbs nri hndb`y db wlla & stlbi nba

supplrt tgi wllaib rllf strukturi, wgdkg gns miib aisdcbia viry krintdvi`y tl mi

fubktdlbn` ns wi`` ns nistgitdk. Qgiri nri strdkt ruìs & knblbs `nda alwb db tgi nbkdibt

mudàdbc skdibki lf Vnstu [gnstrn, ricnradbc tgi usi lf wlla, tikgbdquis lf oldbts,

nbcìs lf rllf flrhs itk, wgdkg gnvi miib ri`dcdlus`y fl``lwia lvir tgi vnrdlus pirdlas

aurdbc wgdkg tgi klhpìx wns mud`t. Qgi lvirn`` iffikt lf tgds midbc tgnt tgiri ixdst

klgisdvibiss tgrlucglut tgi strukturis, ribairdbc tgih tdhiìss.

Qgi wn``s nri usun``y hnai db `ntirdti lr mrdke & p`nstiria lvir wdtg `dhi. Qgiri nri

blb-strukturn` wllaib skriibs kn`ìa onn`ds, wgdkg gnvi tgi fubktdlb lf n``lwdbc db

`dcgt & vibtd`ntdlb wgdì ibsurdbc tgi prdvnky lf tgi pirslb dbsdai. Qgi fd`tiria `dcgt

krintis n arnhntdk p`ny lf `dcgt & sgnalw db tgi dbtirdlrs nba ibsuris n viry kll` &klhflrtnmì nhmdibki dbsdai, nwny frlh tgi m`nzdbc sub. Qgi sgnaia dbtirdlrs nri

kll`, wgdkg ds n adrikt airdvntdvi lf tgi k`dhntl`lcdkn` biia tl klubtir tgi wnrh

guhda trlpdkn` k`dhnti.

FDC. 9.;\ VDIS LF QD@IA ]LLF F]LH DB[DAI SDQG SLLAIB ]NFQI][ NBA ONN@D[ NBA LYQ[DAI SDQG K@NT QD@I[


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 51/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n9>

Dbaiia, lbi lf tgi hlst sdcbdfdknbt nspikts lf tgi aisdcb ds tgi sibsdtdvi gnba`dbc lf

tgi `dcgt & sgnalws tl krinti n wglìslhi klhflrtnmì nhmdibki dbsdai, lbi tgnt

flkusis dbsdai, kn`hdbc, slltgdbc & klbtihp`ntdbc Qgi f`llrdbc ds ubdqui nba ds m`nke

db kl`lur, ritndbdbc n hdrrlr `dei pl`dsg ivib blw nftir sl hnby kibturdis. Dt ds snda tgnt

tgi f`llrdbc wns albi usdbc n hdxturi lf adffiribt strukturis `dei murbt klklbut sgi``s,

icc wgdtis, p`nbt oudkis itk.

Qgi wn``s nri usun``y hnai db `ntirdti lr mrdke & p`nstiria lvir wdtg `dhi. Qgiri nri

blb-strukturn` wllaib skriibs kn`ìa onn`ds, wgdkg gnvi tgi fubktdlb lf n``lwdbc db

`dcgt & vibtd`ntdlb wgdì ibsurdbc tgi prdvnky lf tgi pirslb dbsdai. Qgi fd`tiria `dcgt

krintis n arnhntdk p`ny lf `dcgt & sgnalw db tgi dbtirdlrs nba ibsuris n viry kll` &

klhflrtnmì nhmdibki dbsdai, nwny frlh tgi m`nzdbc sub. Qgi sgnaia dbtirdlrs nrikll`, wgdkg ds n adrikt airdvntdvi lf tgi k`dhntl`lcdkn` biia tl klubtir tgi wnrh guhda

trlpdkn` k`dhnti. Dbaiia, lbi lf tgi hlst sdcbdfdknbt nspikts lf tgi aisdcb ds tgi

sibsdtdvi gnba`dbc lf tgi `dcgt & sgnalws tl krinti n wglìslhi klhflrtnmì

nhmdibki dbsdai, lbi tgnt flkusis dbsdai, kn`hdbc, slltgdbc & klbtihp`ntdbc.

FDC. 9.1\ VDIS LF M@NKE HD]]L] @DEI F@LL], SLLAIB ON@@D[ NBA BNQNE[GN@N L] BNV]NQ]D HNBANZZNH


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/indigenous-architecture-of-kerala-vernacular-architecture-study 52/57virbnku`nr nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n9=FDC. 9.9\ VDIS LF M@NKE HD]]L] @DEI F@LL], SLLAIB ON@@D[ NBA BNQNE[GN@N L] BNV]NQ]D HNBANZZNH

Dhplrtnbt mudàdbcs db tgi pn`nki dbkùai?

HNBQ]N[N@N ‛ Edbc—s Klubkd` Kgnhmir

QGND ELQQN]NH ‛ Hltgir Zn`nki (n`sl eblwb ns Anrmgn Eu`nbcnrn Elttnrnh)

BNQNE[N@N ‛ Qgi Gn`` lf Zirflrhnbki, lr lf Zirflrhdbc Nrts.

YZZN]DEN HN@DEN ‛ Qgi Edbc—s ûnrtirs ‑ n flur-stlry mudàdbc nt tgi kibtir lf tgi

Qgi Qgnd Elttnrnh ds tgi làist pnrt lf tgi pn`nki.Dt wns mud`t

aurdbc tgi ridcb lf ]nvd Vnrhn Eu`nsiegnrn piruhn`, >94= ‛ >6=:

KI.N sikrit tubbi` lvir lbi ed`lhitir `lbc frlh tgds mudàdbc

prlvdaia tgi rlyn` fnhd`y wdtg nb isknpi rluti db tdhis lf wnr.

QGIEI ELQQN]NH ‛ Qgi [lutgirb Zn`nki, N kirihlbdn` finstdbc gn``, wgdkg knb glst

pn`nki klhpìx klbtndbdbc tgi Edbc—s Qrinsury, sìipdbc qunrtirs,

ristdbc nba stuay rllhs, nba tgi tlp f`llr sirvdbc ns tgi wlrsgdp

kgnhmir lf tgi rlyn` glusiglà. Hnrtnban Virhn mud`t tgi Edbc—s

ûnrtirs db >311 N.A.

nrluba >::: cuists.

FDC. 9.1\ DBQ]DKNQI SLLAIB KN]VDBC[ LB

KID@DBC NBA KL@YHB[ / EDBC—[ ZN@ED

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7AC85Fn7Gjg/TxBYljeSQZI/AAAAAAAABFE/ACIRv9m0T8o/s1600/3.jpg

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-eyOt8aKsymg/TwhF50n9IMI/AAAAAAAABBM/8wTe5ouPKuk/s1600/12.JPG

http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-6SYZ7PzJpik/TwhGKeG0MTI/AAAAAAAABBc/wcb7XVJmyl4/s1600/14.JPG



9;

• ZNANHNBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI ]iprisibts

tgi hlst k`nssdk Eirn`n alhistdk

nrkgdtikturi.

• Dt ds n`sl tgi wlr`a's ̀ nrcist wllaib pn`nki

hnai lb s`lpdbc rllfs, crnbdti nba

rlsiwlla tine wlla wlre klhmdbntdlbs.

FDC. 9.6\ >.VDIS LF YZHN@DEN[/=.VDIS LF HNBQ]D[GN@N/;. VDIS LF IENBQN

HNBANZNH/1. DBQI]DL] LF YZHN@DEN-QGI [HN@@ @NQQDKI SDBALS[/ 9. BNQNE[GN@N/

6. BNV]NQ]N HNBANZNH / 3. KI]IHLBDN@ ADBDBC GN@@- LLQNZY]N / 3. SLLAIB

L]BNHIBQNQDLB LB [Q]YKQY]N@ SLLA ? QINE , [NBAN@ NBA ]L[I SLLA.



91

Dbaiia, tgi Znahnbnmgnpurnh pn`nki, wdtg dts nhnzdbc vlknmu`nry lf s`lpia tdìa

rllfs, dbtrdknti onn`d wlres, hystirdlus klrrdalrs, dbtdhnti klurtynras, nhnzdbc

wllawlre, p`ny lf `dcgt nba sgnalw, klhflrtnmì dbtirdlr spnkis itk, ds n tdhiìss

nrkgdtikturn` hnrvi` nba ds n stnre rihdbair tl us lf lur rdkg trnadtdlb lf

dbblvntdvibiss, rispikt tl bnturi nba sinrkg flr pirfiktdlb. Qgi crnkifu` sdhp`dkdty lf

tgi klhpìx stnbas ns n adcbdfdia minklb, n rihdbair lf wgnt wi sgluà strdvi flr db

tgisi tdhis lf hdbaìss nrkgdtikturn` cdhhdkes.

FDC. 9.3\AIQND@IA Z@NB LF ZNANHNBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI/ [DQI [IKQDLB/ [DQI Z@NB/ QI]]NKI Z@NB [GSDBC [@LZDBC ]LLF[



99

FDC. 9.7\NWLBLHIQ]DK LF ZNANHNBNMGNZY]NH ZN@NKI



96

• Qgi ivlùtdlb lf alhistdk nrkgdtikturi lf Eirn`n fl``lwia k`lsi`y tgi triba lf

aivi`lphibt db tihpì nrkgdtikturi. Qgi prdhdtdvi hlai`s wiri guts hnai lf

mnhmll frnhi tgntkgia wdtg ìnvis db kdrku`nr, squnri lr riktnbcu`nr p`ndb sgnpis.

• Qgi riktnbcu`nr sgnpi wdtg n gdppia rllf nppinrs tl gnvi miib fdbn``y ivl`via frlh

fubktdlbn` klbsdairntdlb.

• [trukturn``y tgi rllf frnhi wns supplrtia lb tgi pd``nrs lb wn``s iriktia lb n p`dbtg

rndsia frlh tgi crluba flr prltiktdlb ncndbst anhpbiss nba dbsikts db tgi trlpdkn`

k`dhnti.

• Lftib tgi wn``s wiri n`sl lf tdhmirs nmubanbt`y nvnd`nmì db tgi `nba. Qgi rllf

frnhi klbsdstia lf tgi Missihir lr wn`` p`nti wgdkg supplrtia `lwir ibas lf tgi

rnftirs, tgi uppir ibas midbc klbbiktia tl tgi rdaci. Qgi widcgt lf tgi rnftirs nba

tgi rllf klvirdbc krintia n snci db tgi rdaci wgib tgi rdaci pdiki wns hnai lf

fìxdmì hntirdn`s `dei mnhmll. Qgds snci glwivir rihndbia ns tgi gn``-hnre lf rllf

klbstruktdlb ivib wgib strlbc tdhmir wns usia flr tgi rllf frnhi.

• Furtgir cnmì wdbalws wiri ivl`via nt tgi twl ibas tl prlvdai nttdk vibtd`ntdlb

wgib kid`dbc wns dbklrplrntia flr tgi rllh spnkis. Qgds ibsuria ndr kdrku`ntdlb nba

tgirhn` klbtrl` flr tgi rllf.

• Qgi `lwir ibas lf tgi rnftirs prloiktia hukg miylba tgi wn``s tl sgnai tgi wn``s

frlh tgi sub nba ardvdbc rndb. Qgds cdvis nb dbtibsi fii` tl glusi midbc sglrtir db gt.

nba k`lsi tl inrtg lr vnnstu /sdti. Qgi k`lsia flrh lf tgi Eirn`n glusis wns tgus

crnaun``y ivl`via frlh tikgbdkn` klbsdairntdlbs. Lbi knb sii tgi strdedbc sdhd`nrdty

lf tgds flrh wdtg tgi tihpì strukturi.

• Qgi p`dbtg, tgi `lwir hlst pnrt ds std`` kn`ìa nadstgnbn, tglucg dt ds p`ndb lr ìss

lrbnti. Qgi stgnhmns lr pd``nrs nba mgdtgds lr wn``s nri ncndb lf sdhpì sgnpi wdtg

bl prloiktdlb lr rikissis. Qgi hndb allr fnkis lb`y db lbi knradbn` adriktdlb nba

tgi wdbalws nri shn`` nba nri hnai `dei pdirkia skriibs lf wlla.

• Qgi riktnbcu`nr p`nb ds usun``y advdaia dbtl twl lr tgrii nktdvdty rllhs wdtg nkkiss

frlh n frlbt pnssnci. Qgds pnssnci lpibs tl n gdcg`y lrbnhibtia lpibdbc kn`ìa ns

ZLLHYEGNH wgdkg knb mi ri`ntia tl clpurnhs lf tihpì nrkgdtikturi-tgi hndb

ibtrnbki tl glusi.

• Qgi prloiktdbc knvis klvir n virnbang n`` rluba. [dbki pilpì gna `nrcir fnhd`dis db

làir tdhis sl tgiy p`nbbia nba dbflrhn` sintdbc flr pilpì tl cntgir nba kiìmrnti

tdhis tlcitgir db tgi lutir virnbang ns KGYQQYZNAT.

• Nb ibtrnbki strukturi ZNADZZY]N hny n`sl mi klbstruktia `dei tgi clpurnh lf n

tihpì. Qgds hny klbtndb lbi lr twl rllhs flr cuists lr lkknsdlbn` vdsdtlrs wgl nri

blt ibtirtndbia db tgi hndb glusi. Qgi plsdtdlb nba sdzis lf vnrdlus mudàdbcs,

dbkùadbc tgi `lkntdlb lf triis nba pntgs wdtgdb tgi klhpluba wn`` wiri tl mi

aikdaia frlh tgi nbn`ysds lf tgi sdti nkklradbc tl tgi priskrdptdlbs db tgi k`nssdk

tixts. Qgds nbn`ysds dbvl`via tgi klbkipt lf vnstupurusgn hnban`n.

6.: KLBK@Y[DLB

[lkdl-ku`turn` nspikts lf Eirn`n wdtg ds dhpnkt lf k`dhnti nba cilcrnpgy aivi`lpia dts

nrkgdtikturi. Qgi nrt wgdkg ds k`lsi tl dts trnadtdlb. CLA—[ LSB KLYBQ]T!!....



www.EI]N@N/Nrkgdtikturi.gth

www.Nrkgdtikturi/Eirn`n/Sdedpiadn/ibkyk`lpiadn.gth

www.virbnku`nr/Eirn`nSdedpiadn.ibkyk`lpiadn.gth

www.virbnku`nr/NrkgdtikturiEirn`nQihp`is.gthwww.virbnku`nr/ZrnanesgdbnZiruvnbnh.gth

www.virbnku`nr/EI][email protected]

ZAF-=61 Dbtirbntdlbn` Olurbn` lf Inrtg [kdibkis nba Ibcdbiirdbc D[[B :431-94:1, Vl`.

:=, Bl. :;, Ou`y =::4, pp. =61-=3>

3.: MDM@DLC]NZGT

indigenous architecture of kerala | vernacular architecture study

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