indian architecture through the ages.draft... eeeee

8/2/2019 Indian Architecture Through the Ages.draft... Eeeee

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INDIANARCHITECTURE

THROUGHTHE

AGES


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Submitted by: Rashmi Soumya.J

Submitted to: Dr.N.Vijaya

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI owe a great many thanks to many people who helped and supported me

during the project.My deepest thanks to Lecturer, Dr.N.R.Vijaya,the guide of the project for

guiding and correcting various drafts of mine with attention and care.

I express my thanks to the Vice-chancellor, Prof Y.Satyanarayana, for

extending his support.

I would also thank my Institution and my faculty members without whom

this project would have been a distant reality. I also extend my heartfelt

thanks to my family and well wishers.


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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTIONINDUS VALLEY CIVILISATIONPOST MAHA-JANAPADA PERIODMIDDLE AGESMUGHAL ERACOLONIAL ERAREPUBLIC OF INDIABIBLIOGRAPHY


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INTRODUCTIONArchitecture is defined as the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A

wider definition would include within this scope the design of any built environment,

structure or object, from town planning, urban design, and landscape architecture to

furniture and objects. The architectural history of India has been a very vibrant and

exquisite one. It has emulated the finest styles of the world with its own necessary

modifications.

INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATIONThe Indus civilization or the Harappan civilization, which flourished during the Bronze

Age i.e. 2500-2000 BC is ranked among the four widely known civilizations of the old

world. Extensive excavation work that has been done since Independence has so faridentified more than 100 sites belonging to this civilization. A few prominent among

them are Dholavira (Gujarat), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Lothal (Gujarat), Sarkotada

(Gujarat), Diamabad (Maharashtra), Alamgirpur (U.P.), Bhagwanpura (Haryana),

Banawali (Haryana), Kuntasi, Padri (Gujarat) and Mauda (Jammu).
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Extensive town planning was the characteristic of this civilization, which is evident

from the gridiron pattern for the layout of cities, some with fortifications and the

elaborate drainage and water management systems. The houses were built of baked

bricks, which is rare in contemporary civilizations at Mesopotamia and Egypt. Bricks of

fixed sizes, as well as stone and wood were also used for building. Buildings in the

lower area are rather monotonous, being mainly functional rather than decorative. But

many houses are two storeyed. The most imposing of the buildings is the Great Bath of

Mohenjodaro. It is 54.86 metres long and 32.91 metres wide and with 2.43 metres thick

outer walls. The Bath had galleries and rooms on all sides. Another important structure

was the Granary complex comprising of blocks with an overall area of 55 x 43 metres.

The granaries were intelligently constructed, with strategic air ducts and platforms

divided into units.

From excavated remains, it is clear that the Indus Valley civilization possessed a

flourishing urban architecture. The major cities associated with the civilization, notablyMohenjo-daro, Harapp, and Kalibangan, were laid out on a grid pattern and had

provisions for an advanced drainage system. The residential buildings, which were

serviceable enough, were mainly brick and consisted of an open patio flanked by

rooms. For monumental architecture, the evidence is slight, the most important being a

sacred tank (thought to be for ritual ablution) and associated structures. Corbel

vaulting (arches supported by brackets projecting from the wall) was known, and, to a

limited extent, timber was used together with brick; whatever architectural

ornamentation existed must have been of brick or plaster.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibanganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalibanganhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harappahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro


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Excavated ruins, Mohenjo-daro, modern-day Pakistan.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mohenjodaro_Sindh.jpeg


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THE MAURYAN PERIOD

The Maurya Dynasty at its largest extent under

Ashoka the Great.
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The Maurya Empire was a geographically

extensive and powerful empire in ancient

The Maurya Empire was a geographically

extensive and powerful empire in ancient India,

ruled by the Mauryan dynasty from 321 to 185

B.C.E.

Originating from the kingdom of Magadha in the

Indo-Gangetic plains (modern Bihar, eastern Uttar

Pradesh and Bengal) in the eastern side of theIndian subcontinent, the empire had its capital

city at Pataliputra (modern Patna). The Empire was founded in 322 BC by

Chandragupta Maurya, who had overthrown the Nanda Dynasty and rapidly

expanded his power westwards across central and western India taking advantage of

the disruptions of local powers in the wake of the withdrawal westward by Alexander

the Great's Greek and Persian armies. By 320 BC the empire had fully occupied

Northwestern India, defeating and conquering the satraps left by Alexander.

At its greatest extent, the Empire stretched to the north along the natural boundaries of

the Himalayas, and to the east stretching into what is now Assam. To the west, itreached beyond modern Pakistan, annexing Balochistan and much of what is now

Afghanistan, including the modern Herat and Kandahar provinces. The Empire was

expanded into India's central and southern regions by the emperors Chandragupta and

Bindusara, but it excluded a small portion of unexplored tribal and forested regions

near Kalinga (modern Orissa).

The Mauryan Empire was one of the largest empires to rule the Indian subcontinent. Its

decline began 60 years after Ashoka's rule ended, and it dissolved in 185 BC with the

foundation of the Sunga Dynasty in Magadha.

Under Chandragupta, the Mauryan Empire conquered the trans-Indus region, which

was under Macedonian rule. Chandragupta then defeated the invasion led by Seleucus

I, a Greek general from Alexander's army. Under Chandragupta and his successors,

both internal and external trade, and agriculture and economic activities, all thrived and

expanded across India thanks to the creation of a single and efficient system of finance,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataliputrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Mauryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(international)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satraphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindusarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraguptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraguptahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunga_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_(India)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindusarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandahar_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herat_Provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balochistan_(region)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satraphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(international)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanda_Dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandragupta_Mauryahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patnahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pataliputrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_subcontinenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Gangetic_plainshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire


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administration and security. After the Kalinga War, the Empire experienced half a

century of peace and security under Ashoka: India was a prosperous and stable empire

of great economic and military power whose political influence and trade extended

across Western and Central Asia and Europe. Mauryan India also enjoyed an era of

social harmony, religious transformation, and expansion of the sciences and of

knowledge. Chandragupta Maurya's embrace of Jainism increased social and religious

renewal and reform across his society, while Ashoka's embrace of Buddhism was the

foundation of the reign of social and political peace and non-violence across all of India.

Ashoka sponsored the spreading of Buddhist ideals into Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia,

West Asia and Mediterranean Europe.

Chandragupta's minister Chanakya wrote theArthashastra, one of the greatest treatises

on economics, politics, foreign affairs, administration, military arts, war, and religion

ever produced in the India. Archaeologically, the period of Mauryan rule in South Asia

falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). TheArthashastra and theEdicts of Ashoka are primary sources of written records of the Mauryan times. The

Mauryan empire is considered one of the most significant periods in Indian history. The

Lion Capital of Asokaat Sarnath, is the national emblem of India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Warehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Asokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Asokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emblemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarnathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lion_Capital_of_Asokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Black_Polished_Warehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthashastrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanakyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalinga_War


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If the remnants of the Indus culture are excluded, the earliest surviving architectural

heritage in India is that of the Mauryans. The Mauryan period was a great landmark in

the history of Indian art. Some of the monuments and pillars belonging to this period

are considered as the finest specimens of Indian art. The Mauryan architecture was

embalmed in timber, for rocks and stones were not as freely in use then. The art of

polishing of wood reached so much perfection during the Mauryan period that master

craftsmen used to make wood glisten like a mirror. Chandra Gupta Maurya had built

many buildings, palaces and monuments with wood, most of which perished with time.

In 300 B.C., Chandragupta Maurya constructed a wooden fort 14.48 km long and

2.41km wide, along the Ganges in Bihar. However, only a couple of teakbeams have

survived from this fort.

Emperor Ashoka The Great

Ashoka was the first Mauryan Emperor who began to "think in stone". The stonework

of the Ashokan Period (3rd century B.C.) was of a highly diversified order and

comprised of lofty free-standing pillars, railings of the stupas, lion thrones and other

colossal figures. The use of stone had reached such great perfection during this time

that even small fragments of stone art was given a high lustrous polish resembling fineenamel. While most of the shapes and decorative forms employed were indigenous in

origin, some exotic forms show the influence of Greek, Persian and Egyptian cultures.

The Ashokan period marked the beginning of the Buddhist School of architecture in

India. It witnessed the construction of many rock-cut caves, pillars, stupas and palaces.

A number of cave-shrines belonging to this period have been excavated in the Barabar
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and Nagarjuni hills and Sitamarhi in Bihar. These rock-cut sanctuaries, quarried from

large masses of rocks called gneisses, are simple in plan and are devoid of all interior

decorative carvings. The caves served as the residences of the monks. There are several

inscriptions, which indicate that these rock-cut sanctuaries were constructed by

Emperor Ashoka for the monks of the Ajivika sect, who are more closely related to the

Jains than to the Buddhists.

The Ashokan rock-edict at Dhauli, near Bhubaneshwar, is considered to be the earliest

rock-cut sculpture in India. It has a sculpted elephant on the top, which signifies the

Emperor's conversion to Buddhism after his Kalinga victory. The monolithic Ashokan

pillars are marvels of architecture and sculpture. These were lofty free standing

monolithic columns erected on sacred sites. Originally there were about thirty pillars

but now only ten are in existence, of which only two with lion capitals stand in situ in

good condition at Kolhua and Laurya Nandangarh respectively. Each pillar was about

15.24 metres high and weighed about 50 tonnes and was made out of fine sandstone.The pillar consisted of three parts-the prop, the shaft and the capitol. The capitol

consisted of fine polished stone containing one or more animal figures in the round.

Made of bricks, they carried declarations from the king regarding Buddhism or any

other topic. The pillars did not stand in isolation and were usually found near stupas in

a spot either unknowingly marked by the Buddha himself or along the royal route to

Magadha, the capital. The Sarnath pillar is one of the finest pieces of sculpture of the

Ashokan period. The Ashokan pillars also throw light on the contacts India had with

Persia and other countries. Two of the Ashkan edicts have also been found at

Laghman, near Jalalabad in modern Afghanistan.

Ashoka was responsible for the construction of several stupas, which were large halls,

capped with domes and bore symbols of the Buddha. The most important ones are

located at Bharhut, Bodhgaya, Sanchi, Amravati and Nagarjunakonda. The Buddhist

shrines or the monasteries were built in somewhat irregular designs following the

Gandhara style of architecture. Built on the patterns of a fort and defended by a stone

wall, the monastery evolved from the site of an ancient stupa. The principle buildings

were housed within a rectangular courtyard with a stupa in the south and the

monastery in the north.

Ashoka had also built a number of palaces, but most of them have perished. Ashokas

palace near Patna was a masterpiece. Enclosed by a high brick wall, the highlight of the

palace was an immense 76.2 metres high pillared-hall having three storeys. The Chinese

traveller Fahien was so impressed by this palace that he stated that "it was made by

spirits" and that its carvings are so elegantly executed "which no human hands of this

world could accomplish". Made mostly of wood, it seems to have been destroyed by


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fire. Its existence was pointed out during the excavations at Kumrahar, near Patna,

where its ashes have been found preserved for several thousand years.

Mauryan architecture in the Barabar Mounts, Bihar. Grotto of

Lomas Rishi. 3rd century BCE.

Post Maha Janapadas period

The Great Stupa at Sanchi (4th-1st century BCE). The dome shaped stupa was used in

India as a commemorative monument associated with storing sacred relics.

Grand Anicut dam on river Kaveri (1st-2nd Century CE) is one of the oldest water-

regulation structures in the world still in use.[7]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CunninghamMauryan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabar_Mountshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grottohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Anicuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaverihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-singh-yadava-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-singh-yadava-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-singh-yadava-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-singh-yadava-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaverihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Anicuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anaicut.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anaicut.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanchi2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sanchi2.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grottohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biharhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barabar_Mountshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CunninghamMauryan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CunninghamMauryan.jpg


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The Buddhist stupa, a dome shaped monument, was used in India as a commemorative

monument associated with storing sacred relics.[8]The stupa architecture was adopted

in Southeast and East Asia, where it became prominent as a Buddhist monument used

for enshrining sacred relics.[8]Upon its discovery, this architectural became known as

pagodato the people from the Western world.[8]Fortified cities with stpas,viharas, and

temples were constructed during the Maurya empire (c. 321185 BCE).[6]Wooden

architecture was popular and rock cut architecture became solidified.[6] Guard rails

consisting of posts, crossbars, and a copingbecame a feature of safety surrounding a

stupa.[6]Templesbuild on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal planswere

constructed using brick and timber.[6]The Indian gateway archs, thetorana, reached East

Asia with the spread of Buddhism.[9]Some scholars hold thattoriiderives from the

torana gates at the Buddhist historic site of Sanchi (3rd century BCE - 11 century CE).[10]

Rock-cut stepwells in India date from 200-400 CE.[11]Subsequently, the construction of

wells at Dhank (550-625 CE) and stepped ponds at Bhinmal (850-950 CE) took place.The city of Mohenjo-daro has wells which may be the predecessors of the step well.]As

many as 700 wells, constructed by 3rd millennium BCE, have been discovered in just

one section of the city, leading scholars to believe that 'cylindrical brick lined wells'

were invented by the people of the Indus Valley Civilization. Cave temples became

prominent throughout western India, incorporating various unique features to give rise

to cave architecture in places such as Ajatna and Ellora.[6]

Walled and moated cities with large gates and multi-storied buildings which

consistently used arched windows and doors are important features of the architecture

during this period. The Indian emperor Ashoka (rule: 273232 BCE) established a

chain of hospitals throughout the Mauryan empire by 230 BCE. One of the edicts of

Ashoka (272231 BCE) reads: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Asoka) erected two kinds of

hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals for animals. Where there were no healing

herbs for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted."[14]Buddhist

architecture blended with Roman architecture and Hellenestic architecture to give rise

to unique blendssuch as the Greco-Buddhist school.

THE STUPAS

Sanchi Stupa:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-singh-yadava-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Jaanus-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Jaanus-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Jaanus-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-L.26B-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-L.26B-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-L.26B-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinmalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-L.26B2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-L.26B2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-L.26B2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BCEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_caveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-finger12-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-finger12-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-finger12-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greco-Buddhisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_ancient_Greecehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-finger12-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashokahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellorahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajanta_caveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3rd_millennium_BCEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-L.26B2-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-darohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhinmalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-L.26B-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Jaanus-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanchihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toranahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_railhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Chandra-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurya_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Ency-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupa


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The early stupas were hemispherical in shape with a low base. The hemispherical shape

symbolized the cosmic mountain. The later stupas assumed an increasingly cylindrical

form. The early stupas were known for their simplicity. Apart from the than ruins of

stupa at Piprahwa (Nepal), the core of stupa No 1 at Sanchi can be considered as the

oldest of the stupas. Originally built by Asoka, it was enlarged in subsequent centuries.

An inscription by the ivory carvers of Vidisha on the southern gateway throws light on

the transference of building material from perishable wood and ivory to the more

durable stone.

Amaravati Stupa:

Amaravati stupa, built in 2nd or 1st century BC was probably like the one at Sanchi, butin later centuries it was transformed from a Hinayana shrine to a Mahayana shrine. The

diameter of the dome of the stupa at ground level was about 48.76 metres and its height

was about 30 metres. Amaravati stupa is different from the Bharhut and Sanchi stupas. It

had free-standing columns surmounted by lions near the gateways. The dome was

covered with sculptured panels. The stupa had an upper circumambulatory path on the

drum as at Sanchi. This path had two intricately carved railings. The stone is greenish-

white limestone of the region.


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Gandhara stupa:

The Gandhara stupa is a further development of stupas at Sanchi and Bharhut. In

Gandhara stupas the base, dome and the hemisphere dome are sculpted. The stupa

tapers upward to form a tower like structure. The stupas of Nagarjunakonda in Krishnavalley were very large. At the base there were brick walls forming wheel and spokes,

whish were filled with earth. The Maha Chaitya of Nagarjunakonda has a base in the

form of Swastika, which is a sun symbol.

THE SUNGAS, KUSHANS AND SATAVAHANASThe Mauryan dynasty crumbled after Asoka's death in 232 B.C. In its wake came the

Sungas and Kushans in the north and the Satavahanas in the south. The period between

2nd century B.C. and 3rd century A.D. marked the beginning of the sculptural idiom in

Indian sculpture where the elements of physical form were evolving into a more

refined, realistic and expressive style. The sculptors strived at mastering their art,

especially of the human body, which was carved in high relief and bore heaviness and

vigour. These dynasties made advances in art and architecture in areas like stone

construction, stone carving, symbolism and beginning of temple (or chaitya hall) and the

monastery (or vihara) constructions.

Under these dynasties the Asokan stupas were enlarged and the earlier brick and wood

works were replaced with stone-works. For instance, the Sanchi Stupa was enlarged to

nearly twice its size in 150 B.C. and elaborate gateways were added later. The Sungasalso reconstructed the railings around the Barhut Stupa. The Sungas also built the

toranas or the gateways to the stupas. An inscription at the Barhut Stupa indicates that

the torana was built during the reign of Sungas i.e. 184-72 B.C. These toranas indicate the

influence of Hellenistic and other foreign schools in the Sunga architecture.

The Satavahanas constructed a large number of stupas at Goli, Jaggiahpeta, Bhattiprolu,

Gantasala, Nagarjunakonda and Amravati. During the Kushan period (1-3 A.D.), the

Buddha was represented in human form instead of symbols. Buddha's image in endless

forms and replicas became the principal element in Buddhist sculpture during the

Kushan period. Another feature of this period was that the Emperor himself was shown

as a divine person. The Kushans were the pioneers of the Gandhara School of Art and a

large number of monasteries; stupas and statues were constructed during the reign of

Kanishka.


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Hindu temple architecture

Dodda Basappa Temple at Dambal, Karnataka is a unique 24-pointed, uninterrupted

stellate (star-shaped), 7-tiered dravida plan, 12th century CE.

The main entrance to Angkor

Shiva temple, the main shrine of Prambanan, Central Java
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A small Hindu temple consists of an inner sanctum, thegarbha grihaor womb-chamber, inwhich the image is housed, often circumambulation, a congregation hall, and possibly anantechamber and porch. The sanctum is crowned by a tower-like shikara. At the turn of the first

millennium CE two major types of temples existed, the northern or Nagara style and the southern

or Dravida type of temple. They are distinguishable by the shape and decoration of their

shikharas (Dehejia 1997).

Nagara style: The tower is beehive shaped. Dravida: The tower consists of progressively smaller storeys of pavilions.

The earliest Nagar temples are in Karnataka (e.g. Galaganath at Pattadakal) and some very early

Dravida-style temples (e.g. Teli-ka-Mandir at Gwalior) are actually in North India. A complex

style termed Vesara was once common in Karnataka which combined the two styles.

This may be seen in the classic Hindu temples ofIndia and Southeast Asia, such as Angkor Wat,

Brihadisvara Temple, Khajuraho, Mukteshvara, and Prambanan

Buddhist architecture:

Buddhist religious architecture developed in South Asia in the third century BC.

Three types of structures are associated with the religious architecture of early Buddhism:

monasteries (viharas), stupas, and temples (Chaitya grihas).

Viharas initially were only temporary shelters used by wandering monks during the rainy season,

but later were developed to accommodate the growing and increasingly formalised Buddhistmonasticism. An existing example is at Nalanda (Bihar). A distinctive type of fortress

architecture found in the former and present Buddhist kingdoms of the Himalayas are dzongs.

The initial function of a stupa was the veneration and safe-guarding of the relics of the Buddha.

The earliest surviving example of a stupa is in Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh).

In accordance with changes in religious practice, stupas were gradually incorporated into

chaitya-grihas (temple halls). These reached their high point in the first century BC, exemplified

by the cave complexes ofAjanta and Ellora (Maharashtra). The Mahabodhi Temple at Bodh

Gaya in Bihar is another well known example.

The Pagoda is an evolution of the Indian stupa.
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Early Common EraHigh Middle Ages (200 CE1200 CE)

The temple complex at Khajurahoadhering to theshikharatemple style

architecture

is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Further information: Dravidian architecture, Architecture of Bengal, Western Chalukya

architecture, and Badami Chalukya Architecture

Universitieshousing thousands of teachers and studentsflourished at Nalanda and Valabhibetween the 4th-8th centuries.[16] South Indian temple architecturevisible as a distinct tradition

during the 7th century CEis described below:[17]
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The South Indian temple consists essentially of a square-chambered sanctuary topped by a

superstructure, tower, or spire and an attached pillared porch or hall (maapa, or maapam),enclosed by a peristyle of cells within a rectangular court. The external walls of the temple are

segmented by pilasters and carry niches housing sculpture. The superstructure or tower above the

sanctuary is of the kina type and consists of an arrangement of gradually receding stories in apyramidal shape. Each story is delineated by a parapet of miniature shrines, square at the corners and

rectangular with barrel-vault roofs at the centre. The tower is topped by a dome-shaped cupola and a

crowning pot and finial.

North Indian temples showed increased elevation of the wall and elaborate spire by the 10th

century.[18]

Richly decorated templesincluding the complex at Khajurahowere constructed inCentral India.

[18]Indian traders brought Indian architecture to South east Asia through various

trade routes.[15]

Dravidian architecture

Dravidian architecture was a style of architecture that emerged thousands of years ago in theIndian subcontinent. They consist primarily of pyramid shaped temples which are dependent on

intricate carved stone in order to create a step design consisting of numerous statues of deities,

warriors, kings, and dancers. The majority of the existing buildings are located in the SouthernIndian states ofTamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, and Karnataka. Various kingdoms and

empires such as the Pallavas, Cholas, Pandyan, Chera, Chalukyas, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas,Vijayanagara Empire amongst the many others have made a substantial contribution to the

evolution of Dravidian architecture through the ages. Dravidian styled architecture can also befound in parts of Northeastern Sri Lanka, Maldives, and various parts ofSoutheast Asia.
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The Thiruvannamalai Temple

A typical Dravidian gate pyramid calledGopuram
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The Rathas in Mahabalipuram

Composition and structure

The Thiruvannamalai Temple

Dravidian style temples consist almost invariably of the four following parts, arranged in variousmanners, as afterwards to be explained, but differing in themselves only according to the age in

which they were executed:[1]

1. The principal part, the actual temple itself, is called the Vimana. It is always square in plan,and surmounted by a pyramidal roof of one or more stories; and it contains the cell in which the

image of the god or his emblem is placed.

2. The porches orMantapams, which always cover and precede the door leading to the cell.

3. Gate-pyramids, Gopurams, which are the principal features in the quadrangular enclosures

that surround the more notable temples.

4. Pillard halls or Chaultrisproperly Chawadis -- used for various purposes, and which are the

invariable accompaniments of these temples.

Besides these, a temple always contains tanks or wells for waterto be used either for sacredpurposes or the convenience of the priestsdwellings for all the various grades of the priest-

hood are attached to it, and numerous other buildings for state or convenience .[1]

Late Middle Ages (1100 CE1526 CE)
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Ornate lintel overmantapa entrance, Belurtemple.

Further information: Hoysala architecture and Vijayanagara architecture

Vijayanagara Architecture of the period (1336 - 1565 CE) was a notable building styleevolved by the Vijayanagar empire that ruled most ofSouth India from their capital at

Vijayanagara on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in present-day Karnataka.[19]

Thearchitecture of the temples built during the reign of the Vijayanagara empire had elements of

political authority.[20]

This resulted in the creation of a distinctive imperial style of architecture

which featured prominently not only in temples but also in administrative structures across thedeccan.[21]The Vijayanagara style is a combination of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya and Chola

styles which evolved earlier in the centuries when these empires ruled and is characterised by a

return to the simplistic and serene art of the past.[22]

In addition to building new temples, the empire also added new structures and made

modifications to hundreds of existing temples across South India. Some structures atVijayanagara are from the pre-Vijayanagara period. The Mahakuta hill temples are from the

Western Chalukya era. The region around Hampi had been a popular place of worship forcenturies before the Vijayanagara period with earliest records dating from 689 CE when it was

known as Pampa Tirtha after the local river Goddess Pampa.

Vijayanagar Raya Gopura at Hampi, Karnataka

Hoysala architecture is the distinctive building style developed under the rule of theHoysala Empire in the region historically known as Karnata, today's Karnataka, India, betweenthe 11th and the 14th centuries.[23]Large and small temples built during this era remain as

examples of the Hoysala architectural style, including the Chennakesava Temple at Belur, the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belur2_retouched.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintel_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantapahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungabhadra_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-blossom-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-blossom-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennakesava_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennakesava_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karnataka_Hampi_IMG_0730.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goddesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-blossom-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalukyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnatakahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungabhadra_Riverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagarahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagar_empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantapahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintel_(architecture)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belur2_retouched.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belur2_retouched.jpg


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Hoysaleswara Temple at Halebidu, and the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura. Other examples

of fine Hoysala craftmanship are the temples at Belavadi, Amrithapura, and Nuggehalli. Study ofthe Hoysala architectural style has revealed a negligible Indo-Aryan influence while the impact

of Southern Indian style is more distinct.[24]

A feature of Hoysala temple architecture is its

attention to detail and skilled craftmanship. The temples of Belur and Halebidu are proposed

UNESCO world heritage sites.

[25]

About a 100 Hoysala temples survive today.

[26]

. Hoysala influence was at its peak in the 13th century, when it dominated the Southern Deccan

Plateau region. Large and small temples built during this era remain as examples of the Hoysalaarchitectural style, including the Chennakesava Temple at Belur, the Hoysaleswara Temple at

Halebidu, and the Kesava Temple at Somanathapura. Other examples of fine Hoysala

craftsmanship are the temples at Belavadi, Amruthapura, Hosaholalu, Arasikere and Nuggehalli.

Study of the Hoysala architectural style has revealed a negligible Indo-Aryan influence while theimpact ofSouthern Indian style is more distinct.[1]

The vigorous temple building activity of the Hoysala Empire was due to the social, cultural and

political events of the period. The stylistic transformation of the Karnata temple building

tradition reflected religious trends popularized by the Vaishnava and Virashaiva philosophers as

well as the growing military prowess of the Hoysala kings who desired to surpass their WesternChalukya overlords in artistic achievement. Temples built prior to Hoysala independence in the

mid-12th century reflect significant Western Chalukya influences, while later temples retain

some features salient to Chalukyan art but have additional inventive decoration andornamentation, features unique to Hoysala artisans. About one hundred temples have survived in

present-day Karnataka state, mostly in the Malnad (hill) districts, the native home of the Hoysala

kings.

Profile of a Hoysala temple at Somanathapura
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysaleswara_templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halebiduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennakesava_Temple_at_Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belavadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrithapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuggehallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-distinct-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-distinct-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-distinct-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-heritage-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-heritage-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-heritage-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennakesava_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halebiduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennakesava_Temple_at_Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belavadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amruthapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshminarayana_Temple_(Hosaholalu)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara_Temple_(Arasikere)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuggehallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecture#cite_note-distinct-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecture#cite_note-distinct-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecture#cite_note-distinct-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virashaivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Somanathapura_Keshava_templeprofile.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malnadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Chalukyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virashaivahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaishnavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysala_architecture#cite_note-distinct-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Aryanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuggehallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishvara_Temple_(Arasikere)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshminarayana_Temple_(Hosaholalu)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amruthapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belavadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennakesava_Temple_at_Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halebiduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennakesava_Templehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deccan_Plateauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-heritage-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-distinct-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuggehallihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrithapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belavadihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennakesava_Temple_at_Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halebiduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoysaleswara_temple


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Vishnu with Lakshmi (Lakshminarayana) at Halebidu

Islamic influence and Mughal Era (1526 CE-1857 CE)

In the August of 1604 CE the construction of theHarmandir Sahibthe holiest shrine of

the Sikh religionwas completed.

Further information: Mughal architecture and Indo-Islamic architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somanathapurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halebiduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halebiduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmandir_Sahibhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amritsar-golden-temple-00.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amritsar-golden-temple-00.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halebiduhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Halebidu_Lakshminarayana.jpg


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Qutub Minara prominent islamic architecture in India.

Mughal tombs of sandstone and marble show Persian influence.[27]The Red Fort at Agra (1565

74) and the walled city ofFatehpur Sikri (156974) are among the architectural achievements ofthis timeas is the Taj Mahal, built as a tomb for Queen Mumtaz Mahal by Shah Jahan (162858).[27]Employing the double dome, the recessed archway, white marble and parks while

stressing on symmetry and detail was visible during the reign of Shah Jahan.[28]Quranic verses

were described on the walls of the buildings.[1]

However, the depiction of any living beingan

essential part of the pre-Islamic tradition of Indiawas forbidden under Islam.[1]

Some scholars hold that cultural contact with Europe under Manuel I of Portugal (reign: October25, 1495December 13, 1521) resulted in exchange of architectural influences.

[29]Little literary

evidence exists to confirm the Indian influence but some scholars have nonetheless suggested a

possible relation based on proximity of architectural styles.[29]

Mughal architecture

Mughal architecture, an amalgam ofIslamic, Persian[1][2]and Indian architecture, is thedistinctive style developed by the Mughals in the 16th and 17th centuries in what is now India,

Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

Some of the first and most characteristic examples that remain of early Mughal architecture were

built in the short reign (15401545) of emperor Sher Shah Suri, who was not a Mughal; theyinclude a mosque known as the Qila i Kuhna (1541) near Delhi, and the military architecture ofthe Old Fort in Delhi, the Lalbagh Fort in Bangladesh , and Rohtas Fort, near Jhelum in present-

day Pakistan. His mausoleum, octagonal in plan and set upon a plinth in the middle of an

artificial lake, is in Sasaram, and was completed by his son and successor Islam Shah Suri(1545AD-1553AD).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qminar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutub_Minarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-mughalarch-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-mughalarch-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-mughalarch-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Forthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-mughalarch-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-mughalarch-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-mughalarch-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-sj-arch-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-sj-arch-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-sj-arch-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Lach57-62-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Lach57-62-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Lach57-62-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Lach57-62-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Lach57-62-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture#cite_note-IAAO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture#cite_note-IAAO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Surihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qila_i_Kuhna&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Fort,_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbagh_Forthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtas_Forthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Shah_Surihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_Shah_Surihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhelum_(city)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohtas_Forthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalbagh_Forthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Fort,_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qila_i_Kuhna&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sher_Shah_Surihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_stylehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_architecture#cite_note-IAAO-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Lach57-62-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Lach57-62-28http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_I_of_Portugalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-sj-arch-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-mughalarch-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Jahanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumtaz_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_Forthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-mughalarch-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutub_Minarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qminar.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Qminar.jpg


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Jama masjid in Delhi.

The taj mahal in agra.

Tomb of imat-ul-daula,Agra
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jama_Masjid_Delhi.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agra_Itimad-ud-Daula_1ed.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jama_Masjid_Delhi.JPG


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Colonial Era (1857 CE1947 CE)

Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus (completed 1897) , formerly Victoria Terminus.

Further information: Indo-Saracenic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Terminushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mumbai_India.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mumbai_India.jpg


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European colonialism bought with it a wide array of influences to further shape Indianarchitecture.

[1]Imperial power was stressed by using grand buildings.

[1]Local craftsmen

incorporated new skills and added them to their trade.[1]Colonial architecture became

assimilated into India's diverse traditions.[1]

Other innovations made during the European

Industrial Revolution came with the British Raj to India.[1]

The European involvement in India through the 1920s and the 1930s brought architect Le

Corbusier and the Art Deco movement to India.[30]

Fusion has been a consistent feature ofmodern Indian architecturefor example Indian elements ofchhajja(wide roof overhangs),

jaali(circular stone apertures) andchhatri(free-standing pavilions) were intermixed with

European architecture during the construction of theRastrapati bhavan.[30]

This neoclassicalprojectwhich also contained astupalike domewas overseen by Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens

and the Indian Institute of Architects (est. 1917).[30]

The Indo-Saracenic Revival (also known as Indo-Gothic or Mughal-Gothic) was aarchitectural style movement by British architects in the late 19th century in British India. It

drew elements from native Indo-Islamic and Indian architecture, and combined it with the Gothicrevival style favoured in Victorian Britain.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Saracenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Decohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrapati_bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrapati_bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edwin_Landseer_Lutyenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Architectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_revivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Architectshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Edwin_Landseer_Lutyenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stupahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastrapati_bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhatrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaalihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhajjahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast19-29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Decohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rajhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav-0


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Victoria Memorial in Kolkata


32/36

The palace at Mysore.

Republic of India (1947 CEpresent)Further information: List of World Heritage Sites in India and Category:Indian

architecture

In recent times there has been a movement of population from rural areas to urban centres ofindustry, leading to price rise in property in various cities of India.[31]Urban housing in India

balances space constrictions and is aimed to serve the working class .[32]

Indian government has

accepted World Trade OrganisationsGeneral Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS),

enabling foreign architects to practice in India, and thereby adding to the plurality of Indian

building traditions.

[31]

Growing awareness of ecology has influenced architecture in India duringmodern times.[33]

Indian buildings reflect India's culture and myths.[31]Jawahar Kala Kendra at Jaipur, a Charles

Correa designfor examplerepresents the layout of amandala.[31]

Raj Jadhav (2007) notes

the position of traditional Vastu Shastra in modern Indian architecture:[31

Concentricity has been employed in Indian architecture since millennia.[35]

The plan of earlybuildings aligned them to a spiritual motif corresponding to cosmological imagination.[35]The

concentric feature of Indian architecture is common to buildings of various regions and cultures

within Indianotable examples being various Hindu temples, the Taj Mahal, and buildings

constructed according to Rajasthani architecture.

[35]

This plan is divided into various parts by thedesigner who uses concentric placing of these parts in his construction.[35]Modern Indian

architects continue to use and incorporate this feature in buildingsfor example in the Indian

Parliament Library or theVidhan Sabha(Bhopal).[35][36]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast77-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast77-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast77-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast119-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast119-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast119-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhopalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Parliamenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajasthani_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taj_Mahalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-gast45-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Correahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast119-32http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Agreement_on_Trade_in_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Organisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast77-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav1-30http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Indian_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indiahttp://blog.mobissimo.in/uploads/7_Mysore_Palace_112kb.JPG


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Climate responsive architecture has long been a feature of India's architecture but has been losing

its significance as of late.[38]

Indian architecture reflects its various socio-cultural sensibilitieswhich vary from region to region.[38]Certain areas are traditionally held to be belonging to

women.[38]

Villages in India have features such as courtyards, loggias, terraces and balconies.[32]

Calico, chintz, and palamporeof Indian originhighlight the assimilation of Indian textiles in

global interior design.

[39]

Chandigarh Secretariat designed by Le Corbusier.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast77-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast77-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast77-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_(textile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-savage-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-savage-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chandigarh_Secretariat_.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corbusierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandigarhhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-eb-savage-38http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palamporehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_(textile)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-Gast77-31http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_India#cite_note-rjadhav2-37


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The North Block in New Delhi.

CONCLUSION

The architecture of India is one of the finest in the world. It has evovled through the ages and has

adapted itself in the society. It is a mixture of almost all of the cultures of the world.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/NorthBlock.jpg


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Encyclopedia Britannica (2008), South Indian temple architecture.Encyclopedia Britannica (2008),North Indian temple architecture.

Carla Sinopoli,Echoes of Empire: Vijayanagara and Historical Memory, Vijayanagara asHistorical Memory, p. 26.Encyclopedia Britannica (2008),Mughal architecture.MSN Encarta (2008),Hoysala_Dynasty. Archived 2009-10-31.Raj Jadhav, p. 11 inModern Traditions: Contemporary Architecture in India.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN_Encartahttp://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588346/Hoysala_Dynasty.htmlhttp://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588346/Hoysala_Dynasty.htmlhttp://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588346/Hoysala_Dynasty.htmlhttp://www.webcitation.org/5kwKcQ2xFhttp://www.webcitation.org/5kwKcQ2xFhttp://au.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588346/Hoysala_Dynasty.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSN_Encarta


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indian architecture through the ages.draft... eeeee

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