INDIAINDIAAfterAfter

50 YEARS50 YEARS

Midnight’s ChildrenMidnight’s Children

I was born in the city of Bombay…I was born in the city of Bombay…once upon a time. No, that won’t once upon a time. No, that won’t do, there’s no getting away from the do, there’s no getting away from the date: I was born in Dr. Narlikar’s date: I was born in Dr. Narlikar’s Nursing Home on August 15, 1947. Nursing Home on August 15, 1947. And the time? The time matters And the time? The time matters too. Well then: at night. No, it is too. Well then: at night. No, it is important to be more…On the important to be more…On the stroke of midnight, as a matter of stroke of midnight, as a matter of fact. Clock-hands joined palms in fact. Clock-hands joined palms in respectful greeting as I came. Oh, respectful greeting as I came. Oh, spell it out, spell it out: at the spell it out, spell it out: at the precise instant of India’s arrival at precise instant of India’s arrival at independence. independence. Salman RushdieSalman Rushdie

Geography

http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/india/h3i40.htm

Relative Location:Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal, between Burma and Pakistan.

Absolute Location:20 00 N, 77 00 E

Borders: Bhutan Bangladesh, Burma, China, Nepal, Pakistan.

Major RiversMajor Rivers

GangesGanges Yamuna (Jumna)Yamuna (Jumna) BrahmaputraBrahmaputra NarmadaNarmada MahanadiMahanadi GodavariGodavari KaveriKaveri

INDIA’S GEOGRAPHYINDIA’S GEOGRAPHY

HimalayasHimalayas Eastern GhatsEastern Ghats Western GhatsWestern Ghats Thar DesertThar Desert Plain of North IndiaPlain of North India Hill Lands of Hill Lands of

Peninsular IndiaPeninsular India

ClimateClimate

Rectangles: Rectangles: Tropical Savanna.Tropical Savanna.

Circle: Humid Circle: Humid SubtropicalSubtropical

Triangle: Steppe Triangle: Steppe & Desert& Desert

Tropical SavannaTropical Savanna

Characterized by high temperatures Characterized by high temperatures year round.year round.

Has well defined dry season.Has well defined dry season. Natural vegetation: deciduous Natural vegetation: deciduous

forest of treesforest of trees Also may have tall coarse grasses.Also may have tall coarse grasses.

Humid SubtropicalHumid Subtropical

Warm to hot summers.Warm to hot summers. Mild or cool winters with some frost.Mild or cool winters with some frost. Frost free season lasting 200 days or more.Frost free season lasting 200 days or more. Annual precip. 30 to 50 inches.Annual precip. 30 to 50 inches. Natural vegetation: evergreen hardwoods, Natural vegetation: evergreen hardwoods,

deciduous hardwoods, and conifers.deciduous hardwoods, and conifers.

Steppe & DesertSteppe & Desert Steppe: semi arid; dominant Steppe: semi arid; dominant

vegetation is grass.vegetation is grass. Desert: Dry; usually receives Desert: Dry; usually receives

less than 10 inches of precip. less than 10 inches of precip. per year.per year.

India’s PopulationIndia’s Population Second largest Second largest

population in the worldpopulation in the world 1 billion1 billion One out of every 6 One out of every 6

people lives in Indiapeople lives in India Population growing at Population growing at

the rate of 1.9% per the rate of 1.9% per yearyear

16% of world’s total 16% of world’s total populationpopulation

India’s Population India’s Population FutureFuture 2025 population 2025 population

could reach 1.4 could reach 1.4 billionbillion

Could overtake Could overtake China and China and become the become the most populous most populous nationnation

Population Facts•Birth Rate: 25.94 biths/ 1,000 population•Death Rate: 9.61/ 1,000 population•Age Structure:

0-14 years: 34%15-64 years: 62%65 years and over: 4%

•Sex Ratio:At birth: 1.05 male/ femaleUnder 15: 1.06 male/female15-64 years: 1.08 males/ female65 years and over: 0.98 male/female

•Life Expectance at Birth:Total population: 63.9 yearsMale: 63.2 yearsFemale: 64.6 years

Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Population GrowthPopulation Growth

Availability and acceptability of Availability and acceptability of contraceptives and health services contraceptives and health services for women and childrenfor women and children

Cultural preference for sonsCultural preference for sons Education status of womenEducation status of women Infant mortality rateInfant mortality rate

Fertility RatesAn Indian woman has an average of 3.6

childrenRates vary widely from region to region

Kerala (southern) - 2 childrenBihar and Uttar Tradesh (northern)

6 children

CONTROLLING POPULATIONCONTROLLING POPULATION

1959 announced 1959 announced a policy to lower a policy to lower the birth ratethe birth rate

ClinicsClinics Family planningFamily planning

POVERTYPOVERTY30-40% of the population 30-40% of the population

live in povertylive in poverty4 out of 5 of India’s poor 4 out of 5 of India’s poor

live in rural areaslive in rural areas

Literacy

The literacy level of women has a significance on the fertility rate.

Literacy Rates:

(age 15 and over who can read and write)•Total Population: 52%•Male: 65.5%•Female: 37.7%

Urban LifeUrban Life

•Three of the world’s largest cities are in IndiaBombay, Calcutta, New Delhi

•Indians are migrating to the cities in search of jobs and a better life.•Overcrowding is a problem for public transportation systems.•Air pollution is a serious problem•Most serious environmental problem and threat to public health is

inadequate access to clean water and sanitation

ETHNIC ETHNIC DIVISIONSDIVISIONS

Indo-Aryan 72%Indo-Aryan 72% Dravidian 25%Dravidian 25% Mongoloid and other 3%Mongoloid and other 3%

ReligionsReligions Hindu 80%Hindu 80%

Muslim 14%Muslim 14% Christian 2.4%Christian 2.4%

Sikh 2%Sikh 2% Buddhist 0.7%Buddhist 0.7%

Jains 0.5%Jains 0.5% Other 0.4%Other 0.4%

Common LanguagesCommon Languages

HindiHindi Assamese Assamese (Assam)(Assam) Bengali Bengali (West Bengal and (West Bengal and

Bangla Desh)Bangla Desh) Gujarati (Gujarati (Gujarat)Gujarat) Kannada Kannada (Karnataka)(Karnataka) Kashmiri Kashmiri (Jammu and (Jammu and

Kashmir)Kashmir) Konkani (Konkani (Konkan region)Konkan region) Malayalam Malayalam (Kerala)(Kerala)

Marathi Marathi (Maharashtra)(Maharashtra) Oriya Oriya (Orissa)(Orissa) Punjabi Punjabi (Punjab)(Punjab) Sanskrit Sanskrit (Classical)(Classical) Sindhi Sindhi (North-west frontier)(North-west frontier) Tamil Tamil (Tamil Nadu)(Tamil Nadu) Telugu Telugu (Andhra Pradesh)(Andhra Pradesh) Urdu Urdu (Jammu and Kashmir)(Jammu and Kashmir)

Language FactsLanguage Facts

Hindi - Official language (30%)Hindi - Official language (30%) English - Official working languageEnglish - Official working language 15 national languages recognized by the 15 national languages recognized by the

Indian constitiutionIndian constitiution Languages spoken in over 1600 dialectsLanguages spoken in over 1600 dialects Most Indians speak more than one Most Indians speak more than one

languagelanguage

CULTURECULTURE Creative ArtsCreative Arts

Sculpture, Architecture, PaintingSculpture, Architecture, Painting Classical DancesClassical Dances

Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, Bharatanatyam, Kathakali, Kathak, ManipuriManipuri

Traditional CraftsTraditional Crafts Traditional LiteratureTraditional Literature

Fiction, EpicsFiction, Epics

IndiaIndia

EconomyEconomy

India - Total Land UseIndia - Total Land Use

55% = Arable Land55% = Arable Land 23% = Forest23% = Forest 4% = Meadows and Pastures4% = Meadows and Pastures 1% = Permanent Crops1% = Permanent Crops 17% = Other17% = Other

AgricultureAgriculture

Agriculture makes up 35% of India's Agriculture makes up 35% of India's National income.National income.

Chief Summer Crops are Rice and Millet.Chief Summer Crops are Rice and Millet. Chief Winter Crops are Wheat and Pulses.Chief Winter Crops are Wheat and Pulses. Other Crops are: oilseed, cotton, jute, cattle, Other Crops are: oilseed, cotton, jute, cattle,

tea, sugarcane, potatoes, water buffalo, tea, sugarcane, potatoes, water buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry, and fish.sheep, goats, poultry, and fish.

How India Makes MoneyHow India Makes Money Exports Exports

$29.96 Billion (1995).$29.96 Billion (1995). Cotton Goods, Iron, Cotton Goods, Iron,

Raw Jute, Coffee, Raw Jute, Coffee, Electrical Goods, Electrical Goods, Leather, and Leather, and Handicrafts.Handicrafts.

Imports Imports 33.5 Billion (1995).33.5 Billion (1995).

Diamonds, Cereals, Diamonds, Cereals, Copper, Zinc, and Copper, Zinc, and Petroleum.Petroleum.

Village FarmingVillage Farming

There are approximately 600,000 villages.There are approximately 600,000 villages. 65% of the population lives in villages.65% of the population lives in villages. Most of the villages use animal power for Most of the villages use animal power for

plowing.plowing. Villages use irrigation because small rivers Villages use irrigation because small rivers

run dry in the summer.run dry in the summer.

Industrial PolicyIndustrial Policy

Light restrictions on capitol good imports.Light restrictions on capitol good imports. Developing an exchange rate for the Developing an exchange rate for the

Rupee.Rupee. Imports of second hand goods is allowed.Imports of second hand goods is allowed. India has high skilled, low cost labor.India has high skilled, low cost labor.

IndustriesIndustries India ranks among the India ranks among the

top ten industrial top ten industrial nations.nations.

There are 300,000 There are 300,000 registered companies.registered companies.

The government runs The government runs railroads, automobile railroads, automobile manufacturing and manufacturing and banks.banks.

Major Industries:Major Industries: Textiles, Chemicals, Textiles, Chemicals,

Food Processing, Food Processing, Steel, Transportation Steel, Transportation equipment, Cement, equipment, Cement, Mining, Petroleum, Mining, Petroleum, and Machineryand Machinery

Change In Indian LifeChange In Indian Life

Arundathi Roy, winner of the Arundathi Roy, winner of the Booker Prize says, “In the last three Booker Prize says, “In the last three years television has changed India years television has changed India like nothing else has. It has like nothing else has. It has introduced a commercial greedy introduced a commercial greedy culture. If you come into a country culture. If you come into a country and say ‘you must consume more’ and say ‘you must consume more’ when people do not even have when people do not even have enough to live on, you are injecting enough to live on, you are injecting greed into a culture which was not greed into a culture which was not previously greedy. Before television previously greedy. Before television there was an absence of greed. there was an absence of greed. There has always been great poverty There has always been great poverty in India, but it was poverty without in India, but it was poverty without greediness.greediness.

FACTS ABOUT INDIAFACTS ABOUT INDIA India has become one of the top five industralised nations in the India has become one of the top five industralised nations in the

worldworld India has the least adequate telephone system of any of the India has the least adequate telephone system of any of the

industrializing countriesindustrializing countriesThree of every four villages have no telephone serviceThree of every four villages have no telephone serviceOnly 5% of India’s villages have long-distance serviceOnly 5% of India’s villages have long-distance service Dress: Men in the North wear a loose type of pyjama and kurta Dress: Men in the North wear a loose type of pyjama and kurta

(shirt); Men in the South and East use dhotis(shirt); Men in the South and East use dhotisWomen wear the sari: the way it is worn varies from region to Women wear the sari: the way it is worn varies from region to

regionregion Common form of greeting:Common form of greeting:

““Namaste” both hands are joined and raised in greetingNamaste” both hands are joined and raised in greetingWomen do not generally shake Women do not generally shake hands.hands.

INDIA’S STORYINDIA’S STORY

The Indus Valley CivilizationThe Indus Valley Civilization Aryans and the Vedic AgeAryans and the Vedic Age Rise of Religions and Emergence of the StateRise of Religions and Emergence of the State The Gupta AgeThe Gupta Age The Southern KingdomThe Southern Kingdom The Muslim InvasionsThe Muslim Invasions The MarathasThe Marathas Coming of the EuropeansComing of the Europeans The Struggle for IndependenceThe Struggle for Independence The New StateThe New State

CUISINECUISINE

Hindu and Muslim religious traditions have Hindu and Muslim religious traditions have had the most influence on cuisinehad the most influence on cuisine

Essence of Indian cooking is in the Essence of Indian cooking is in the appropriate use of aromatic spicesappropriate use of aromatic spices

Main ingredients:Main ingredients:milk products (ghee), curd (dahi), lentils milk products (ghee), curd (dahi), lentils (dals), rice, vegetables (dals), rice, vegetables

Typical North-Indian MealTypical North-Indian Meal Cahpatis Cahpatis or or RotisRotis ParathasParathas RiceRice Assortment of accessories:Assortment of accessories:

DalsDals, fried vegetables, curries, curd, , fried vegetables, curries, curd, chutney,chutney, and pickles and pickles

Dessert: Dessert: Rasagulla, snadesh, rasamalai, gulab-Rasagulla, snadesh, rasamalai, gulab-jamuns, kheer, shahi tukra, kulfijamuns, kheer, shahi tukra, kulfi

Typical South-Indian MealTypical South-Indian Meal RiceRice SambharSambhar RasamRasam Dry and curried vegetablesDry and curried vegetables PachadiPachadi CoconutCoconut Dosa, Idli, Vada, DalDosa, Idli, Vada, Dal Dessert:Dessert:

Pak Pak oror Payasum Payasum