india taj mahal, agra, india

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IndiaIndiaTaj Mahal, Agra, IndiaTaj Mahal, Agra, India

Section 1: Natural Section 1: Natural EnvironmentsEnvironments

Section 2: History and Section 2: History and CultureCulture

Section 3: India TodaySection 3: India Today

CHAPTER 25CHAPTER 25

33

Objectives:Objectives: What are the major landform regions What are the major landform regions

and rivers of India?and rivers of India? Which climate types and resources Which climate types and resources

does India have?does India have?

Section 1 Section 1

Natural EnvironmentsNatural Environments

44

SECTION 1

Landform Regions and Rivers of IndiaLandform Regions and Rivers of India


Himalayas—mountainous, forests, farms, Kanchenjunga, Kashmir Valley, source of Ganges and

Brahmaputra Rivers

Gangetic Plain—lowland, northeastern India, farming, rich alluvial soil, Ganges River

Deccan Plateau—old and eroded; volcanic; farming

with irrigation; Easternand Western Ghats; Narmada, Godavari,

and KrishnaRivers

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Climates and resources:Climates and resources:

six climate types—tropical humid, six climate types—tropical humid, tropical wet and dry, arid, semiarid, tropical wet and dry, arid, semiarid, humid subtropical, highlandhumid subtropical, highland

monsoon—strong influence on —strong influence on climateclimate

key resources—soils and riverskey resources—soils and rivers minerals—coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil, minerals—coal, iron ore, bauxite, oil,

uraniumuranium

Section 1 Section 1


MMoonnssoooonnss

•India’s climate is dominated by India’s climate is dominated by monsoonsmonsoons•Monsoons blow from the land Monsoons blow from the land toward the sea in winter.toward the sea in winter.• Monsoons blow from the sea Monsoons blow from the sea toward land in the summertoward land in the summer•India’s winters are hot and dry.India’s winters are hot and dry.•Himalayas form a barrier that Himalayas form a barrier that prevents cold air from passing prevents cold air from passing onto the subcontinentonto the subcontinent•The temperature reaches as The temperature reaches as high as 110high as 110ooF during the Indian F during the Indian winterwinter•The summer monsoons roar The summer monsoons roar onto the subcontinent from the onto the subcontinent from the southwest bringing heavy rains southwest bringing heavy rains from June to Septemberfrom June to September•Farmers depend on the rains to Farmers depend on the rains to irrigate their land.irrigate their land.•India generates electricity from India generates electricity from the water provided by the the water provided by the monsoon rainsmonsoon rains

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88

Objectives:Objectives:

What were the major events and What were the major events and empires of India’s early history?empires of India’s early history?

How did European contract affect How did European contract affect India?India?

What religions are practiced in India?What religions are practiced in India? What are some other features of What are some other features of

India’s culture?India’s culture?

Section 2Section 2

History and CultureHistory and Culture

SECTION 2

History and Culture

Harappan civilization

Aryan civilizati

on

1500 B.C.

1000 B.C.

500 B.C.

0

A.D. 500

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600 1800 2000

1700 1900

Muslim invasion

Muslim kingdo

m

300 B.C.

MauryanEmpire

A..D.400

GuptaEmpire

Timur invades.

1398

European trade

1490

Mughal Empire

1520

Sepoy Rebellio

n

1857

Independence

1947

Ghandi assassinat

ed

1948

1010

European influence:European influence: Traders arrived in 1490s—first Portuguese, Traders arrived in 1490s—first Portuguese,

then Dutch, French, and British.then Dutch, French, and British. Britain defeated France and controlled Britain defeated France and controlled

India.India. British built infrastructure; taught English; British built infrastructure; taught English;

influenced education, law, and influenced education, law, and government.government.

Britain partitioned India at independence.Britain partitioned India at independence.

Section 2Section 2


1212

Indian religions:Indian religions: Hinduism—the main faith, followed by around 80 Hinduism—the main faith, followed by around 80

percent of the populationpercent of the population Islam—largest minority religion, 11–14 percent of the Islam—largest minority religion, 11–14 percent of the

population, mainly in the northpopulation, mainly in the north Christianity—some 20 million followersChristianity—some 20 million followers Buddhism—originally from India, now followed by less Buddhism—originally from India, now followed by less

than 1 percent of the populationthan 1 percent of the population Sikhism—combines Muslim and Hindu beliefsSikhism—combines Muslim and Hindu beliefs Jainism—strict moral code based on preserving lifeJainism—strict moral code based on preserving life

Section 2Section 2


1313

Culture: Culture: many ethnic groups—Aryan descendants, Dravidians, many ethnic groups—Aryan descendants, Dravidians,

othersothers more than 1,000 languages and dialects—Hindi is more than 1,000 languages and dialects—Hindi is

national language; English is widely usednational language; English is widely used typical clothing for hot weather—sari, choli, lungi, typical clothing for hot weather—sari, choli, lungi,

turbans (Sikhs)turbans (Sikhs) food—curry made of many spices; variety based on food—curry made of many spices; variety based on

climate, crops, regionsclimate, crops, regions festivals—many holidays, including Holi, Pongalfestivals—many holidays, including Holi, Pongal

Section 2Section 2


Ganges starts in Himalayas

Great waterway in India

Depended on for drinking water and fish

Irrigate cropsTrade and transportation route

In Rome

Statue representing 4 great rivers 1 is of the river-god Ganges Built in 1612

In India

Hinduism’s holy riverCalled the “Mother Ganges”

or goddess Ganga

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Objectives:Objectives:

What are the main features of India’s What are the main features of India’s economy?economy?

How does life in India’s villages How does life in India’s villages compare to life in its cities?compare to life in its cities?

What challenges does India face What challenges does India face today?today?

Section 3Section 3

India TodayIndia Today

2323

India’s economyIndia’s economy

India’s economy is highly varied, India’s economy is highly varied, ranging from subsistence farming to ranging from subsistence farming to high technology.high technology.

Section 3Section 3


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SECTION 3


Agriculture• basis of economy• 25 percent of GDP

• 50 percent of land area• rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, sorghum, peanuts, sesame

seeds, mangoes• small farms

• depend on monsoon• Green Revolution

Cottage industries• work in the home

• employs millions of people, particularly women

• silk fabrics, wooden statues, silver and gold lace, other

handicrafts

Commercial manufacturing

• textiles leading export• jute

• steel mills• durable goods such as diesel engines and cars

India’s Economy

2525

India’s economy—AgricultureIndia’s economy—Agriculture

Farming is the key—25 percent of Farming is the key—25 percent of GDP, more than half of the land area.GDP, more than half of the land area.

major crops—rice, wheat, tea, major crops—rice, wheat, tea, sugarcane, sorghumsugarcane, sorghum

Many farms are small.Many farms are small. moving toward food-grain self-moving toward food-grain self-

sufficiencysufficiency

Section 3Section 3


2626

India’s economy—IndustryIndia’s economy—Industry

ranks tenth in industrial productionranks tenth in industrial production many cottage industries—weaving, many cottage industries—weaving,

craftscrafts large-scale production—textiles, jute large-scale production—textiles, jute

products, steelproducts, steel high-tech computer industry in high-tech computer industry in

BangaloreBangalore

Section 3Section 3


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Comparing village and city life: Comparing village and city life: Most Indians live in villages, but cities are Most Indians live in villages, but cities are

growing rapidly.growing rapidly. Villages are small, with few services; cities are Villages are small, with few services; cities are

enormous, with smog, noise, and congestion.enormous, with smog, noise, and congestion. Many city-dwellers live modern, middle-class Many city-dwellers live modern, middle-class

lives; villagers live a more traditional lifestyle. lives; villagers live a more traditional lifestyle. Most people in villages and cities are poor, Most people in villages and cities are poor,

though urban poor live in giant slums.though urban poor live in giant slums.

Section 3Section 3


3030

Challenges:Challenges: population growth and related population growth and related

problems—poverty, health, educationproblems—poverty, health, education environmental damages—water, environmental damages—water,

forests, wildlifeforests, wildlife tensions with Pakistan (Kashmir, tensions with Pakistan (Kashmir,

water) and China (borders)water) and China (borders) ethnic conflicts—Hindus, Muslims, ethnic conflicts—Hindus, Muslims,

SikhsSikhs

Section 3Section 3


india taj mahal, agra, india

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